Iraqi journal of mechanical and material engineering

In this study, analysis of retaining structure by using the software PLAXIS is
adopted and the deformation that occurs in the body of the retaining structure after
applied the failure load detected; the failure loads are obtained from the series of
laboratory tests. Then, the cofferdam is modelled by using finite element code
PLAXIS.
The laboratory tests have been carried out two diaphragm cells of different width
to depth ratios, and used three different soil materials (subbase, sand passing No.4,
river sand, and clay). The analysis includes studying the effect of height, width, and
embedment depth. The input data of soils that are used in this software are getting from
these laboratory tests. The comparison is done between the deformation that is obtained
from the actual experimental and the software PLAXIS. It can be seen that the
displacement for the retaining structure place on ground surface in the laboratory test
equal to 0.00322m and the displacement that obtain from PLAXIS equal to 0.00372m,
and the displacement for retaining structure with embedment depth in laboratory test
equal to 0.00321m and the displacement from software PLAXIS equal to 0.00263m
Thus, the results from these two studies have been found closed to each other.

The research solve problems of welding defects for dust perception in AL
Janoob cement factory .Assembly of steel structures type carbon steel DIN St37by
using manual metal arc welding process and electrode type low hydrogen ESAB 48.00
equivalent to American welding society AWS E7018.
From visual inspection to assembly appeared many welding defects. In this
research used liquid penetration methods helped to detection of fine defect and crack
opening to surface that cannot be detection by visual inspection .where fined many
types of welding such as(under cut ,spatter, porosity, nonmetallic inclusion, under fill,
excessive reinforcement ,surface roughness, arc strikes) defects due to pin holes
restricted in welding joint (appear by given cross section in many welding joint by
visual inspection and liquid penetration also we don’t using other method of inspection
because acceptable requirement only visual and liquid penetration) and others because
used of high welding current and welding travels speed. These problems solved by
removing welding defects and re-welded by using drier electrode (250°C for 4hr) and
using the proper welding current and speed.

As for the required precession and confidence for tests performed by the
construction laboratories and its significance to determine the quality level for
buildings during the construction period and during its life span. Therefore, it is
necessary for these laboratories to have Quality Management System.
The objective of this research aim to highlight the importance of applying ISO
17025:2005 for competence of tests and calibration laboratories, regards of there
number of personal and work load, or being part of a large organization offering
services or product according to ISO 9000:2000, and suggest a quality system suitable
for a construction lab. In order to obtain the Iraqi national quality certificate according
to ISO 17025: 2005 for the first time in the country in this field.
The Engineering college construction laboratories was selected as a case study
to investigate its (QM) procedures and polices currently used. The result of these
investigations show the pitfalls and weakness of the current system according to the
international standards requirements so a proposal quality system was suggested with
an implementation program for to compile with this standard.

This work deals with the improvement of surface quality, microstructure of the
aluminum alloy ingot by electromagnetic casting using finite element method with the
help of Ansys program. Magnetic flux density and magnetic flux density gradient are
used as indicators for uniform temperatures distribution and new liquid metal flow.
Two models are simulated in this study; the first one represents a solid cylinder with a
single coil where the effects of current intensity and frequency on the melt metal are
studied. The second model is a hollow cylindrical with outer/inner coils. The effects of
current intensity, due to the interaction between the outer and inner coil are studied.
The results of the first model simulation indicate three stages with the current
increasing. The first one near the center of the ingot enhanced approximately
homogeneous behavior, while the increasing occurs gradually in the second and third
stages. Also with decreasing of frequency the magnetic flux density at the center of
ingot increasing. The second model results of hollow ingot show that the magnetic flux
density increases linearly with outer coil current increasing from (85 – 380) A at the
same inner coil current value, and the homogeneous behavior enhanced in 0.55
outer/inner coil current ratio also illustrates homogeneous behavior at different current
values but with the same ratio

Route planning analysis in Geographical Information System (GIS) provides
strong decision support for users in searching optimal route, finding the optimal path is
an important advanced analysis function in GIS. This paper presents the problem of
selecting route to connect two locations in Baghdad city; Alkadomiyah and Algria'at.
Four alternatives were investigated using a multi criteria approach and spatial decision
support system, (SDSS) that will assist a decision-maker, to select the optimal route for
a new road path. In ARCGIS 9.2, spatial analysis has been used to carry out the search
strategy. In general, the goal of this study is to develop a (GIS) - based model to
determine suitable route. Therefore, the required data for the proposed model building
were identified by using, land use, transportation maps, aerial photographs and
demographic features then reviewed for model development requirements. Four factors
were considered; Geotechnical, Geometrical, social and economical factors for multicriteria
evaluation to select the best route alternative. ARC GIS 9.2 software was used
for the analysis and model building requirements. In actualizing the aim, satellite
images of the study area was provided while the land-use map was obtained from
Design Office-Amanat Baghdad. The land-use over the study area was classified into
eight different classes. A Digital Elevated Model (DEM) over the study area was
downloaded from the Global Mapper Software, used to derive the slope map over the
area of study and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used in weighting the
criterions. Finally, the case study demonstrated that GIS based on multi-criteria
approach is recognized to be used as a tool for the optimum route selection by
considering the factors affecting on the decision-maker route selection. Furthermore,
saving of money, time and effort.

This paper studying some of the Mechanical properties of High Performance
Concrete re-tempered by using G51 after 90 minute waiting at 3 different ambient
temperature (23, 40, 57)starting from lab temperature to high temperature during
casting which may simulate summer degree in Iraq. The comparative made with
reference concrete in the same environment. HPC produced by adding High Reactivity
Metakaolin after burning. Compressive strength, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Splitting
tensile and Flexural test was made for both reference and HPC mixes.

The present study deals with an investigation of dry sliding wear behaviour of
grain refined and or modified (Al–20Si) alloy by using a Pin-On-Disc. The refining
was by grain refinements (Ti and B), modification (Sr, Na and P) and combined action
of both (Ti, B + P +chilling). Results indicate that combined grain refined and modified
Al-20Si alloys have microstructures consisting of uniformly distributed α-Al grains,
eutectic Al–silicon and fine primary Si - particles in the interdendritic region. These
alloys (5, 6) exhibited better wear resistance (13-15 times) than the same alloy
subjected to only grain refinement or modification (1, 2 and 3) . The improved wear
resistances are related to the refinement of the aluminum grain size, uniform
distribution of fine fibrous eutectic Al–silicon and fine primary Si- particles.

The use of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) strips to enhance the behavior of
local stability for thin-walled tubular steel columns has been investigated
experimentally. Tubular steel columns specimens are made from welding thin plates at
their edges. The type of strengthen carbon fiber is a unidirectional woven fiber mat of
mid strength which is a product of Sika coded as SikaWrap -230C. The CFRP is fixed
using a resin Sikadure-330. The study is focusing on the local stability of such
members. Many pattern of wrapping are suggested herein. Recommendations have
been drawn for the best pattern chosen to obtain the most efficient and economic
strengthen pattern.

This work studies contain the statement of wells construction in south and
south-west of Iraq because the special geological information in this region ( hard rocks
stratum and deep of ground water aquifer ) . therefore, we must have all ability and
experiences to complete this work . under this situated I made wells construction
program to complete this work .

The research aims to study the presence effect of sulphate salts of ( Calcium,
Magnesium, and Sodium ) in the ground water on the collapsibility of Kerbala
gypseous soil with high gypsum content (27%). These types of salts are one of the main
sources for ground water to be more salty.
The recompacted soil samples at field unit weight ( 13.51 kN/m3 ) were
prepared for each collapse test. Four different concentrations for each type of sulphate
salts were added in each collapse test in addition to distilled water to predict the
collapse potential for the gypseous soil. The soil sample soaked with distilled water
only was denominated as the reference soil sample.
The results showed that the presence of magnesium sulphate salt ( higher
concentration of sulphate common ion for its high solubility ) depressed the gypsum
solubility in the soil and had been achieved minimum value of C.P% as compared with
the other used solution.

This research includes study the effect of adding plastic chips resulting from
cutting the plastic beverage bottles (which is used in Iraqi markets now) as fiber added
to the polymer concrete and study there effects on some properties of polymer modified
concrete like compressive strength and flexural strength. Two different percentage of
fiber by volume equal to (1.6% and 3.25%) were used to made mixes. A reference mix
was also made. SBR polymer was added as percentage of cement weight equal to
(10%) to all concrete mixes.
Results proved that , improvement in mechanical properties with an increasing of fibers
percentage by volume . An improvement in flexural strength (modulus of rupture )
appeared more clearly . The maximum increasing in the value of 28-day modulus of
rupture equal to (24.4%) for PMC mix with fiber percentage (3.25%), whereas the
maximum increasing in compressive strength was equal to (4.1%) for the same mix. No
clear different in density are notes.

Base Maps are the foundation of the city's holiest and most important of the
documents because it is a record of public and private property as well as the
importance lies in the process of modernization and development of urban planning of
then city. As a result of the construction and investment and construction in Iraq, there
was a need for the production of digital maps to keep pace with technical progress and
the possibility of using the software of modern planning and management and the
provision of effort and time and money.
In this research was transferred to the paper maps the basis of digital maps using optical
scanning equipment and then painted by AutoCAD and satellite imagery collected over
the study area. Accuracy in the production of these maps rely heavily on paper maps
drawn by hand "as well as the accuracy of satellite images used for the signing and the
compilation of these maps as we have noted more accurate digital maps produced at the
satellite images collected with high accuracy.

In Babylon Governorate there exists a single meteorological observing station
which is located at Hilla city. An observation at this station is a point observation. In
order to determine variation of rainfall and of evaporation in Babylon Governorate
records at nearby stations should be considered. These stations are Baghdad, Kerbala'a,
Najaf, Diwaniya, Kut, Hai, and Ramadi stations which are located outside the boundary
of Babylon. In this study the Thiessen polygons method is used to define zone of
influence for each of these stations and, hence, monthly mean rainfall are computed. It
is found that the monthly mean rainfall are 15.159, 18.08, 22.719, and 15.339
mm/month for the winter months November, December, January, and February
respectively. The monthly mean evaporation are found to be 266.912, 288.057, and
259.936 mm/month for the summer months Jun, July, and August respectively.

Abstract
In this paper, silicon diaphragms with planar and corrugated shapes are studied
through both theory and simulations. The analytical calculations of deflections are
compared with FEM simulations with good agreement. The results show that linear
load-deflection relationship can be obtained by increasing corrugation depth and
corrugation pitch did not show any noticeable effect compared to other parameters.
Therefore the rule of thumb in the design of a corrugated diaphragm is that increasing
diaphragm diameter and/or decreasing diaphragm thickness increase diaphragm
sensitivity and that increasing corrugation depth increases the linearity of loaddeflection
relation.

A two stories building in Samawa City was struck by three rockets on March
2003.The building has been constructed from brick, unfortunately it experienced cracks
in slabs and walls due to the strike of rockets. It is recommended to remedy and
rehabilitate this construction for accommodation of Medicine College Deanship in
Al.Muthanna University. In this paper remedy methods was presented considering the
strengthening of the deteriorated members of the building and retrofit them. According
to the analysis it was found that the proposed method for retrofit was a safe enough and
economic one comparing with the new structure.