KUFA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING

The General Specifications for Roads and Bridges (SCRB) don't adopt the performance grading (PG) based system suggested by Superpave program to evaluate the currently used asphalt cements for paving works. The air temperature data used in this study covers approximately 20 years time period (1982-2002) for seven Iraqi cities (Kirkuk, Mosul , Rutba , Baghdad , Kut , Najaf , and Basrah) which represent climatically unique regions in Iraq. The currently used asphalt cements with penetration grades (40-50) and (60-70) were tested by both of conventional test methods and Superpave methods to determine the equivalent performance grade for each type of the penetration graded asphalt and to evaluate the capability for these two types of asphalt cement to satisfy the required performance of pavement for each region of country. The paper results indicate the following for the required PG asphalt binders: Region Performance Graded (PG) Asphalt Binder North governorates 70-16 Middle governorates 70-10 West governorates 64-10 South governorates 76-4 The Daurah asphalt cements with penetration grade (40-50) are equivalent to PG 70-16, PG70-10 and PG76-4 while asphalt with penetration grade (60-70) is equivalent to PG 64-10. The rotational viscosity , dynamic shear rheometer and creep stiffness versus penetration relationships have been developed to estimate the some Superpave asphalt binder tests based on penetration values.

In this paper, a numerical investigation to analysis the potential flow over 2D airfoil, is carried out. The governing equation for potential flow is Laplace's equation, a widely studied linear partial differential equation. One of Green's theorem can be used to write a solution to Laplace's equation in a two-dimensional domain subjected to the Neumann boundary condition using Panel method. A computer program is developed by implementing a specific model using doublet panels of constant strength to compute the flow over a member of two different airfoil shapes (NACA0020 & NACA4412). The results are presented in terms of streamlines to show the behavior of the fluid flow for several values of angle of attack ( ). Also, pressure distribution, lift coefficient, pitching moment, and drag coefficient are calculated for the airfoils. The results show that the pressure distribution, lift coefficient, pitching moment, and drag coefficient are a strong function of the airfoil's geometry and the angle of attack. Also the peak value of the lift coefficient for NACA4412 is observed to occur at angle of attack of (10o) and its value is equal to (1.82), while its value is equal to (0.9) for NACA0020 at the same value of angle of attack. The numerical results of lift coefficient have been confirmed by comparing it with experimental and other numerical results. Good agreement was obtained.

The research aims to determine the drag coefficient for the free falling bodies with different size and weight using Infra Red transmitter and receiver circuits. The effects of size and weight on free falling bodies were studied. Carbon steel spheres with diameter of (0.8 – 8)mm and glass spheres with diameter of (0.5 – 17)mm, with different densities, were considered. The relation between velocity and displacement was obtained from the experimental results, the drag coefficient was calculated after the establishment of the terminal velocity for free falling bodies. The relation between drag coefficients and Reynolds number were determined and compared with results of previous work.

This study presents an experimental investigation performed to investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete T-beams with different types of concrete in web and/or flange. More rational way has been used by strengthening the web and the flange by steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and strengthening the flange by high strength concrete (HSC). Tests were carried out on six beams, simply supported under a single point loading at mid-span. Two of which were made fully with normal strength concrete (NSC) as reference beams, and the others were made fully or partially with (SFRC) and (HSC) in web and/or flange. Experimental results show that all specimens behaved linearly up to a loading of (40-48 kN) depending on types of concrete used. The maximum deflection increased by (153%) for a beam with SFRC in both web and flange and by (60.8%) for a beam with SFRC in web and normal concrete in flange while it decreased by (50.22%) for a beam with normal concrete in web and high strength concrete in flange in comparison with the reference beams. No interest change in maximum deflection occurred for a beam with SFRC in web and high strength concrete in flange. . The first cracking load increased by (161%) for a beam with SFRC in web and high strength concrete in flange and no interest changes occurred for the other beams. This pattern of combination of concrete types may be useful in T-beams used in bridges or wide spans structures and to reduce the cracking of concrete up to failure.

Mechanically agitated reactors find wide range of applications for solid suspension and mixing in the chemical, biochemical, and mineral processing industries. Understanding the solids dynamics in these reactors is necessary to improve the design and operation of such reactors. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models are often useful in this regard, as it can provide significant insights into the flow and mixing of the phases involved. However, the model predictions need extensive evaluation with experimental results before they can be confidently used for the scale-up and optimization of large scale reactors. In the present work the predictive capabilities of CFD techniques as applied to solid-liquid stirred vessels are investigated. Suspensions of sand (diameter equal to 327 m) in water are studied. Eulerian-Granular multiphase model was simulated using FLUNT 6.3.26 to predict the slurry reactor design under uncertainty. The profiles obtained with the Eulerian-Granular approach coupled with the Eulerian, Granular models, and experimental data for comparison purposes. The present model provides an improvement of the predictions in the lower part of the vessel, with respect to the Eulerian model; while the same results can be observed in the rest of the tank where the solid concentration is lower. It seems that the interaction phenomena between the solid and the liquid phases and those among the solid particles do not vary appreciably for low solid concentrations, while at higher concentration some effects become noticeable. It was found that the quasi-steady state behavior of the sand in the mixing tank reached after 20 sec, also after 10 sec were the free surface of the static pressure will be growth until reach peremptory shape after 20 sec. The present model provides a proper representation for the solid distribution, by adopting particle drag coefficient.

An attempt is done to present a simple concept to combine the geochemical results with the concept of compaction- abnormality, reflecting a high variation in the porosity and internal pore pressure. The different compaction levels and the variation of the bulk volume may lead to the expulsion of fluids both hydrocarbon and interstitial H2O from high potential zones towards low potential zones, or in other words from low porosity towards high porosity areas. Furthermore, the both formations (Ratawi and Zubair) of lower Cretaceous age showing compaction trend as well as fluid expulsion current with a NW-SE trend of the primary hydrocarbon migration, while the sedimentary basin revealing a deepening towards the southern eastern part of the anticline structure. A change in thickness and the facieses of the rock packages is manifested. The horizontal porosity distribution of shales in Ratawi formation particularly in the upper part (15m thick) reveal differential compaction and such a mechanism is responsible for the kinetic of fluid and gas.

A monopanel system is a new building material system of ferrocement that consists of two thin ferrocement block-like faces and a thick layer of low strength, density and cost polystyrene foam insulation between them as a core. The simple structural idealization of a monopanel system is that the core provides shear transfer between the faces that provide flexural and compression resistance. Transverse trusses made of steel bars having a diameter of 3.2 mm, which serve as tie reinforcement to prevent the thin ferrocement skins from local buckling, have been used in the present work. These transfer system consist of two longitudinal bars connected by inclined steel bar forming trusses shape making an angle equals to 60o with the longitudinal bars. The main object of this research is to present an experimental investigation on the behavior and load carrying capacity of monopanel beams. The experimental work includes testing nine monopanel beams, and has been investigated the effect of a different depths of monopanel beams on the behavior and the ultimate load capacity. Also comparison of these results with the ACI code formulations have been made.

This paper considers the practical application of nonlinear models in the analysis of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams. The results of some analyses performed using the reinforced concrete model of the general purpose finite element code ANSYS are presented and discussed. Steel fiber was represented using two approaches. In the first approaches its effect in enhancement the mechanical properties of concrete is introduced. This was done by increasing the initial modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, tensile strength, ductility etc. through empirical formulas found in literatures. While the second approach was done by assuming steel fiber as smeared reinforced layers embedded in solid 65 elements. Good agreement with the experimental test was obtained by ANSYS solution. Numerical analysis showed that closed solutions were obtained with different representations of steel fiber in different orientations and number of layers. This is because that the smeared layers were assumed in each element of the structure which gave a uniform distribution for the steel fiber in deep beam. It was found that the second approaches gave better agreement with the experimental test than the first one. Assuming of steel fiber oriented in two directions with equal ratio may consider the closer one for representation of steel fiber in two dimensional structural members.

This paper evaluates the performance of the primary spiral (Archimedes) screw pump in the old sewage treatment station of the holly Karbala. This paper evaluates the pump according to its volumetric flow rate, determines the problems, diagnoses the defects, and finds the solutions. In addition, the paper suggests the optimum design for the pump. The results show a big effect of the side profile, pitch, and radius of the torque tube upon the discharge of the pump.

The aim of this research is the reactivation of secondhand ((scrap)) steel compression springs, which used in one of private plastic factory, by applying the heat - treatment with three methods. 1- Quenching only. 2- Quenching and tempering. 3- Annealing , quenching and tempering.Were doing in the under supply conditions. The microstructures inspected for the specimen from any model by 500 X. The compression and hardness tests for the secondhand springs have done before and after the heat - treatment process and compare each one with the standard specification of springs. The best results for hardness and stiffness tests , and nearer for standard specification of springs . Which obtained at [50.8 HRC ] and stiffness is [31.6] N/ mm that is at applied the third model from the heat - treatment [ Annealing + Quenching + Tempering ].

Magnesium-Aluminum alloys considered specially Mg-6Al very important alloys in engineering applications, but this alloys have weakly wear resistance and low hardness, therefore, addition some materials such as (Al2O3) at (3%-4%-5%) weight percentage to improve the hardness and wear resistance. In this present research Mg-6Al was prepare as a master alloy then recast this alloy after adding (Al2O3) under argon gas in electrical furnace, then study the effect of this addition on the hardness and wear resistance of the master alloy.

This paper aim to create method to observe elevation of points, tower and structure that can’t be reach (or don’t be need to reach), this method depend on concept of space intersection where intersect two known direction vectors start from two known location points or can be located from simple computation. This paper discuss too accuracy improvement for points elevation observed by above method.