Journal of University of Babylon

The moisture damage is one of the main failure modes affecting on the flexible pavement ‎performance. The stripping action of water helping to reduce the bonding strength between the asphalt ‎binder and the aggregate particles. The moisture damage resistance depends on many factors: asphalt ‎binder, aggregate type, and mineral filler. This study has been made to evaluate the effect of SBS on the ‎moisture sensitivity. The asphalt mixtures are divided into two types: the unmodified, and the modified. ‎The SBS content was (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0.3.5, 4.0) % by the weight of asphalt. The performance tests ‎include: Marshall Test, Indirect Tensile Strength Ratio test, and the Index of Retained Strength test. The ‎tests results show that the asphalt mixtures modified by SBS have shown a developed in the Marshall ‎properties, and increasing the moisture damage resistance. However, the using of (3% SBS) by the weight ‎of asphalt has the best effect on the Marshall properties, and on the moisture damage resistance, which ‎increase the pavement performance against the environmental effects.‎

‎ Carbon black plays an important role in improving the properties, especially mechanical and ‎physical properties of unsaturated polyester composite.‎
In this work the effects of carbon black with different weight percentage (5,7.5,10%wt) was ‎investigated. Sample with and without carbon black exposed for many tests to determine the effect of ‎carbon black contents on some properties of un saturated polyester such as tensile strength, hardness, ‎impact strength, flexural strength, and density.‎
‎ The results show that the tensile strength values increase at weight 10% carbon black.Also,it was ‎noted that the hardness increased by 7% at the same percentage of carbon black. Impact resistance ‎and flexural strength improved by 22% and 20% respectively as compared with samples without ‎carbon black .the results also show that the density values increase with increasing carbon black ‎percentage for all samples. It is found that, carbon black acts as particulate reinforcement materials ‎results in improvement the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester.‎

The application of a pack cementation of chromium and silicon coatings on ‎austenitic stainless steel 316L alloy yields a significant improvement in the oxidation and hot corrosion ‎resistance over a wide temperature range (300-900oC). In this work, austenitic stainless steel 316L ‎alloy is coated with chromizing-siliconizing diffusions coatings. Chromium and silicon were ‎simultaneously deposited by diffusion into austenitic stainless steel by the pack-cementation process ‎using a pack mixtures containing (67 wt. % Cr, 8wt. %Si, 2wt. %NH4Cl and 23wt. %Al2O3) when ‎required. It was found that diffusion coating time of six hours at 950oC produces coating thickness of ‎‎80-100μm and consist mainly of CrSi2 and Cr3Si phase.‎

Premature failure of flexible pavements has been a long problem in many Iraqi roads in middle ‎and south areas with the drastic increase in truck axle loads specially after year 2003. To fully utilize ‎each pavement material in an economic design, a pavement should generally have reasonably ‎balanced design between the rutting and fatigue modes of distress. The purpose of this paper is to ‎develop a methodology for achieving a reasonable balance between fatigue and rutting lives of ‎flexible pavements. ‎
The methodology is based on the damage analysis concept which is performed for both fatigue ‎cracking and rutting on different pavement sections using KENLAYER program. The investigated ‎pavement components are; thickness and elasticity modulus for pavement layers.‎
The results of pavement analysis showed that thickness of base layer and elasticity modulus of ‎subbase layer are the key elements which control the equilibrium between fatigue and rutting lives ‎respectively. That is because, increasing thickness of base layer and elasticity modulus of subbase ‎layer sharply increases rutting lives, and don't affect in fatigue lives. The study also concluded that, ‎increasing thickness of surface layer significantly increases pavement lives, while increasing elasticity ‎modulus of surface and base Layers mildly increases pavement lives.‎

In this paper data of annual maximum evaporation and total annual evaporation (mm) from ‎‎1968 to 1993 years for Nasiriya, and Kirkuk stations, and from 1972 to 1993 years for Mosul, Amara, ‎and Basra stations were analyzed by using frequency factor method for obtaining the magnitudes of ‎extreme events. The Extreme value type I (Gumbel) and Extreme value type II distributions were ‎fitted to the annual maximum evaporation, and the Normal and Log Normal distributions were fitted ‎to the total annual evaporation. These distributions are used to fit evaporation data with 5, 10, 25, 50, ‎‎100 year return periods. Return period and frequency factor relationships are obtained for all these ‎distributions. The study shows that Amara station had the maximum value of total evaporation ‎‎(6634.24 mm) for 100 year return period by using Log Normal distribution, and there is an increase in ‎evaporation amounts with the increase of return periods.‎

Sustainability has strong implications on the practice of engineering. Life cycle assessment ‎‎(LCA) is an appropriate methodology for assessing the sustainability of a wastewater treatment plants. ‎The present study used Simapro7 that structured on the principles of LCA, it used to analyze the ‎impacts and damages of Diwaniya WWTP. The results of LCA show that Diwaniya WWTP was ‎impact and damage on the environment 41.1 point per 1 cubic meter of wastewater, The most ‎environmental impacts potential were global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable ‎energy. The study also showed that most of the effects were the result of the phase of construction ‎more than operational phase. ‎

There are many techniques were used to measure and observe the surface crack length and ‎surface crack opening displacement (SCOD)at the macro scale but in this study the digital image ‎correlation technique (DIC) is used to measure and obtain the cracks at micro scale and to observe the ‎crack tip. There are many cracks within the microstructure that created during Vickers indentation. The ‎possibility of determining surface crack opening displacement and surface crack length and crack tip ‎in alpha- alumina and determining strain opening using digital image correlation. Due to the anisotropy ‎of crystalline grains that will create residual stress during processing, polycrystalline materials deform ‎and fracture in-homogeneously on a microstructural level.Digital image correlation has sufficient ‎spatial resolution to measure intergranular crack propagation and the crack tip and the surface crack ‎opening in alpha-alumina. The cracks tip are visualized by their stain map but they are not clear on the ‎scanning electron microscopy and optical images, which can be used to measure crack length and ‎surface crack opening displacement. The (SCOD) was calculated using DIC and the minimum SCOD ‎was measured using DIC about 0.05µm at applied stress (30 Mpa).‎

This research is about processing the sugars found in grains such as yellow corn to ethanol which ‎are used in the laboratory and pharmaceutical purposes, as well as the trend has been to use as fuel for ‎cars as one of the clean energy source that doesn't causes polluting and the large size of the pollution ‎that is caused by fossil fuels. ‎
Processing through the macerating grain with water temperature 55 ° C for a period of 3-5 days ‎and then grinding the grains with the addition of enzyme Zymase for the purpose of processing ‎starches in the grain to sugar glucose as a first stage and then adding the yeast (Saccharomyces ‎cerevisiae‏( ‏‎ to transform glucose to ethanol. ‎
After the treatment of enzyme and yeast there is a distillation process of the solution containing ‎alcohol for the purpose of separating and assembled and has been the experience of many models of ‎grain maize, the ratio of ethanol output varies depending on the quality of the grain for example, local ‎maize gave the proportion of turning 25% while corn from Argentine gave 32% of ethanol and ‎American corn gave 36% of ethanol because of the difference in these brands of the starch, where the ‎higher the ratio of starch increased the amount of ethanol production. The subject of ethanol is one of ‎the researches that has a great future because of the alcohol, which features the world heading to it as ‎a clean energy.‎

The using of conventional hot mix asphalt causes unnecessary road maintenance. It is ‎necessary to use modified materials in pavement construction which could improves the performance ‎of asphalt concrete pavement mixture.‎
The major objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of combination and addition of ‎some mineral fillers on some properties of hot mix asphalt .‎
Hot mix asphalt specimens have been prepared with aggregate, nominal maximum size (19) ‎mm and Al- Daurah asphalt cement (40-50). Two types of mineral fillers has been used : Portland ‎cement and limestone dust. Percentage of Portland cement has been used in this work (6%) for binder ‎course, limestone dust has been used in dry state with the percentage (1, 2, 3)% by weight of total ‎aggregate as part replacer of the used filler content. Hydrated lime was used in dry state too but as ‎locally additive with the percentage (1)% by weight of total aggregate as part replacer of the used filler ‎content. The performance of asphalt mixtures are evaluated using Marshall test, indirect tensile test ‎and permeability test.‎
It is concluded that the combination and addition of some mineral fillers to asphalt mixtures ‎showed; the Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength are increased by (1.3,1.2) times respectively ‎when compared with control mixtures . Permeability results are decreased by (5.5) times when ‎compared with control mixtures . ‎
For this research the recommended filler combination with (4% cement, 1% ‎ limestone dust and 1% hydrated lime as an additive) is the best for hot mix asphalt performance .‎

The research discusses and studies crises or disaster phenomenon which includes terror incidents ‎that face communities including our country. One of the most important effects of these events is the ‎resulted medical injuries cases. Studying and analyzing these cases characteristics and volume is being ‎done first, and it proofing certain differ of crises medical injuries characteristics from routine cases, ‎depending upon this result, the research goes toward searching and reviewing planning and design ‎requirements needed to be adopted in hospitals buildings design to make them respond efficiently to ‎this demand (care and treatment of medical injuries caused by crises events including terror incidents). ‎Finally evaluation questionnaire is done for a sample of selected medical and nursing staff to conclude ‎and identify the most important and appropriate ingredients suitable to be adopted in local hospitals. ‎

NiTi alloy is well- known shape memory alloys and has been widely used for bio-medical, ‎mechanical and electrical applications. In this study, a Ni - rich porous NiTi alloys are produced by ‎powder metallurgy technique. Three samples of these alloys were cooled in three media: furnace, ‎water, and ice bath. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used in the study as characterization techniques, ‎hardness measurement and shape memory effect (SME) properties were carried out to investigate the ‎effect of cooling rate on phases and mechanical properties. XRD test shows that the sintered samples ‎consist of three phases at room temperature (NiTi monoclinic phase, NiTi cubic phase and Ni3Ti ‎hexagonal phase) .The results show the correlation between cooling rate and properties of the alloy.‎

‎ This paper aimed at an investigating the design principles of coil and attempt manufacturing – ‎high frequency induction heating coils which are important elements in heat treatment process and the ‎cost of importing such coils are not readily available upon request. A number of factors taken into ‎consideration such as, dimension configuration of work- pieces, number of parts to be heated, ‎temperature required, pattern of heat desired, applied frequency and level of power. In this work a ‎design of two coils of ( Ø 40 mm) and (Ø 60 mm) inner diameter. The two coils are febracted from red ‎copper. This design improved that the greatest number of flux lines in a solenoid coil is toward the ‎center of the coil, also prevent the cancellation of the field of magnetic coils. The results show that the ‎designed coils are of higher resistance (50 M Ω for Ø = 40 mm and 500 M Ω for Ø = 60 mm); also the ‎coils resistances are (0.20Ω for Ø = 40 mm and 0.22 Ω for Ø = 60 mm) ‎

In this paper, a hardware circuit was designed and implemented for controlling the time of ‎dental curing system by using VHDL as a design tool and the FPGA as target technology to create a ‎counter.‎
The control was achieved by designing a card containing seven segment, halogen lamp and ‎buzzer and connect these component with FPGA .The time which needed for curing to towel was ‎controlled automatically by preset value which was input from a push –button switch. Buzzer signal ‎used to state that the needed time of counter is over and the device was stopped from the operation.‎
The design is implemented in a Spartan-3E Starter Kit. The speed of counter can be controlled ‎by using the clock divider of the kit (50 MHz) to the quite clock to get the necessary delay between the ‎numbers of counter.‎
The advantage of using FPGA is its performance which is supported with hardware parallelism , ‎flexibility, reliability and long time maintenance.‎

This paper aims to compare the required, maximum and minimum tension reinforcement of singly ‎reinforced concrete (RC) rectangular beams according to three common Codes. These adopted Codes ‎are the ACI 318M-11, BS 8110-1:1997 and IRAQI Code 1/1987.‎
The results of analysis and design of (36) various beams cases indicate that the BS Code and the ‎IRAQI Code have given an increase in the required area of tension reinforcement to about (15%) and ‎‎(30%) respectively with respect to the ACI Code.‎
It is clearly shown that adopted ACI Code gives the minimum required area of tension ‎reinforcement in the same beam, which leads to good economy and satisfy the ductility provisions in ‎order to prevent sudden and brittle collapse of members subject to flexural. ‎
‎ Finally it is recommended to adopt the provisions of ACI Code to obtain the required area of tension ‎reinforcement in members subjected to flexure in the next edition of IRAQI Code.‎

Beamforming (beam-steering) is an advanced technique of the Space Division Multiple Access ‎‎(SDMA). In the beam-steering network, an array of antennas elements are spatially filters incoming ‎signals based on their arrive time at each element.‎
This paper presents a new design of true time delay beamforming technique based on using ‎Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) and controlled photonic circulator in a new scheme. The simulation applies ‎a True Time-delay beamformer to an 8-elements linear phased array antenna to obtain 16 deferent ‎beams.‎
A single-beam optical beamforming system was proposed and analysed. Optical beamforming ‎network has been considered for 16GHz (Ku band). The system was studied and their results were ‎presented at two different levels: the first is the system architecture and the second is the optical ‎control devices for controlling the beamforming networks. ‎
The mathematical simulation used to clarify the operation of the proposed systems. A ‎MATLAB programs on the proposed signal model based on the proposed scheme are applied to get ‎the results. Some results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed schemes. The ‎results show efficient utilization of the new beamformer for real-time operation.‎

‎ In this research buckling of circular columns under different dynamic loads is investigated by ‎using analytical and experimental approaches. Carbon steel columns (C35)of different slenderness ‎ratio were studied .In this work Liquid nitriding method was used to improve the buckling resistance of ‎materials. The present study showed experimentally that the use of nitride case hardening increase the ‎buckling resistance and improve the number of failure cycles ,for Steel a number of failure cycles ‎increased from(2.6)to(4.1)cycle. The results also showed that the thickness of nitride case hardening ‎‎(28 – 45) micron play an important factor in buckling resistance .‎

This research was based on laboratory experiments for obtaining the sediment removal ‎efficiency for a rectangular weir with three rectangular bottom openings. Thirty-three physical models ‎were made for weir without openings, weir with one opening, weir with three openings, for purpose of ‎comparison. These models were operated under clear-water condition and by using the uniform ‎cohesion less sand as bed material. Dimensional analysis was made to relate the maximum scour ‎depth, width and length of the scour holes created at the upstream and downstream sides of the weir, ‎with different geometrical and flow variables for each flow case. The SMS Software-RMA2 Model was ‎used to obtain the velocity distribution to be related to the simulation of the self-cleaning efficiency for ‎the proposed weir models. The coefficients of variation for the estimated removal efficiency of ‎sediments at both sides were (1.113 -0.465), which indicate the necessity of obtaining a model to ‎describe this variation. Experimental data analysis had shown the flow conditions such as the head ‎difference ,the head over the weir, time, dimensions of openings, number of openings have ‎considerable effect on the scour holes volume at both sides of the weir. ANN models were developed ‎herein using the (SPSS software, version 19) to express the removal efficiencies of sediment both at the ‎upstream and downstream sides of the weir as a function of the different geometrical and flow ‎variables. These obtained ANN models were found to have correlation coefficients range (r=0.989 - ‎‎0.803) between the observed and predicted removal efficiencies. These high correlations indicate the ‎capability of these models for a very good predictions. These models were used in a Visual‏ ‏Stuido ‎Net,2010program in order to be used by engineers to find the removal efficiency of such structure.‎

The present work highlights on the impact of liquid industrial waste on the ‎chemical and physical properties of sandy soil obtained from Al-Najaf governorate which is located ‎to the south west of Iraq. The soil sample is classified as sandy soil according to unified soil ‎classification system (USCS). The contaminant is liquid industrial waste obtained from Al-Musayyib ‎thermal power plant which is disposed as side product. The soil samples are synthetically ‎contaminated with four percentages 10, 20, 40 and 100 % by the weight of distilled water used in ‎soaking process which is continued for 30 days. The results proved that the contaminant solution has ‎considerably effects on some properties of soil and a slight effects on the others. Increasing the ‎percentages of contaminant, led to a slight increase in both the liquid limit and particle size and ‎significant increase in the optimum moisture content, while there was slight decrease in the specific ‎gravity and maximum dry density. Also, there was considerable changes in the chemical composition ‎of soil samples.‎

Jack arch slabs are brickwork arches supported by steel beams. Jack arch slabs have long been used ‎extensively to floor and roof houses in Iraq especially in the middle and south. Due to their easy ‎construction together with low cost, the jack-arch slab is still widely used in Iraq and many countries. Static ‎tests were conducted to determine the effect of span width and camber configuration on mechanical ‎properties of brickwork arch specimens. The relative weakness of this type of flooring highlighted the need ‎for developing appropriate retrofitting schemes. Strengthening jack arch by ferrocement layer has been ‎introduced. The strength, load –displacement relationship and failure modes of jack arch specimens were ‎presented. The test results indicated that the composite action between jack arch slab and ferrocement ‎layer highly improved flexural strength, stiffness and ductility without considerably increases the weight of ‎the slab.‎

In this research, a study was carried out to produce a lightweight concrete from a recycled ‎lightweight concrete. Crushed cellular concrete (locally known as Thermostone) was used as partial ‎replacement for both the coarse and fine aggregates in different percentages. The specimens were ‎tested for compressive strength using two different methods: the first involved testing the specimens at ‎room temperature in saturated surface dry conditions, whereas the second method consisted of testing ‎the specimens immediately after heating them to 55oC. The results showed that the compressive ‎strength reduced with increasing the recycled lightweight concrete aggregate content. The results also ‎showed that the compressive strength of the heated specimens was lower than that for the specimens ‎tested in saturated dry surface conditions for all of the mixtures. However, the difference decreased ‎with increasing the recycled aggregate content. It was also noted that the density of the specimens and ‎the coefficient of thermal conductivity decreased with increasing the replacement ratio, which makes ‎this type of concrete useful in places where better thermal insulation is required.‎

‎ Natural convection heat transfer enhancement by utilizing various nanofluids (Ag, Cu and ‎TiO2)flow in a three – dimensional horizontal and an inclined annulus with two heated fins attached on ‎the inner cylinder have been studied numerically .The inner cylinder and two fins are maintained at ‎constant wall temperature (CWT), while the outer cylinder is diathermal (adiabatic). The problem was ‎solved numerically using Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method.The numerical results represent ‎streamlines, isotherms, Local Nusselt number around inner cylinder and fins surfaces, axial profile of ‎the peripheral average Nusselt number and average skin friction coefficient. The two types of ‎nanoparticles used in this study metallic silver(Ag), copper (Cu) and nonmetallic titanium oxide (TiO2). ‎This study indicating to the effect the Rayleigh number, volume fraction, fin length, fin inclination ‎angles and annulus inclination angles. The numerical results show that as the solid volume fraction ‎increases, the heat transfer is enhanced for all values of Rayleigh number. This enhancement is more ‎significant at high Rayleigh number. The lowest heat transfer was obtained for TiO2 (50 nm) due to ‎domination of conduction and large nanoparticles .whereas Ag (20 nm), Cu (30 nm) – distilled water ‎nanofluids has the highest heat transfer, respectively. As well as the enhancement in heat transfer of ‎nanofluids for annulus with fins attached to the inner cylinder at (5 %) volume concentration of (Ag , ‎Cu and TiO2 ) nanoparticles increases (41.5 %, 35%,19 %) respectively compared with the base fluid ‎‎(distilled water). The average Nusslet number increases with increasing both Rayleigh number and the ‎volume fraction of nanoparticles. The average Nusselt number decreases by increasing fins' length. ‎Moreover the increase of the average Nusslet number is attributed to the increase of the thermal ‎conductivity of nanofluid with increasing the volume fraction of the nanoparticles.‎

The research deals with assessment of water quality of Euphrates River which passes through ‎the middle of Iraq, samples were taken from three sites on river. The distance covered by these sites is ‎about (30)km (between Al Mussayeb and Al Hindiya cities). In these sites, the river suffers from ‎different sources of pollution. The paper included a study of some physical, chemical, and biological ‎properties (Water Visibility, salinity, electrical connectivity, pH, DO, BOD5, and Chlorophyll). The ‎results are analyzed by using the GIS which requires building a network database which is linked to ‎GIS to make benefit from its analysis power and geographical distribution of data across the study ‎area. The clear data display enables the environment interests of understanding and interpreting the ‎actual results and responding by taking actions the preserve the natural features of the river and its ‎dependences accordingly. The database used to keep tracking the physical, chemical, and biological ‎pollutants and archiving their behavior through the time. ‎

This paper has investigated the comparison of column buckling behavior between experimental ‎results of medium carbon steel CK35 and Hong model. These columns are tested under dynamic ‎buckling with and without shot peening. This comparison showed a good correlation and conservative ‎for the columns. The maximum difference in percentage was about 10%. The above comparison ‎involved initial imperfection, load duration and slenderness ratio of columns. The results indicated that ‎the Hong model was capable of predict the dynamic buckling behavior of Ck35 columns. ‎

Experimental investigations were made to determine the ultimate capacity of tied reinforced ‎normal strength concrete columns subjected to both axial and transverse loads. Of the twelve ‎specimens of 1200mm long and 200x200mm cross section tested, six were without steel fiber ‎inclusions. All the specimens were tested under cyclic load until failure with the presence of constant ‎axial load. Specimens differed in the amount of lateral reinforcement. The effects of 1% fiber ‎inclusion by volume and amount of lateral reinforcement were investigated. The test results showed a ‎direct relationship between absorbed energy and the spacing of lateral reinforcement. The ductility of ‎the member increased due to 1% fiber inclusion by about 20-35 %.‎

That to deal with soils that have problems such as (swelling, sponge behavior ( Fatigue ), ‎hydraulic consolidation and cracks) in a way reinforced concrete is very expensive, but the treatment ‎of these soils in a way added stabilizers local is acceptable, available, inexpensive, give acceptable ‎strength, improve soil properties such as durability and exposure to environmental conditions and used ‎in most countries of the world. This investigation is conducted to study the effects of the mixture ‎‎(cement- silica dust) on the bearing and stabilizing soils, study the effect of different times of ‎maturation of the specimens (7, 14, 28) days at constant temperature (26 - 30) oC and study the ‎effect of the conditions of inundation specimens with water on Unconfined compressive strength. ‎‎(cement- silica dust) Were used by a mixture of them (1:1), Foure levels of addition were used (4%, ‎‎8%, 12%,16%) of the weight of dry soil. All specimens were exposed to same curing condition ( curing ‎temperature 26- 30 oC). Different curing times were (7,14,28) days and some of specimens were ‎exposed to inundation conditions. The experimental results illustrate that the maximum dry density ‎‎(M.D.D) and plastic index (P.I) decrease with the addition of mixture, but the optimum moisture ‎content (O.M.C) is increases with increasing of the mixture content. Unconfined compressive strength ‎increases with increase of curing time but it decreased with and without of the mixture (C-SL) when ‎the specimens exposed to inundation condition for all curing time. ‎

This study has been conducted in the site of the Technical Institute/Kut, which is located (10) ‎Kilometers south of Wassit city.The research work was designed to study soil characteristics and some ‎factors such as soil physical properties which represent moisture content, porosity, density real, bulk ‎density and conductivity of water, soil texture, porous‎‏ ‏and chemical properties such‏ ‏as sulfate, ‎sodium, chloride and pH ,EC . ‎
‎ The main objective of the study is the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of ‎the soil on‏ ‏foundations of concrete‏ ‏structure , and the study found that the soil of the entrance ‎Institute is the best site have a few percentage from sulfate and chloride salts that effect on ‎foundations of concrete‏ ‏structure. ‎

In this study agricultural waste, grounded rice hulls was examined as sorbent material to remove ‎methyl red dye from aqueous solutions. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the effects of ‎various parameters:(contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and particle size of ‎adsorbent), on adsorption capacity of methyl red dye. ‎
‎ Rice hulls was found to be effective in removing methyl red dye and reached equilibrium in ‎‎(100 min). The adsorption capacity was found to be pH dependant and it increases with the increasing ‎of the adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of methyl red dye. The adsorption capacity ‎decreases with increased particle size of rice hulls. ‎
Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations using ‎correlation coefficients. Adsorption data were well described by the Langmuir and freundlich models. ‎The results indicated that the rice hulls could be an alternative material in place of more costly ‎adsorbents used for dye removal. ‎

Present study numerically investigates the flow field‏ ‏and heat transfer in two dimensional new ‎shapes of corrugated wall channels. Simulations are performed for fully developed flow conditions. ‎The governing continuity, momentum and energy equations are numerically solved using finite ‎volume method based on SIMPLE technique. The investigation covers Reynolds number in the rage of ‎‎200-1400. The effects of Reynolds number and varying (LR/LL) ratio from 0.28 to 3.6 are studied for ‎keeping wavy wall wavelength (Lw) value and distance between triangle in corrugated channel (d) ‎fixed for all shapes.‎
‎ The results show that heat transfer enhancement increases by using corrugated channel and also, ‎heat transfer increases and vortices are decreases with decreasing the value (LR/LL). ‎

It is advantageous to assess the cement quality within short time, to improve the variables, which may affect compressive strength of Portland cement.
The research includes comparison between the compressive strength of different types of Portland cement selected from several of Iraqi Portland cement factories. Three of their product ordinary Portland cement (Al-Mass factory, Tasloga Factory and Al Kufa factory) and five factories product the sulfate resisting Portland cement are (Tasloga factory, Al Qaim factory, Kerbala factory, Al Muthana factory and Al Sadaa factory).
The test includes two types of cubes, mortar cubes tested at age (3,7 and 28) days and concrete cubes tested at age (7 and 28) days to estimate the accurate strength of cement for different types.
The variables which have been included were the characteristics of the cement it self (phase composition and fineness in addition to other variables which may affect compressive strength of Portland cement like the magnesia (MgO), free lime(CaO),sulphate(SO3), loss on ignition (L,o.I.), insoluble residue(I.R) which were obtained from the chemical analysis of the cement .
The compressive strength results have been shown reduction in south cement factories than north cement factory. For resisting Portland cement the percent of strength increased at age 28 days (Al Sadaa 16.5%, Tasloga 22%, Kerbala, 22.3%, Al Muthana 22.3% and Al Qaim 29.9%). For ordinary Portland cement the percent increased at age 28 day ( Al kufa 21.7%, Tasloga 27.3% and Al Mass 27.5%).