Journal of University of Babylon

‎ The present study was conducted to evaluate the risk of water supply system in Babylon ‎Governorate from the intake through to the consumer's tap. Water failure may occur at any ‎components of water supply system. Therefore, risk was calculated for exposure to contaminants in ‎raw, treated, and distributed tap water. ‎
‎ The risk assessment process was concerned on chemical and microbial contaminants in water. ‎The hazard index (HI) was calculated for noncarcinogenic chemicals (Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, NO3, and ‎Cl(free)) in water , while the risk was calculated for carcinogenic chemicals (Pb, As, and Cr) and ‎microbial contaminant represented E.coli. Both of hazard index and risk were conducted for raw, ‎treated, and distributed tap water and the results were compared with the EPA limitations in order to ‎show the potential health risks of these chemicals to local primary users of water from water supply ‎system. ‎
‎ In this study the statistical models which are described the relations between the water quality ‎parameters and human health were established, the statistical analysis results revealed significant ‎correlation between the number of infections of cholera, diarrhea, typhoid and hepatitis disease with ‎water quality parameters of raw, treated , and distributed tap water. ‎

The aim of this article is to study the effects of non-uniform distribution of longitudinal ‎reinforcements on the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) horizontally curved beams with fixed-‎ends under static loads to product an optimal strength of these beams‏ ‏without increasing the volume ‎of longitudinal reinforcement. Three dimensional nonlinear finite element analyses done utilizing ‎computer program called NFHCBSL, incorporate 20-node isoparametric brick element used to ‎represent the concrete elements while reinforcing bars are idealized as axial members embedded ‎within the concrete elements without any relative displacement between them. The results show that ‎the effect of non-uniform distributions of longitudinal reinforcement of RC horizontally curved beams ‎with fixed-ends is effective and can be used to improve the strength of this type of beams‏ ‏and its ‎importance increases with increasing the angle of horizontal curvature (‎ ‎ of beam. The results ‎proved that the optimal value of tapering ratio depends‏ ‏‎ on ‎ ‎, for ‎ ‎ and ‎ ‎, the optimal ‎tapering ratio obtained was equal to 7 which gives increment in the ultimate load of beam is equal to ‎‎14.5%, while when ‎ ‎ the optimal value of tapering ratio is equal to 3 which gives increment ‎in the ultimate load is equal to 27.5%. So, all optimal values of tapering ratio are compatible with ‎the value of angle of strengthening the positive reinforcement (φ) = 0.75θ‎

‎ The objective of this work is to study the resistance of SCC concrete to internal sulphates attack. ‎The self compacting concrete is made by using a local filler (pigment and metakaolin). A mix of self-‎compacting concrete was designed according to special specifications and trials. This mix was tested by ‎various fresh concrete workability tests as Slump-flow, T 50cm, L.box, U.box, and V.funnel tests. ‎
‎ Five levels of SO3 content in ( fine aggregate) sand were investigated , these levels were about ‎‎[0.24% , 0.5% , 1% , 2% , and 3% ]. Which yield [3.05% , 3.47% , 4.28 % , 5.9% , and 7.52%] total SO3 ‎content by weight of cement respectively for SCC mixes with pigment powder filler and [3.08% , 3.5% , ‎‎4.31% , 5.94% , and 7.56%] for SCC mixes with metakaolin powder . ‎
‎ The experimental results show that there is an optimum gypsum content in sand (SO3 = 1.0%) by wt. ‎of sand which gives the highest results in compressive strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic pulse ‎velocity of SCC . As gypsum content increases beyond this limit the above mechanical properties will be ‎decreased. ‎

This paper deals with free longitudinal vibrations of nonuniform homogeneous cantilever beams. ‎Cantilever of rectangular cross-section with constant width and tapered thickness variation are considered. ‎Thickness at the clamped end is estimated while it changed with different values at free end at the ratio ‎equal to the relation (thickness at free end hf / thickness at clamped end hc) where this ratio change from ‎‎0.05 to 0.9. The exact solution of differential equation in the linear case of free axial vibrations of ‎nonuniform beam by using the analytic method by separation of variable in terms of Bessel function. ‎Effect of thickness ratio between free end to clamped end (hf / hc) for different value of thickness of ‎cantilever at clamped end and effect of different value of beam length on the characteristics of vibration ( ‎natural frequency and mode shape) are studied. Some of results are compared with approximation ‎method which called Raylieghs quotient. It is concluded that increasing the thickness of clamped end ‎causes decrease in the natural frequency at any value of length of beam also increasing the thickness ratio ‎and increasing the length of beam at assisted value of thickness at clamped end ( hc) causing decreased in ‎the value of natural frequency. On the other hand it is found that the value of mode shape of cantilever ‎beam decrease when increase the thickness ratio (hf / hc) at any value of thickness of clamped end and at ‎the same value of length of beam also the mode shape decreased with increasing thickness of clamped ‎end (hc). Finally at the same value of (hc) the value of mode shape decreased with increasing length of ‎beam.. ‎

‎ In this work two agricultural sorbents wheat bran and sunflower shell were examined to remove ‎Cd(II) from synthetic solutions in a batch experimental setup. The effect of pH of the solution, initial ‎concentration of metal ion and sorbent dose were investigated. (150 min) of adsorption time was ‎found sufficient to reach equilibrium for cadmium ion on both adsorbents wheat bran and sunflower ‎shell. The Freundlich, and Langmuir isotherm were employed and their isotherm constants were ‎calculated at 25°C. Adsorption of metal ions, are pH dependent, and the results indicate that the ‎optimum pH for the removal of Cd(II) was found to be 7.0 for both wheat bran and sunflower shell. ‎The percentage of adsorption was found to be 95.7% and 94.9% on wheat bran and sunflower shell ‎respectively at initial concentration of 50 mg/L and would be higher with higher initial concentration. ‎

Laminar steady natural convection of a nanofluid consists of water and copper in a ‎differentially heated parallelogrammic enclosure has been studied and solved numerically using finite ‎volume method. Two-dimensional governing equations have been solved to investigate the flow ‎behavior over a wide range of the Rayleigh numbers (104≤Ra≤106), skew angles (-60°≤ Φ ≤+60°), ‎aspect geometric ratios (0.5≤AR≤4) and solid volume fractions (0≤φ≤0.2). Effects of all these ‎parameters on the flow and thermal fields are presented in the form of streamline, isotherm contours ‎and average Nusselt number and discussed in detail. It is shown that the heat transfer rate increases ‎remarkably by the addition of copper-water nanofluid and the shape of the convection vortices is ‎sensitive to the skew angle variation. Also, it is observed that the average Nusselt number at the hot left ‎sidewall increases with the increasing of the solid volume fraction and the Rayleigh number. ‎Comparison with previous published work on the natural convection in a nanofluid filled enclosure is ‎performed and an excellent agreement between the results is observed.‎

‎ The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of solid waste Leachate of unlined ‎dumping site on soil at study area which located at the north of Hilla city . To assess soil ‎contamination 6 bore holes were bring randomly at the site .Three samples were collected at 50, 100, ‎‎150 cm for each bore hole. For leachate the samples were taken randomly from three different ‎locations and were mixed prior to its analysis. Concentration of various physico-chemical parameters ‎including heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe,) were determined in soil and leachate samples. The presence of ‎Cl ,NO3 , Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, in soil, likely indicate that soil is being significantly affected by leachate ‎percolation. Further they proved to be as tracers for groundwater contamination. ‎

‎ Experimental investigations were made to determine the ultimate capacity of tied reinforced self ‎compacting concrete columns subjected to both axial and transverse loads. Of the twelve specimens ‎tested, six were without steel fiber inclusions. All the specimens were tested under cyclic load until ‎failure with the presence of constant axial load. Specimens differed in the amount of lateral ‎reinforcement. The effects of fiber inclusion and amount of lateral reinforcement were investigated.‎

The influence of Titanium (Ti) & Carbon (C), as gray cast iron master alloy, ‎‏ ‏additions on the ‎structure modification efficiency of the phosphorous (P) in near eutectic Al–14Si alloy and the ‎nucleating mechanism was studied in this work. The results show that the phosphorous modification ‎efficiency can be significantly affected by this addition and the sizes of the primary Si particles can be ‎obviously refined after the addition of trace Ti&C. Micro probe Analyzer (MPA) shows there is a ‎coupling of aluminium phosphides (AlP) and Al4C3 particles in the center of primary Si‏.‏‎ Moreover, the ‎nucleation mechanism of primary Si by like-peritectic coupling of AlP and Al4C3 was presented. The ‎formation mechanism of like-peritectic coupling of these particles was also discussed.‎

This research discuss the absence of a local pattern in our current architecture, and the profits of ‎the rich heritage of this area and the Iraqi traditional architecture in particular at all levels in ‎developing or shaping a new architectural form that can be more sustainable‏.‏
Therefore the research begin with discussing the richness and originality of Islamic architecture ‎in the rhythmic movement and how Islamic elements and characteristics can create a special local ‎pattern and personality with all its art, architectural, environmental and social aspects in regarding to ‎our cultural background, and the different movements that took place in Iraq in the last few decades ‎of the last century in order to give an example of an architectural integration between the modern style ‎that invade the region and the local one‏.‏
The last part of the research discusses the role and the orientations of the academic institutions ‎in loosing or marginalizing the importance of this heritage, and the cultural levels and abilities of the ‎current architects. Then, the research gives many conclusions and recommendations that can help in ‎preserving our heritage and create a local Iraqi pattern‏. ‏

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‎ he presence of large sidelobe radiation beam levels of an antenna is undesirable as the antenna ‎performance and efficiency will be greatly degraded. Antenna structures especially in array ‎arrangements have the capability to provide interference reduction, improvement of the channel ‎capacity and expanding the range of a signal's coverage. In this paper, Invasive Weed ‎Optimization (IWO) is utilized to optimize the inter-element position of even-element linear ‎antenna arrays (LAA). The objective is to produce as close to desired radiation pattern as possible ‎that exhibits sidelobe level (SLL) suppression. The IWO algorithm can be successfully used to ‎locate the optimum element positions based on symmetric and even-element LAAs of isotropic ‎radiators. The results obtained showed that the IWO algorithm is capable of finding the optimal ‎solution in most cases with superior performance over conventional method

The experimental research reported is aimed using small quantities of CFRP strips to provide tubular ‎section against local buckling for (five) specimens of steel beams.The tubular hollow steel beams sections ‎are made from welding thin plates at their edges. The use of high-strength advanced composite materials ‎tends to accompany the minimum of structural weight, and is hence presently being assessed for ‎effectiveness as supplementary external reinforcing materials. Composite beams of fiber-reinforced ‎polymers (FRP) and steel formed as tubular steel sections externally reinforced by thin-bonded carbon FRP ‎‎(CFRP) sheets, exhibit many phenomena not found in conventional structural steel components, and these ‎can have a marked bearing both on the behavior of members composed of these materials and, by ‎connotation, on the way in which such members are designed. The type of strengthen carbon fiber is a ‎unidirectional woven fiber mat of mid strength which is a product of Sika coded as SikaWrap-230C. The ‎CFRP is fixed using a resin Sikadure-330.The study is focusing on the local stability of such members. Also ‎formulation of the finite element method used for analyzing the tested beams. The finite element model ‎will be using the experimental load-deflection results of the steel beams. The use of ANSYS-9 to create the ‎finite element model is adopted, the maximum different between experimental results and ANSYS-9 ‎results is 8.7%.‎

The research deals with the effect fire flame on the behavior of reinforced concrete columns. The experimental program ‎consisted of casting and testing of 120 column specimens were divided into two series with target compressive strength ‎‎(30 and 40 MPa) and named series A and B respectively. Each series was divided into three main groups axially ‎concentric loaded, 30mm and 80mm eccentrically loaded.‎
‎ Results indicate remarkable reduction in load carrying capacity after exposure to fire flame. It was found that the ‎predicted load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete columns by three codes (ACI-318/08, BS-8110/97 and ‎Canadian/84), was unconservative after burning except the BS Code equation which was found able to predict load ‎capacity after exposure to high fire temperature levels.‎

Mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin (SIROPOL 8340-PI) incorporated with carbon - ‎Kevlar hybrid fibers were calculated . Impact strength , tensile strength ,flexural strength ,and hardness ‎were studied for composite material reinforced with hybrid carbon - Kevlar fibers as a woven roving ‎‏(°45-‏‏°0)‏‎ with density (1.77g/cm3) and (1.47g/cm3) respectively . These fibers were mixed with unsaturated ‎polyester resin in different reinforcement percentage (20%,40%,60%) and the effect on the above ‎mechanical properties were studied , where we see Improves in these mechanical properties after ‎reinforcement by fibers and the value of mechanical properties will increase with increasing percentage of ‎reinforcement .‎

‎ In this work, a chemical spray pyrolysis thin film of Tellurium has been reported. The film is ‎deposited on thin glass substrate at temperature of 498 ± 283 K to study its structure and electrical ‎properties. The electrical properties are studied through variation of resistivity with temperature in the ‎thermal range of 313 to 473 K as well as measurement of electrical conductivity and activation energy ‎are performed. The results of Hall's effect showed that the prepared film is P-type. X-ray diffraction ‎spectrum has shown that the prepared film has polycrystalline structure and peaks for Tellurium ‎hexagonal structure. Also, the microstructure analysis using optical microscope illustrated the contrast ‎of topography of this thin film which showed highest homogeneity and regularity. ‎

The single-turn loop antenna is a metallic conductor bent into the shape of a closed curve, such ‎as a circle or a square, with a gap in the conductor to form the terminals. A multi-turn loop or coil is a ‎series connection of overlaying turns. The loop is one of the primary antenna structures; its use as a ‎receiving antenna dates back to the early experiments of Hertz on the propagation of electromagnetic ‎waves. It is poor antenna in transmission, so to use such an antenna; it must enhance to get butter ‎performance in power (gain), bandwidth and efficiency. Here, some ways that makes this antenna ‎suitable for transmission by changing the cross-section diameter and the structure of material that ‎made.‎

The main objective of this research is modify new cell to find the coefficient of permeability of the clayey ‎soil, it may be used with the variable head method. The permeability of soils, as expressed by the ‎coefficient K, is of considerable importance for many practical engineering problems, such as the water ‎retaining capacity of earth dams, the capacity of pumping installations for the lowering of the ground-‎water level during excavations, and also the calculation of the rate of settlement of building.‎
The ordinary conventional permeability test takes a long time by preparing and test especially for clayey ‎soils, this will cause some problems especially if there is a need to do a large number of this test and there ‎are a limited number of technicians and apparatus.‎
From this point of view the importance of this research is clear, since the modified cell will reduce the time ‎needed to prepare, saturated the sample and after that take the reading with time.‎
The modified cell made with dimension of ‎‏2‏‎ cm height and 10 cm diameter.‎

This study presents the benefit gained from using steel fiber reinforcement on concrete mixture. The ‎effect of fire on compressive strength is investigated. Two different tests, one of them is the non destructive test ‎which is the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test and the other is the destructive compression test, are carried out ‎using (10cm) cubes. Forty-eight cubes (half of them are with steel fiber reinforcement of fiber/concrete ratio of ‎‎(0.01) by volume and the remaining cubes are without fiber reinforcement) are heated to temperature levels of ‎‎(100,200,300,400,500,600 and 700°C). Then after that specimens are air cooled and (UPV) test is done, the ‎specimens are destructively tested. The results indicated that the addition of steel fiber increases the compressive ‎strength at all tested heating levels with a maximum percentage increase of (56.9%) at a temperature level of ‎‎(500°C), in spite of that they have the same behavior but the residual compressive strength decreases with the ‎addition of steel fiber for the tested heating levels lower than (400°C) and increases for the heating levels above ‎this degree

This study was designed to study the polymorphisms of CYP1B1 genes and the risk of ‎endometrial cancer in Iraqi women. A total of Fourty patients with endometrial cancer, aged between ‎‎15-72 year were contacted after surgery in Baghdad, and sixty apparently healthy women as control. ‎The blood samples were collected in EDTA tube for extraction DNA and PCR experiments. ‎
The results showed that the frequency of CYP1B1 homozygous wild type Leu /Leu were 14% ‎and 68% in patients and control respectively, while the homozygous mutant Val /Val were 32% and ‎‎28% respectively. The heterozygous mutant allele Leu /Val was 54% in endometrial cancer cases ‎compared to 4% in control. The statistical analyses showed increased risk of endometrial cancer with ‎homozygous mutant Val /Val genotype with an OR of 5.55 (95% CI 2.¬578- 11.951) and with ‎heterozygous Leu/Val with an OR of 56.5 (59% CI = 20.407-210.687).‎
When stratified the patients according to different stages, we found no association between the ‎endometrial caner and stage IC, the risk increased to tow fold with stage IIB, while in stage IIIA and ‎IVB the risk was highly increased to more than six fold with an OR (odd ratio) of 6.138 and 6.277 ‎respectively .The risk of endometrial cancer increased to 2.5 fold in patient who had CYP1B1 mutant ‎allele‏ ‏Leu/Val. ‎

Time series function is defined as a sequence of vector or scalar values which depend on time. NN, ‎have been widely used as time series forecasting like weather forecast and load forecast. In this paper ‎we used neural networks to simulate the behavior of the electronic circuits that process time signals .In ‎fact, electronic networks are very often used to model the computations performed by NNs. Signal ‎processing is used to analyze the signals in discrete and continuous time. The analog signal processor ‎involves linear and non linear electronic circuit such as passive filter , active filter , adaptive mixers ‎integrator , differentiator , delay lines , amplifiers , voltage_ controllers , voltage _ control filters and so ‎on. Here the designed NN is assumed to act as the analog signal processor. To start, RC circuit is ‎considered such that the NN simulates its behaviour . ‎
‎ Elman neural network ,which is a type of RNNs , is used for, the training of the input/output ‎waveforms of NN. The obtained results show that the behaviour of the NN is the same as the ‎behaviour of the electronic circuit under test . ‎

‎ This paper deals with free vibration and buckling behavior of non-uniform Euler-Bernoulli beam ‎under variation of tapered parameter and degree of flexural bending by using Finite Element Method ‎and linked with Matlab Program. The results obtained were compared with those results given in the ‎literatures and it is found that the natural frequency and buckling load decrease with increasing the ‎tapered parameter and degree of flexural stiffness of tapered beams.‎

In this research the effect of filler content on improving some electrical properties of polystyrene filled ‎with TiO2 powder has been studied. For that purpose, the polystyrene (PS) samples with TiO2 additive ‎prepared with different percentages (0,5,10,15,20,25,30) wt.% . The results show that the D.C ‎electrical conductivity of such composite improved about 52% when the concentration of TiO2 is ‎increased.‎
Also the results show that the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, are improved about 51%,77% ‎respectively,and A.C electrical resistivity are changed with changing the concentration of the filler and ‎frequency of applied electrical field, that means the A.C electrical conductivity of PS-TiO2 is improved ‎about 86%. The results show good improvement in electrical properties of this research that agreed ‎with theoretical principles.‎

This Paper aims to apply a statistical method in the analysis of the time headway on urban ‎arterial. Palestine Street is the road that selected for this application. Survey of vehicle volume and ‎time headway is done to gather the needed data. Chi-Square is the Statistical test that used to check ‎the goodness of fit between the observed headway data and the predicted headway data that ‎computed from a 2nd order polynomial Model, which is built after checking of several types of models. ‎The results give a goodness of fit model which have a significant P value.‎

‎ Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA) is an emerging optimization tool for solving complex stochastic ‎problem. It is another artificial intelligent tool that is inspired by biological process after neutral network ‎and evolutionary algorithm. CSA extracts its idea from Burnet’s Clonal selection theory which explains on ‎how human immune system work. CSA can be used for pattern recognition as well as solving various multi ‎objective optimization problems. In this paper, an adaptive beam forming with CSA firmware is put into ‎NXP Semiconductor embedded microcontroller, LPC2131. Smart antenna system with adaptive beam ‎forming has becoming a trend now because adaptive beam forming can improve signal to noise and ‎interference ratio (SINR) as well as saving more energy. The advantage of using CSA for application of ‎adaptive beam forming is its simplicity. Without the need of sophisticate digital signal processor, CSA is ‎used to optimize the best power efficient of beam pattern. Processing power on embedded system is the ‎bottleneck for this application because CSA work as other evolutionary algorithm which needs a lot of ‎looping processes. However, this paper shows how the ARM7 core LPC2131 realizes this implementation. ‎

In this research , some sample from polystyrene with TiO2 as a filler in different weight percent ‎‎(5,10,15,20,25,30)% have been prepared. Samples produced by (Hot press)method. Corrosion test has ‎been done using simple immersion test in different period of time as (2,4,6,12,24) hours and the ‎immersion done in different solution (distilled water, 0.9% NaCl and 3.5 %NaCl) also erosion – ‎corrosion have been done in different period of time (10,20,30,40,50)min. Hardness test has been ‎don and results show that the corrosion resistance increased for both test with increasing the TiO2 ‎percentage addition and hardness increase with increasing TiO2 weight percentage.‎

The aim of this research use destroyed fluorescent glass as Reinforcement Material by simple ‎method. The composite Material was prepared by adding different percent from the powder of ‎destroyed fluorescent glass (0 – 25) % to study the effect of this material on some properties of ‎polyester. From the results we showed that increase hardness (from 36.33 to 126.1) HV, and decrease ‎impact resistance (from 1.5 to 0.2) J, because the glass is hardness ceramic material and brittle, and ‎also increase absorption (from 4.8 to 18.3)% and increase porosity (from 10.6 to 20)% because the ‎destroyed fluorescent glass powder interact between polymer chains which increased the space ‎between polymer chains this work exists with a composite Material that has high hardness, proper ‎impact resistance and less weight by using the wasted material (destroyed fluorescent glass) as ‎reinforcement material and cheap that it can be use inr many applications.‎

Since the nineties of the 20th century and during the first ten years of the 21st century the high-‎rise buildings (skyscrapers) become one of the facilities which reflects civilization and urbanization, ‎countries of the highest technology compete with each other to obtain the best results reached by the ‎design in terms of height, not only that, but some skyscrapers are considered symbols of their regions, ‎Some of them became an indicator of technical excellence .And so the research is a proactive stance ‎to address the problems of the contemporary city center that is geared towards the adoption of ‎skyscrapers as a new vision for the vertical urban design, which is expected to head the Iraqi centers ‎of the cities towards the adoption of this ideology in the coming years .Therefore, we need to examine ‎these buildings and identify the nature of their impact and effect on the surrounding urban context in ‎terms of environmental, urban and social development. The research problem in general is to provide ‎frameworks of knowledge about the determinants of the architectural design of high-rise buildings ‎‎(skyscrapers), while The particular research problem is determined by the lack of inclosive knowledge ‎frameworks of how the integration of both architectural and urban levels in the architecture of high-‎rise buildings in general, while The defined research problem is the lack of frameworks inclusion in the ‎Architectural studies on the extent and importance of the integration of both architectural and urban ‎levels in the Architecture of high-rise buildings in city centers and the impact on enriching the urban ‎context. ‎
Research objective: is to provide knowledge about high-rise buildings and to find indicators for the ‎integration of urban design of high buildings (skyscrapers). In this research we plan to work in two ‎main directions, The first direction depends on the theoretical study of determinants and design ‎standards for high-rise buildings within the privacy of urban context in general, and draw several basic ‎definitions of these buildings inorder to help achieveing the ultimate efficiency of the functional and ‎aesthetic performance that integrates with the urban context. The second direction: depends on the ‎practical study of a group of tall buildings (skyscrapers) within the urban fabric and trying to ‎investigate the basic indicators of the theoretical framework for the research on a group of Arab , ‎global and local models to find the design mechanisms of high-rise buildings due to the urban privacy. ‎

‎ Potable water is one of causing sources of different diseases, therefore it is preferred to do ‎continuous researches for the quality of water fitted to the role of citizens through large projects and ‎compact units and other compounds that processed millions of liters per day. Within this trend, the ‎current research applied to show the effect of physical properties on the water quality of the Tigris ‎river passing through city of Baghdad by physical testing of raw water supplied to compact units.
‎ The physical tests data of the Tigris River collected during a full year from January until Dec. ‎‎2010 had analyzed by drawing the results of maximum monthly values of the physical tests and ‎compared with the specification limits. The statistical analysis had done for the results of these tests in ‎two ways, computation of the correlation coefficient(R) and the one-way variance testing (ANOVA).
‎ Most of the parameters were outside of the specification. The results of statistical analysis were ‎logical, also it is shown that the proximity between months of September and October and away the ‎months of July and December was because of the seasons different, as well as the proximity of (EC ‎and TDS) is happened in order to the positive relationship between them.‎
‎ The most important conclusions of the study was that the supplied water (Raw water) to the ‎projects is acceptable for supply especially TDS, as well as the specifications of the raw water are ‎generally degraded (especially salinity) at the progress towards the south through the center of the ‎capital.