Linguistic Papers

In this research, we deal with some of the most important features that characterize the construction of generative semantic representations, within the Parallel Architecture, an approach to the structure of grammar that contrasts with mainstream generative grammar in that it treats phonology, syntax, and semantics as independent generative components - each with its own primitives and principles of combination - linked by interface rules.
In this framework, we define the semantic primitives and principles of combination that constitute the generative semantic system, and some of its most prominent levels of representation. We also deal with some of the most important characteristics of semantic-syntactic interface by analyzing some grammatical phenomena in Arabic, namely binding and control. We conclude by clarifying some aspects of Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, highlighting its theoretical and experimental advantages in contrast to the excessive syntactico-centric character of mainstream generative grammar.

The present analytical study focuses one on lexical entries in some ancient and modern Arabic dictionaries, and the ranking of derived verbs in the context of explaining the lexical Items. Its aim is to demonstrate the validity of the idea that this arrangement of verbs is governed by internal linguistic principles which determines of the morphological structure, rather than simply an arrangement that stands at the threshold of separating the simple verbs and their augmented forms, without classifying the augmented verbs, on semantic and formal criteria, into distinct classes.
The representative system of the auto segmental theory as settled in John McCarthy\'s 1979 thesis helped illustrate this. By a procedure that allows for the internal derivative extension formulas to be generated (fa??al and faa?al) before the remaining augmentative forms. The comparison between the method of arranging the augmented verbs, represented in the Sihah al-Jawhari dictionary and Alwasit dictionary of the Arabic Language Academy, with the method of orientalism arrangement, represented in the Kazimirsky dictionary which puts af?al form in the fourth degree, reveals that the choice of the Arabic lexicographical tradition –which start the classification whit af?al form - does not faithfully reflect the functioning of the morphology derivational arrangement.
In addition to this, it is appropriate to draw attention on studying the micro structure of Arab dictionaries n accordance with the achievement of modern lexicology, in order to establish a lexical criticism which does not only examine methods of vertical ranking of the lexical entries (i.e the macrostructure for the lexicon), but also includes the evaluation the quality of information and the elegance of its presentation in the text explaining the lexical entries.

This article explores the discursive obstacles of development in the Arab world. It answers two questions: (1) what are the discursive problems and obstacles that face Arab development? (2) How Arabs can deal with them. The article claims that changing the discursive condition in the Arab world enhances its progress. It identifies seven discursive obstacles: word wars, hate speech, credibility gap, propaganda, discursive discrimination and exclusion, hatred of history, and discursive tyranny.

The quality of food and the way it is cooked becomes a cultural sign for any of the peoples until we observe the adhesion of the qualities of the kitchen to a specific type of human being. The pizza is Italian, of course, and if it is formulated in other countries and the okra is impregnated with an Iraqi way of eating and if it is eaten in other places as well as in Mallowia in Egypt and Couscous in Morocco as What a person eats is often a sign of his cultural identity. The process of moving a person from raw food to cooked food is the first process of his transformation from natural to cultural. “Everything that is cooked belongs to culture, while everything that is raw belongs to nature. In many societies, fire is a spirit, and a tool capable of submerging food with supernatural power, which in turn has been passed on to humans for food.

Language is the lodgment of the cultural structures of human groups and is a means of communication, contact and mutual influence regardless of the number of morphemes used in speech. It is one of the common scholarly judgments in the linguistic studies that the human linguistic activity occurs through the speakers’ use of sentences and texts and this is true to a large extent but the issue has a different dimension. There are some linguistic activities that are related to small phonological units like phonemes and short syllables which are referred to in the Arabic heritage as consonants and vowels. These two types of phonological units have great effects at the level of human relations, which sometimes outperform the sentences and texts.
Their anthropological existence is illustrated in their representation of severe classificatory human practices at the individual and the group levels. Also, some of their instances exist as an element laying the basis for cultural divides with solid structural nature and violent dogmatic struggles that led to mutual atonement in relation to religious faith which is the intellectual activity that leads to the acceleration of the intense sectarian wars.
The study aims-in its anthropological linguistic perspective-to reveal that the smaller phonological units are a highly effective factor in the human life. The study also attempts, in a parallel end, to show that units like these may be one means of linguistic phonological suppression to those who suffer from some pronunciation defect like faltering, lisping, stuttering and stammering.
Whatever the search was, these units manifest themselves as a harsh standard of individual, ethnic, regional, stratified classification of people.
This paper is investigating the effects related to a limited number of small phonological samples which are significant and intellectually noteworthy without considering all the instances of the phenomenon. We will- for the sake of consolidating the presence of the anthropological linguistic perspective at the global human level- vary the study samples to include Arabic hereditary, Islamic dogmatic, Iraqi, and global instances. As the instances differ, their time and place connections weaken, their cultural incubators diverge, with the effect being stable, their cultural aim is achieved in the best possible way. Accordingly, it will be possible to abstract the simple cultural structure that produces the linguistic phonological act at the level of all human groups and this is what anthropological linguistics seeks in its diligent search for the motives of the human act in the world.

A study dealing with the language of violence in the Islamic State’s women’s discourse of ISIS, to break up the term violence and its reading in a reading that corresponds to the level of global event and danger it poses to all of humanity as a whole. The researcher presented samples and models for a number of women in the city of Al-Baghouz, the ISIS captured in the Syrian horror camp A procedural study, through which the researcher attempted to analyze a section of the violence used on the tongues of these women,
They dealt with strategies of violence in ISIS rhetoric, the evolution of the language of ISIS from looting of the delicate female language to rough and rough language like men, manifestations of penitence and ideology of the religious text, the violation of the woman’s body and its abuse of the so-called jihad of marriage, as well as the use of the female body as human shields and barriers through booby traps These bodies, and plunged them into suicide operations, and so on, are manifestations of violence that the research attempted to stop and analyze, hoping in the end that the research was in accordance with monitoring a global humanitarian problem to discuss prospects for future solutions.

Contemporary Arab linguists have methods in their linguistic corrections, and they vary greatly from one linguist to another. Many of them are strict, committed to the standards of time and place for the era of linguistic purity, and few of them use the permissibility and linguistic tolerance of the Arabic language in permitting many uses. The researcher does not intend to discuss specialists in correction and expansion, but he prefers to show the characteristics of their methods, and the results of their strictness, then the researcher presents the correct approach in his opinion, and is based in many criteria. The correction of Arab linguists has exaggerated the error, ignored the communicative function of language, did not employ derivation, and did not care about semantic change. The researcher monitored the characteristics of the extremist curriculum from among the correctors, showed the extremism results of certain models, and presented the alternative approach in terms of characteristics and results.

This research deals with changing the information processing path in speech from the natural path, which is supposed, according to the theory of relevance, to be committed to achieving the maximum cognitive effect in exchange for the least effort, in order to reach the optimal relevance. It cannot be accessed if the normal path is in process.
The research tried to explore the impact of this change in the processing path on communication and if it could threaten its continuation. It was found that the continuation of communication is more likely with the availability of the element of providing new information or updating or changing previous information, and in most cases, we find that there is an explicit warning from the speaker of this change It can also be detected from the conversation path between the two parties.
The pragmatic purposes close to changing the course of processing include warning of changing the attribution, expanding the implicit content, achieving gradation in information, creating slackness in the discourse, and emptying the implicit content, and many other purposes are related to these purposes.

The issue of the Origin assumption has got a fabulous place in the Arabic linguistics code ;As the applicants put the grammatical and morphological rules for their morphological issues which assumed to be explained in order to know the transformations and the development that occurred
to the words until it settled On it's current form.
Anyway, the Modernists and especially the phonetic ones did not didn't have the same presumed instructions. There were many interpretations and explanations that what made the researcher to choose the topic and observe the modern acoustics phenomena which show them and announce the the sources of the differentiation among them.
In this study, the researcher depended on the syllable writing in order to express their perspectives. It is unable to hide the great importance of syllabic writing in the phonemic analyzation,and making a suitable big decisions for what occurred in the structure of the words and clarifying the points of the hatred and ths heaviness according to the phonetic modern lesson.

The choice of Fuentis’ Nightmares from Hassan Balasim’s collection of stories Corpses Exhibition is not arbitrary as the story shows the connection of Man with his roots whatever he tries to detach himself and build a new life away from his country. In this respect the story illustrates the state of the Iraqi expatriates who try to leave their country and live away from the traditions which used to control them, but in the end Man returns to his country when he becomes a dead body.
The paper investigates the capability of the narration elements, temporalization and Spatialization to move from the deep narrative structures to the superficial discursive narrative structures.
The paper aims to prove that the form of meaning can be studied from one level which is the superficial level after passing through the deep level. It is hypothesized that through the study of the discursive structures of the story one can find out how the meaning is formed.
The significance of the paper lies in its being an introduction to the analysis of the short story using modern critical approaches. The paper adopts the semiotic approach of Paris Semiotic School. The paper is limited to the study of one story which is Fuentis’ nightmare from Balasim’s collection of stories, Corpse Exhibition.

Gifts are considered one of the most prominent social and economic phenomena that impact the Arab culture, especially in its literary aspect. There is no doubt that this cultural practice, as an extended value system, has its inherent components and apparent manifestations, which necessitates deeper research and analysis, exploring its most important approaches and objective and subjective motivations that led to its popularity and dedication as a cultural inclination and prevailing social norm.
The significance of this work lies in studying this cultural phenomenon and social value in Arab literature, in that it provided a full description, analysis and cultural interpretation of the gift in Iraq in the nineteenth century, and linked it to its political, cultural and economic reasons and to its own subjective and objective conditions in general, Which marked the nineteenth century is characterized by the merit of praise that led to the poem being a commodity with a reciprocal value tied to its material return at the expense of its non-service cultural value with the existing authority.