Al-Bahith Journal

Abstract
Several factors contributed to the outbreak of the Sino-Vietnamese War, including: border problems and the expansionist ambitions of both sides, as well as the evolving Soviet-Vietnamese relations that angered China, especially when Moscow began working to make Vietnam a base for hegemony over the Southeast Asian region, and on October 3 The second was 1978, by signing a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Vietnam. Therefore, China decided to punish Vietnam by launching a surprise and lightning attack. The Soviet Union supported Vietnam based on the cooperation treaty in 1978, providing various support that included political, economic, and military aspects, in addition to its support for Vietnam in the UN Security Council discussions, He declared his right to use his veto against any decision or initiative aimed at stopping the war without mentioning China\\'s condemnation of its aggression against Vietnam.

Abstract:
Quranic evidence occupies the largest portion among other types of evidence in the sources of linguists and grammarians during the early periods of the Arabic language. This is because the Quran is the supreme linguistic proof and the highest evidence of the correctness of their language. This study aims to uncover the texts cited by Ibn Babshadh in his explanations that he placed on the original book (Jumal Al-Zajjaji). The book "Sharh Jumal Al-Zajjaji" by Ibn Babshadh is one of the grammatical sources that have a significant impact on the study of grammar; it represents a comprehensive educational source for the sciences of grammar and morphology in all its chapters during its time. The Quranic evidence has a wide space in the book, scattered across all its chapters and various issues.

Summary :
Praise be to God for the number of His creation، the satisfaction of Himself، and the weight of His Throne، and prayers and peace be upon the best of His creation، His Prophet، the Chosen One، Muhammad the Trustworthy، and his good and pure family، and those who follow them in righteousness until the Day of Debt.
And after...
The subject of the adverb has received great attention from grammar scholars، and they have examined its issues and clarified what is permissible and what is not. Their schools of thought differed on that، and the adverb is considered one of the important grammatical chapters. Therefore، my research was based on a statement of the most striking case between the grammarians and Abd al- Qahir al- Jurjani، explaining in it the concept of the adverb. The situation between grammarians and al- Jurjani، and the advent of the situation A verbal sentence، and the nominal sentence comes immediately.

Abstract:
This study entitled "The Stylistics of Intertextuality in the Poetry of the Maraqi al-Mujtaba Competition" seeks to reveal the stylistics of intertextuality and its effectiveness in the productivity of the poetic text of the poets of the Maraqi al-Mujtaba Competition, as a stylistic mechanism that seeks to interact and overlap between texts and the various sources from which the poets drew their texts. The Qur’an and the Noble Prophetic Hadith are the two main pillars from which the poets drew. In this study, we will try to reveal the extent of the presence of the Holy Qur’anic text, the meanings of its verses and vocabulary, its structures and sentences in the texts of the poets of the Maraqi al-Mujtaba Competition. It also aims to demonstrate the sanctity of the Holy Qur’an as a literary source that reaches the pinnacle of eloquence and rhetoric, and as a religious book that gives poetic discourse the characteristic of authenticity, or because the poems of the poets were written about a great religious figure, Imam al-Hassan (peace be upon him) and his pure family, in addition to the presence of literary texts in the poems of the poets.

Research Summary:
The current study aims to conclude digital teaching skills and identify the extent to which social studies teachers possess digital teaching skills from their point of view, in addition to designing a proposed training program to develop the digital teaching skills of social studies teachers in Karbala Governorate. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was prepared consisting of (78) items distributed over Six main areas were applied to a random sample of (328) male and female teachers in Karbala Governorate. The study concluded with some results, in light of which some recommendations were formulated .

Abstract
A lot of opinions surround Artificial Intelligence (henceforth, AI) , whether it is considered a negative, or a positive influence among individuals. However, no other study has investigated Zuckerberg\'s posts and threads, especially from the perspective of critical discourse analysis. Therefore, the current study attempts to fill this gap and aims to highlight the hidden ideology of Zuckerberg in presenting AI in his social media content. Furthermore, the study attempts to answer the following question: How does Van Dijk\'s (1998) sociocognitive model identify the ideology of Zuckerberg concerning AI\'s representation on social media?
The model of the study is Van Dijk\'s (1998) sociocognitive model. Also, a qualitative approach is used in data analysis. The current study is limited in the years 2023-2024 since it focuses on the recent representation of AI. Based on the findings, the study concludes that (1) Zuckerberg presents AI as safe technology, (2) he presents his AI technology as superior to other technologies in the field.

Research abstract
The research aims to identify independence among kindergarten children. And its relationship to some family variables. To achieve this, the researcher built a measure of independence among children, then applied it to a sample of 300 children, with their mothers answering the items. After using appropriate statistical methods, it was found that:
1- There is independence for kindergarten children.
2- The independence of female children is greater than that of male children.
It recommended: The necessity of conducting educational workshops that enhance the family’s awareness of the importance of encouraging children’s independence and self-reliance in meeting their simple needs.
She suggested: - A correlational study on children’s independence and other family variables, including the use of social media.

Research Abstract:
The current research aims to identify victim blaming among students at the University of Karbala, and the significance of differences in victim blaming according to variables (gender, stage, marital status). The study sample consisted of (400) male and female students for the academic year (2023 - 2024), and to achieve the research objectives. The researchers followed the descriptive approach and built a victim blaming scale according to Lerner’s theory (1978), consisting of (22) items. The standard characteristics of the scale were confirmed after presenting it to a group of experts. Then the researchers analyzed the data by using the statistical package for the social sciences. Spss The results showed that university students blame the victim of electronic blackmail and that there are statistically significant differences in blaming the victim according to: Gender (males, females) was in favor of males, and marital status (single, married) was in favor of married people, and there were no statistically significant differences in blaming the victim according to the educational stage (first, second, third, fourth),In light of the research results, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and proposals

Summary
Our study was based on analyzing, clarifying and studying the evidence of deletion In the book Fath al-Bayan fi Maqasid al-Qur’an by Al-Qanuji. The study was conducted In an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion that summarizes what has been accomplished. The first section relied on studying the symptom of deletion in attributive elements within Qur’anic verses that carry that purpose. The second study was based on Studying the symptom of deletion In non-attributive elements in Qur’anic verses, according to a grammatical analysis of the Qur’anic evidence that matches all the elements, so that the study Is based on the descriptive analytical approach and thus completes our study.

Abstract:
It can be said that the multiplicity of methods and therapeutic methods used to treat and rehabilitate autistic children is due to the multiplicity of theories and trends that have contributed to explaining the factors that cause autism, and that the difference in characteristics between each autistic child and another has led to the multiplicity of therapeutic methods used according to what suits the needs of each child, and after the treatment programs. Behavioral is the most common and used in the study area, as this type of treatment focused on the clear deficiencies that were caused by autism. It included behavior modification, which is based on turning undesirable behavior into desirable and appropriate behaviors. Other treatments produced positive results for the autistic child. In improving the development of skills and improving behavior in the long term, as well as gradually hiding some of the traits of autism, and thus it can be said that the rehabilitation centers have followed the best therapeutic methods for autism with the aim of reducing its severity and developing social and communication skills, as well as activating activities that help the autistic person integrate into society and practice His life is closer to normal, and this is done with patience, perseverance, and continuity in using the aforementioned treatments without stopping, which means that the autistic child needs training and rehabilitation programs on a daily basis throughout his life.

The issue of significance is not born of the modern era, but is one of the oldest issues of human thought, and linguists, rhetoricians, philosophers and regions have contributed to it, and the individual is in dire need of language and a statement of the significance of its words, to communicate correctly with other members of society, and the language Arabic in which the words occupy a basic place, and if we follow the words indicating the place throughout the ages, we find that sometimes they were associated until they had a name that does not leave them, and sometimes their significance changes.
This research has two aspects: the first is theoretical and deals with the concept of semantics linguistically and idiomatically, and the concept of place in language and idiomatically.

As for the other aspect: it is applied and is interested in studying those different connotations in Burda Al-Busairi for words indicating the place, which allows the detection of different contextual connotations.

Abstract
The study was represented by a geographical analysis of visual pollution in the city of Al-Hindiyah, to determine the manifestations of visual pollution and the extent of its variation in the study area and its environmental and health effects. The study relied on the field aspect to detect the pollution problem through visual observation and documentation and the distribution of a questionnaire form to a number of sample members randomly, amounting to (250) questionnaire forms distributed over residential neighborhoods, taking into account economic, social and urban differences. The study showed the necessity of taking into account this type of pollution due to its danger to the general appearance of the city and then its health impact on the population because we live with it without realizing it. The study showed the most important manifestations of pollution, including the urban pattern, the environmental aspect, streets and other indicators that indicate the widespread spread of pollution, as no neighborhood in the city is free of manifestations of visual pollution. Consequently, the absence of the governmental and administrative role in organizing the city contributed to the exacerbation of the problem with the absence of awareness and a sense of responsibility by individuals and institutions. Therefore, laws must be enacted that contribute to deterring and organizing the city and its appearance.

Abstract
Teachers' classroom management is one of the most essential factors that influences students' learning, so it is crucial to know the level of teachers' classroom management ability. Moreover, it is very important to determine teachers' identity in their job, so it is very important to know more about teachers' psychological factors and their correlation with teachers' teaching ability. Accordingly, this study focuses to investigate the correlational state between self-efficacy level and classroom management ability among new Iraqi EFL secondary school teachers. Data is collected from 200 new Iraqi EFL secondary school teachers. They include 100 males and 100 females whom are examined by using two adopted questionnaires (Shah, 2023) .The findings indicate that new Iraqi EFL secondary school teachers are commonly characterized with a high self- efficacy level. Moreover, male new Iraqi EFL secondary school teachers have a high ability in managing classrooms, while females have an average level of classroom management. However, new Iraqi EFL secondary school teachers in general have a high level of classroom management. furthermore, there is high correlation between self- efficacy and classroom management of new Iraqi EFL secondary school teachers and it is more among females than males.

Abstract
Studying literature is seen as a key to study different kinds of science because reading various literary texts makes students be aware of reading the scientific texts. Accordingly, teachers of English at the sixth preparatory classes are invited to adopt different techniques and strategies, such as Dramatization Technique in teaching literature to prepare their students for a new level of studying sciences and getting knowledge in the colleges because English is the main language of studying in the colleges.
The present study aims at investigating the influence of Dramatization Technique on sixth preparatory students' performance in literature. The study is limited to the preparatory school for boys in Karbala during the academic year 2023-2024. After the literature post - test had been carried out, the result scores were analyzed statistically. They showed that this technique has an effective impact on teaching literature. Based on the results, some conclusions and pedagogical recommendations have been put forwards, as well as a number of further studies have been proposed.

The current research aims to evaluate the performance of history department teachers in accordance with Australian professional standards (NESA) From the point of view of the students of the middle Euphrates universities. To achieve the objectives of the research, a questionnaire of 80 items was prepared. Spread across three main areas and applied to a random caste sample 301 students at the University of the Middle Euphrates, and the results have reached Australian professional standards (NESA) in the teaching performance of the Department of History at the Faculties of Education for Humanities at the Universities of the Middle Euphrates was a degree (Medium) The research also found that there were no statistically significant differences in the responses of the research sample individuals to the search identification item\\'s, attributable to the sex variable (Male and females), either row variable, the results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the individuals of the third group sample (third grade) at the expense of the first group (first grade) The researchers explain this finding on the basis that the first class students do not have sufficient experience to qualify them to make judgments on the level of availability of Australian professional standards in the performance of history department teachers, especially since they did not recognize all history department teachers as it is known that the first year of study is the beginning of knowledge between students and teaching staff, unlike third and fourth graders who benefited greatly from those years of study that helped them to issue judgements in an objective manner. The university variable showed results that there were statistically significant differences in the level of availability of Australian professional standards. (NESA) in the performance of history department teachers according to the university variable In the interest of the individuals of the Qadisiyah University at the expense of the rest of the universities, it is a natural matter due to the difference in opinions and intellectual orientations that students carry towards the teaching staff of the Department of History. In the light of the researchers\\' findings, a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals was presented, which will be mentioned in chapter Five

Abstract
This study examines how individual variations contribute to the emergence and spread of new speech sounds, or new ways of pronouncing preexisting phonemes. The researcher examines whether these change models apply to other domains of language in the current study.
The aim of the study is to ascertain if the individual variations found can also result in alterations to the grammar of restrictions on a sociolinguistic variable at the community level. This is due to the fact that we are aware of how individual variations in language perception and production might lead to innovations that could be embraced by speech community members and result in change.
In order to explain the introduction and spread of new speech sounds, a model of change was first proposed. In this study, the model of change is extended to another component of language, namely its constraints on sociolinguistic variety. Sociolinguistic variables are not limited to phonetics/phonology; they can arise at all levels of grammar.

Abstract
In this study, the researcher gives the reader a brief introduction about the study; the problem of the study, the aims of the study and the value of his study. The study is included three questions: 1. Are the two languages, Arabic and English, using this figure of speech for the same purpose? 2. To what extent is paronomasia used in Arabic and English? 3. What are the main sub-divisions of paronomasia in Arabic and English?
The aims of study include the following: 1. revealing whether or not the two languages, Arabic and English, use this figure of speech for the same purpose.2. Explaining to what extent is paronomasia used in Arabic and English.3. Finding out what the main sub-divisions of paronomasia in Arabic and English are. The researcher has started by defining the term paronomasia and what does it mean. Furthermore, the researcher gives some explanations and definition of paronomasia and its importance.
Also, the researcher make a comparison and a contrastive explanation of the term paronomasia .Furthermore, the researcher gives some examples of paronomasia in Arabic and English and shows the similarities and the differences between these two languages. In the conclusion, the researcher gives the reader an idea about what did he conclude and the results of his study. English puns are not as well defined as their Arabic equivalents. It has several Arabic equivalents and is used in a wide range of literary contexts. Despite the difficulty of reproducing phonological instruments, the techniques used to make paronomasia are numerous, and they vary in the degree to which the translator is effective in reproducing the aesthetic effects on the reader.

Abstract:
the economic blocs that occupy the international arena at the present time, which is the BRICS group, which is considered a model for these blocs. This economic bloc includes a group of countries with emerging economies (China, India, Russia, Brazil, and South Africa). The subject of the study is of great importance because The economy has an important role as it is the main driver of political forces and their rearrangement in the global balance of power and the ruler of the movement of international interactions in the twenty-first century.
The research focused on introducing the BRICS group and its emergence from its early stages as an idea, in addition to addressing the most important strategic goals that the group’s countries seek to achieve at the internal and external levels. It also sought to achieve political cooperation among them through a group of economic institutions represented by the economic triangle in support of achieving its strategic goals and The countries of the group possess a number of geographical, natural and human components that constituted strategic importance, as it enabled them to be one of the economically rising and internationally active countries influencing the international system and reshaping it by striking and limiting the role of the major global powers with the aim of ascending as one of the poles of the international system and changing international policy. The group also developed Of the future scenarios of what the situation will become in light of the presence of the BRICS countries in the future, a set of results and proposals were communicated through the research.

ABSTRACAT
The study aimed to achieve objectives represented by identifying the level of practice of history department Faculty members in the College of Education for Humanities at the University of Kerbala for lesson preparation methods, identifying the level of mental wandering and cognitive integration among students, and identifying the relationship between the practice of history department Faculty members for lesson preparation methods and mental wandering and cognitive integration among their students. The researcher used the descriptive approach to achieve these objectives. The research tools were represented by a questionnaire on lesson preparation methods prepared by the researcher and consisting in its final form of (30) items and the mental wandering and cognitive integration scales. The tools were applied to the basic research sample students from the History Department. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS)The results of the research were:
- Faculty members in the Department of History in the College of Education for Humanities at the University of Kerbala practice the methods of preparing for the lesson to a moderate degree from the point of view of their students.
- That the students of the Department of History have a moderate degree of mental wandering.
- That the students of the Department of History have a high degree of cognitive integration.
- There is an inverse relationship between the practice of Faculty members in the Department of History of the methods of preparing for the lesson and the mental wandering of students,
- There is a direct positive relationship between the practice of Faculty members in the Department of History of the methods of preparing for the lesson and the cognitive integration of students, , and in light of these results, the research included a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
The study aims to uncover the problems facing the breeding and production of fish in the governorate and the possibility of developing and improving it by identifying the issues hindering development and reaching the main strategies and solutions to address them. Fish farms are exposed to numerous problems caused by many living organisms, in addition to environmental conditions such as water quantity and quality, which lead to several biological issues and damages that weaken the immune system of the fish. These problems are a primary reason for the decline in productivity in the fish farms in the governorate, affecting natural physiological activities such as growth and reproduction. The study area is one of the most important regions for agricultural production, both animal and plant. Given its unique geographical location, natural resources, and population increase in recent years, combined with the scarcity of fish wealth, all these factors have contributed to the establishment of fish farms in the governorate to address this shortage.

Abstract
We must firstly clarify what distinguishes terrorist acts from resistance acts with a set of characteristics, as terrorist acts pose a serious danger and have a great impact on the lives and future of peoples. This helps undermine the efforts of those countries in development, stability and comfortable living. Terrorism also contributes to the fragmentation and division of nations, especially countries that enjoy national and sectarian diversity, which makes the conflict between sons of one nation more dangerous than terrorism itself, as it is the common enemy that everyone agrees to practice and reject.

Any action in which force is used that leads to harm, whether physical or psychological, is illegitimate, especially if this violence affects human groups and social classes or leads to a disruption of social or national security, especially since violence is a tool of terrorism. However, we have the right to ask, is every act of resistance considered violence? There is the violence of terrorism and there is the violence of resistance.
We must differentiate between violence that targets civilians and innocents simply because of religious, sectarian, intellectual, or other differences, and the act of resistance based on the right to defend the land and self-determination. This is the principle that requires equal rights among peoples, and excludes acts of resistance from being described as terrorist acts, since the right to self-determination cannot be given to one person over another. Islamic law was also clearly concerned with rejecting any forms of terrorism, and this was evident through the exposure of the Noble Messenger (PBUH) since the beginning of the Islamic call to all kinds of persecution and violence, and his attempts to address some of the phenomena suffered by the ignorant society, including burying girls alive or what was known among the Arab tribes as the invasion of one tribe by another or raiding safe caravans and enslaving people and turning them into slaves. Islam had a clear position on all those negatives that people suffered from before Islam, which clashed with the interests of many who did not like changing reality, or the spread of moral values that save people from misguidance, injustice, and the dominance of the spirit of exploitation and monopolization of rights. Islam, which was presented by the Messenger of Humanity, Muhammad (PBUH), to all people, is based on tolerance and love. In the Holy Quran, there are many verses that call for gentleness, peace, and the rejection of violence and brutality.

Abstract
Objectives: The current research aims to identify the levels of positive organizational behavior among students of the College of Education for Human Sciences and to examine the significance of differences in organizational behavior based on gender (male, female).
Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, the researchers used the descriptive method.
Results: The current research found that university students possess good levels of positive organizational behavior. The results also indicated that there are no statistically significant differences in positive organizational behavior based on gender.
Conclusion: It is essential to focus on the positive traits in individuals' personalities as they help them adapt to different situations and exhibit positive behavioral aspects that assist them in achieving their goals effectively.Keywords: Mahdi Al-Nuhairi, punctuation marks, thresholds, writing.

Abstract:
This study aims to know the words of ancient military tools that were mentioned in the poetry collection of the poet Abi Al-Mahasin Al-Karbalai, poet of the Eternal Twentieth Revolution in Iraq (1920 AD), studying the words and knowing their meanings in Arabic linguistic dictionaries, then classifying and counting them into semantic fields, and explaining the semantic relationships within one field. How did our poet use these words in his poetry, and what are the connotations indicated by the warlike words in his poetry? The study dealt with some of these words, including: (the sword, the delicate, the past, the strict Hassam, the white, the distinguished Muhannad, the bariq, the rod).
It is worth noting that the arrangement and counting of these words in the semantic field; According to the number of occurrences
The word or its derivatives in the collection of the poet Abi Al-Mahasin Al-Karbalai (d. 1344 AH).

Summary
The concept of authority is one of the important terms that enter directly into various religious, political, legislative, societal, economic, and other fields. Religious authority is also the most important jurisprudential pillar discussed by imams, jurists, and scholars of beliefs from various different religious currents, as the establishment of people’s affairs, the politics of their affairs, and the organization of their lives is based on it. The Imami Shiites, through their eminent imams, paid great attention to the issue of religious authority, and they wrote in it many scientific and academic works that touched on explaining the concept of this authority and its variations and the existing theories around it. The research reached the opinion of Sheikh Muhammad Al-Sanad in the guardianship and authority delegated and conferred on the jurist, certain powers delegated to the affairs of the social world and have nothing to do with politics. You open your eyes and see new systems and information.

Summary
The research aims to study the incidental construction in Surat Al Imran grammatically and to know the difference between it and the original construction, and then talk about the structures in Surat Al Imran with an interpretation of some verses and their clarification, and after that mention their parsing and the places of the incidental construction mentioned in the Quranic verse, and the research in all of this derives its roots from the books of parsing the Holy Quran and the books of interpretation, which clarifies the place of our study of the incidental construction, and the research plan required that it be divided into an introduction and a conclusion followed by two sections and a conclusion with the results, as follows: Introduction: In it we mentioned the importance of the research topic and its plan and the introduction: In it we talked about the definition of the original construction and the incidental construction and the most important cases in which it appeared, and the reason for naming Surat Al Imran; because it is the basis of our research and the definition of the grammatical study. As for the two topics, the first topic included: Nouns built originally, three topics: The first topic: Pronouns, the second topic: Relative pronouns, the third topic: Demonstrative pronouns. As for the second topic: Nouns and verbs built incidentally, four topics: The first topic: La negating the sitting. The second topic: Letters of address. The third topic: Circumstances before and after them, and the fourth topic: The present tense verb if one of the two rules is connected to it (the nun of emphasis and the nun of women). Then the conclusion of the research, which contains its most important results, followed by a list of sources and references.

Abstract
History is studied for lessons, morals, and to educate generations; because, especially in our Arab nation, its present is inseparably linked to its past and future. Therefore, one of the foundations for understanding the present and overcoming problems in the future is understanding the movement of history. The incident of the Thursday tragedy is a strange incident that has no parallel in the history of the Islamic nation. Therefore, we chose, after putting our trust in almighty Allah, to research it and clarify its truth.
Therefore, this research entitled: (The Calamity of Thursday, its content, the reasons for not writing it, and the reasons for opposing it) came, which included in the first section: Obedience to the Messenger (may God bless him and his family) in the Qur’an and Sunnah, the text of the Calamity of Thursday, and the meanings of its words. In the second section, we discussed the content of the will and the purpose of writing it. In the third section, we discussed the reason for not writing the will and the reasons for opposing it. Then, we concluded the research and a list of sources and references. We worked on tracking down texts from history books and harnessing them to serve the purposes of scientific research according to the arrangement, not according to the age of death of their owners, so that the narrations would take each other’s necks to complete the picture of what we worked to clarify and explain to the honorable reader.
We have reached many conclusions, the most important of which is that the tragedy of Thursday was one of the most serious incidents in Islam, because it was a direct departure from the obedience of God Almighty and His noble Messenger (may God bless him and his family), and there were political and religious dimensions behind it. The text of the will that the Prophet Muhammad (may God bless him and his family) wrote in the tragedy of Thursday confirms what the Prophet (may God bless him and his family) had previously stipulated in Ghadir Khumm and other occasions, which is the appointment of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) after him as an Imam, ruler, and caliph over the Islamic nation.
The reason why the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) refrained from writing the will on the Day of Resurrection of Thursday in the face of opposition was an act of utmost wisdom and forethought. One of the reasons for the opposition of the followers of the Day of Resurrection of Thursday to writing the will was envy and hatred of the rule of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (PBUH). This hatred and envy is an extension of the hatred of the Quraysh towards Banu Hashim in general and towards the Prophet (PBUH) in particular. In practical terms, the Day of Resurrection of Thursday was the public manifestation of the rejection of the text of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) regarding the rule of Imam Ali (PBUH).
The people of the Thursday calamity tried hard to separate the family of the Prophet and the Quran and prevent their integration. They worked to prevent Muslims from being guided by the Sunnah of the Prophet and prevent the writing of the Hadith, because it contains clear Hadiths that stipulate the appointment of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) as an Imam and Caliph over the Islamic nation. Likewise, one of the reasons for standing in the way of the Chosen Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family) and preventing him from writing the will in the Thursday calamity was in order to seize power and authority. The Thursday Calamity had great effects on the emergence of Islamic sects and schools of thought, and this led to serious repercussions on the Islamic nation in the past and present.