Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The research aims to analyze the content of the biology textbook for the third intermediate grade according to the concepts of nutrition and health. The researchers adopted the descriptive analytical approach, as the research population and its sample were from the third intermediate grade textbook approved by the Iraqi Ministry of Education for the academic year 2023-2024 AD, and the researchers adopted a list of concepts nutrition and health. Which included (4) main areas: (proper nutrition, preventive nutrition, healthy environment and healthy eating behaviors), and (54) sub-indicators were branched from them, the validity of which was verified by presenting them to a group of arbitrators. After that, the two researchers analyzed the book according to the concepts of nutrition and health. We adopted the explicit and implicit idea as a unit of recording, and repetition as a unit of enumeration. The validity of the analysis was confirmed by presenting it to a number of specialists in content analysis, and stability was confirmed by agreement over time and consistency across individuals with external analysts. The results were obtained by including a biology textbook for the third intermediate grade ( 134) repeatedly, distributed unevenly among the four fields and their sub-indicators. The researchers used the Holsti equation, frequencies, and percentages as statistical means to obtain the results.

The research aims to identify the US-Chinese geopolitical intersections in Iraq, because the United States of America and China have great influence in the Middle East region, so the competition between them escalated through the adoption of policies and trends that increased the intensity of the competition between the United States and China. The general framework of competition is an economic factor only. There are some positions that indicate Chinese political competition against the United States in the Middle East region. Iraq is an economically important country in the region. It is the focus of attention of the Chinese state to undermine American influence. Iraq is also considered one of the most promising countries in energy production, and for this reason China has entered strongly into operating oil fields. Giant Iraqi West Qurna, and the conclusion of other contracts, not to mention the United States’ interest in Iraq as a market for enormous mineral wealth, as well as Washington’s attempt to return part of the bill for the war on Iraq, and it appears to those who follow that there is a commercial competition between the United States and China. It is more than a direct military competition, especially in the field of exporting goods and sources of raw materials and energy, because China today is a capitalist economy and has giant investments in the United States, and the United States also has financial assets and giant companies operating in China.

In this research, the effect of using blended learning techniques on the academic achievement of Arabic language students at () University was studied in relation to reading, writing, and listening skills. To achieve this, the experimental method was adopted due to its suitability to the objectives of the study. The research population was Arabic language students at () University, and A random sample of 100 male and female students was selected and they were distributed equally into the control and experimental study groups. After verifying the validity of the test, the validity of the test structure, and the reliability of the test, t-test was applied to the control and experimental groups to confirm the validity of the first hypothesis, and the size of the impact left by using blended learning techniques on the students’ academic achievement in the Arabic language was calculated, in order to verify the validity of the second hypothesis, It was concluded that there were statistically significant differences between the average grades of students in the control and experimental groups, and the size of the impact left by using blended learning techniques on students’ academic achievement in the Arabic language was large for all the skills studied. Some recommendations and proposals were also presented.

Character is one of the most important basic pillars in the work of fiction, and its study is one of the basic topics on which literary studies in the narrative field are based, as it is a vital element. This research, based on the descriptive analytical method, addresses the types of narrative characters in the novels of the Iraqi writer Muhammad Mishal, namely Al-Sabari, Altaf, and Hajj Karbala. In it, we discuss the concept of personality, methods of presenting it, and main, secondary, and fleeting personalities. In drawing his characters, Muhammad Mishal relied on defining some of them and drawing their dimensions before immersing them in the events, in order to plant them in the imagination of the recipient, then adding other dimensions to them along with the events. Sometimes he postponed describing them and made them start with the events, and then he came in succession by consolidating their dimensions and external and internal characteristics. In both pictures, the characters leave their impact on the events. Even if these characters are marginal and have a minor role in the events, as for the secondary characters, they are the ones who contribute to drawing the events and moving them forward, and what happens when these characters meet in a scene, and regardless of the dominance of the main character, we find the features of these characters prominent and have their dimensions in those events. There are some characters without features, and this is a method used by the writer to pass on important events without focusing on the characters, so the scene is devoted to the event regardless of the characters participating in it, and this method is taken from reality and with a sprinkle of imagination added to it.

Rhetoric scholars have mentioned various methods of Hasr The most common is the use of negation and exception. It is mostly done using the tool "إلّا" (ella), But sometimes tools other than “إلّا” (ella) are used in the exception. Which contains the meaning of " إلّا " (ella), One of these tools is the stressed word “لمّا” (lamma). Which when it comes after the oath with the negation, It contains the meaning of " إلّا " (ella) and replaces it. There are four verses in the Holy Qur’an in which the words “إن” and “لمّا” (lamma) appear. There is evidence that in these verses we can consider “إن” (en) to be a negation and “لمّا” (lamma) to mean “إلّا.” (ella) This way it can be put into Hasr style. This research used the descriptive-analytical method to study the aspects of reading and parsing these verses. He explained the conditions for Hasring these verses in the style of Hasring, and the type and methods of Hasring and purpose of Hasring in these verses The results of the research show that God took into account the requirements of the addressees’ situation by using the negation tool “إن,” (en) which is the most emphatic. By bringing “كل” (all) after the negation, he expanded the comprehensiveness of that ruling and its totality to include all those addressed. The use of “لمّا” (lamma) instead of “إلّا” (ella) did not separate or exclude any person or thing from the scope of that provision. Since limiting what is limited to what is limited has occurred in matters that are likely to be denied or doubted by the public, therefore “لمّا” (lamma) was used to be accompanied by hope and expectation, and the public hopes and expects, What is Hasred to it includes everything within the scope of what is Hasred and containing every attribute on the part of what is described.

The aim of the research is to identify the learning styles preferred by students at the University of Baghdad according to the Honey and Mumford model. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical method that relies on collecting data about the phenomenon and interpreting it. The research sample consisted of (462) male and female students, (200) male students, (262) female students, (210) students in the scientific specialization, and (252) students in the humanitarian specialization, as they were selected by random stratified method from research community , The researcher adopted the Honey and Mumford learning styles scale (2006 - Peter Honey & Alan Mumford) after reducing some of its items to make it appropriate in terms of time and effort for the students. The results indicated that the four learning styles, according to the Honey and Mumford model, are graded according to the level of preference among the students of the University of Baghdad on Sequence: (activists, instrumentalists, theorists, contemplators).

There is no doubt that words play an important role in the cohesion of the verses of the Holy Qur’an, as it does not influence one word over another without the chosen word having an advantage that outweighs it over others, whether this advantage stems from the harmony of the word with the context, or results from the juxtaposition of words with others, or from the casting and collating of structures. It would have been more appropriate to explain this terrible scene by choosing “the wet nurse” rather than “the wet nurse” to create a frightening image in the listener’s mind.This study aims, through the descriptive-analytical approach, to explain the role of selecting vocabulary and words in generating meanings that are consistent with the purpose for which it is marketed, by focusing on the linguistic structure of the word. Among the most important results that this study reached in these first five verses of Surat Al-Hajj, it became clear that these Words have played an important role in producing appropriate and intended meanings, and the Qur’an did not choose a word unless there was a perfect occasion calling for its selection.

Pre-Islamic poetry is one of the literary treasures. It is eternal with time and has not become worn out by the ages, and the Arab person never tires of reading or repeating it. There is no doubt that there are several factors that have contributed to the survival of this poetry throughout this period. These factors are in no way devoid of a connection to the creative trinity of the creator, the text, and the recipient. The problem of the research is that there is a need to know the reasons and possibilities that made pre-Islamic poetry immortal for many centuries of time, and the importance of research by examining the most important creative elements and other capabilities that were the reason for granting pre-Islamic poetry immortality. The goal of the research is to reveal the possibilities of the immortality of pre-Islamic poetry.
The study assumes that the possibilities for the immortality of pre-Islamic poetry do not in any way depart from the creative trinity (the creator, the text, the recipient). Given the research hypothesis, the integrative approach will be resorted to in the research, as the explanation for the immortality of poetry is linked to the text and the context as well. The research is limited to the pre-Islamic era only.
The term immortality and stylistic analysis of pre-Islamic poetry were theorized.

It was found through the research that the type of wetlands in Diyala Governorate recorded a clear and significant increase due to the increasing amount of rain, as it appeared that the area of wetlands during the years of the study amounted to (480.9, 3468, 6731.7) km2 for the years studied, respectively, and in ratios of (2.6, 18.8, 36.5). % It is worth noting that the last year of the study (2020) recorded a large area, because this year witnessed a very large amount of rain, exceeding the other years of the study, which contributed to the soil moisture during it being very high compared to the other years of the study. Wetlands in Babil Governorate. This category recorded a general trend towards increase, as it appeared that the area of wetlands during the years of the study reached (362.4, 789.2, 839.9) km2 for the three years of the study in a row, at rates of (7.2, 15.7, 16.8)%, respectively. This clearly shows that wetlands were the highest in the year (2020) due to increased rainfall, which led to saturation of the soil with moisture. As for Baghdad Governorate, the wetland category recorded a general trend toward decline, as it appeared that the area of wetlands in Baghdad Governorate during the years of the study It reached (1455.5, 676.0, 494.7) km2 for the three years of study in a row, with percentages of (26.6, 12.4, 9.0)% respectively. From this it is clear that wetlands were the highest in the year (1998).

The research aims to identify: Do the students of preparatory school have an ethics of environmental values, their indivival differences according to the gender variable, and the correlation between the ethics of environmental values and academic achievement.
The descriptive, correlational research method was adopted, and the size of the research sample was (400) males and females preparatory school students who were randomly selected.
The researchers prepared two tools to achieve the goals, the first one was the scale of environmental values ethics, which in its final form consisted of (40) items, and the second one was the achievement test in Biology, which in its final form consisted of (46) objective items. By applying the two tools to the research group, the researchers conducted an analysis for the results, the following results were appeared:
Preparatory school students have a significant level in the ethics of environmental values and academic achievement in biology. The gender variable has a clear role. There is a direct correlation between the ethics of environmental values and academic achievement.

Iran, despite its long history, has known aspects and performances that suggest the styles of theater and the structure of the play, has missed many of the basic components of its meaning, especially in Greek plot and Western form. Accordingly, the true genre of the play did not appear except in the late Qajar era and in the midst of the Constitutional Revolution of the 1906, following the voices that resonated in the infrastructure and their echo was reflected in the superstructure. This is due to Iranian society’s familiarity with the West through travel or translation of Western literary works, especially French literature. Consequently, this research seeks to employ a sociological literary approach to study the reasons for the delay in the emergence of the play in Iran despite the Iranians’ knowledge of manifestations of theatrical art in its history. Among the theories that shed light on the inherited social and political structure of Iranian society, this study used the hypothesis of “short-term society” by Homa Katouzian to examine the underlying causes of this issue. Homa Katouzian believes that geographical and other social factors made the societal structure of Iranian society throughout history a short-term structure dominated by monophony, tyranny, and lack of polyphony at the superstructure level. Among the elements that he lists are the dryness of the land and the isolation of related social units, which prevented the emergence of a long-term state and a feudal society that would play a role in the state affairs and be a voice alongside its voice; like the one that prevailed for a large part of European history. Thus, the Iranian society turned into a short-lived authoritarian community, in which diverse voices, discourses, and ideologies were not reflected. By employing Homa Katouzian's theory, the researchers concluded that Iranian society in its long history (until the late Qajar era) was characterized by features that made it a temporary society that rejected the theatrical Components based on the multiplicity of voices and the democracy of remarks. Therefore, the Iranian society did not have the opportunity to produce theatrical genre as a dramatic one that expresses the self and the other, and the plurality of voices. The Iranian society was not familiar with theatrical genre until the transformation of the social structure during the Constitutional Revolution, while conflicting ideologies resonated in the social arena and monophony was substituted with polyphony and pluralism.

The religious heritage of all ages and of all nations is a generous source of poetic inspiration, from which poets derive models, themes, and literary images. Contemporary Arabic literature is replete with many great literary works centered on a religious figure or referring to the noble Quranic verses, which were affected in one way or another by the Islamic heritage in general. And the Qur’anic in particular, so it is not surprising that the Qur’an, as the most important and holiest book for Muslims, has a great status among Muslims, especially poets among them. Therefore, we see contemporary Arab poets in their poems intertwining with the Noble Qur’an a lot. This research aims to study the Qur’anic intertextuality in the poetry of Khaled Al-Faraj, the contemporary Kuwaiti poet, based on the descriptive analytical approach in the light of Muhammad Bennis’ vision regarding the intertextuality. The results of the research indicate that the Qur’anic heritage has appeared a lot in the poetic Diwan of Khaled Al-Faraj by evoking the description of the bliss of paradise and the depiction of grief by evoking the horrors of the resurrection such as the events of the earthquake and the formation of stars, and the statement of the reality of the world or the statement of the depiction of the ancient glory of the Arab and Islamic nation and its current deterioration and the treachery of its opponents and their conspiratorial history and their ruin As in describing the evocation of the Qur’anic stories of the Jews and their worship of the calf, the Qur’anic textuality was evident in his poetry, in both its ruminative and absorbent types.

This study aimed to investigate the depth of knowledge of middle school students and its relationship to life effectiveness skills. The study adopted a descriptive approach, and the research population included third-grade middle school students in morning schools affiliated with the Baghdad/Rasafa First Education Directorate for the academic year (2023-2024). The main research sample consisted of 400 students who were selected using a simple random sampling method. The researcher developed two instruments to achieve the objectives of the study: the Depth of Knowledge Test, which consisted of 24 objective and essay questions distributed across four levels, including the level of recall and reproduction, the level of application of skills and concepts, the level of strategic thinking, and the level of extended thinking. The second instrument was the Life Effectiveness Skills Scale, which consisted of 40 questions distributed across eight skills. The results indicated a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the Depth of Knowledge Test and the Life Effectiveness Skills Scale.

The research examined the role of parents educational attainment in their students academic excellence , which qualifies them for admission to Baghdad College – Zayona Secondary School . The largest percentage of fathers with bachelors degree was (60.4%) and mothers (61.3%) .This proves that the educational environment is getter for those who holders of university degrees.

The research objective was determined by identifying the effect of the digital scientific story strategy on the cognitive motivation of second-year middle school female students. A quasi-experimental research design was adopted, with two experimental and control groups with a post-test. The size of the research sample was (66) female students from the second intermediate year, distributed into (33) female students for the experimental group and (33) female students for the control group. To achieve the research goal, the two researchers prepared the research requirements and built a measure of cognitive motivation. By applying the scale to the two research groups, the researchers conducted an analysis of the results, and it was found that the female students of the experimental group were superior to the female students of the control group in cognitive motivation, and that the size of the effect of the digital scientific story strategy is very large in cognitive motivation, and the conclusion was reached that the digital scientific story strategy has an important and clear impact on raising the level of The cognitive motivation .

This research dealt with the workforce in primary and secondary education in the governorate of Baghdad, and their distribution varied according to the district. The teaching staff is compatible with the number of students at this stage of study, and these indicators vary according to the districts of the study area and for both stages of education. Boys’ schools recorded a deficit of (15,351) male and female teachers, and less than in girls’ schools, which amounted to (-401), so that mixed schools enjoyed a surplus that reached to (1982). As for the secondary education stage, middle schools suffer from a shortage of (1475-) teachers and schools. This deficit has decreased to (1291-) in middle schools, while there is a surplus in secondary schools by (670).

Corruption and tyranny on earth are in various forms, and they have been created by man, and they are also being caused on earth, and they are stubbornly persistent. People are the ones who filled it with corruption due to their tyranny when they strayed from the divine methods and His revelation throughout the ages. As for all other aspects of life on this earth, they are affected by the corruption of the corruptors of humanity.teachings as we saw in the previous section, and similarly depicted the narrative texts of the infallibles, peace be upon them. He emphasized the erasure of corruption and tyranny, and for this reason, types of corruption and tyranny were depicted in their hadiths. In the absence of any of the reasons. Pictures of corruption include Lack of religious preachers, ignorance, poverty and poor economic conditions, bad morals and creating obstacles to marriage, committing adultery, not giving zakat to the poor, oppression of the ruler in the judiciary, criminal record, drinking alcohol, displaying adornment for women and mingling with men, hypocrisy, Mental deficiency, lack of understanding and wisdom, lack of control over spending money without giving, envy, and assault on the lives of others.

The study aimed at investigating the administrative challenges facing the integration of media literacy concepts in the Palestinian public schools. The researchers prepared a questionnaire, and employed a comprehensive survey of the entire study population within the framework of the descriptive-analytical approach. The survey covered all teachers in Palestinian public schools in the West Bank, where media literacy is beinig taught. The total number of the teacheers is (75) teachers distributed across (38) schools in.
One of the most significant findings of this study was that the administrative challenges facing the integration of media and information education concepts in Palestinian government schools was very high, and the importance of integrating media leteracy concepts into the educational curriculum was also very high.

كاریگه‌ری ستراتیجییه‌تی داره‌ سارده‌مه‌نییه‌كان له‌ ده‌ستكه‌وت و ئاراسته‌ی خوێندكارانی پۆلی پێنجه‌می ئاماده‌یی له‌ بابه‌تی ڕێزمانی كوردی بۆ لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌ له‌ ئامانجی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌، ئه‌م دوو گریمانه‌ سفریه‌ی داڕشتووه‌:
1- جیاوازی ئاماژه‌پێكراوی ئاماری له‌ ئاستی به‌ڵگه‌ی (0.05) له‌ نێوان ناوه‌ندی نمره‌ی خوێندكارانی كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی ئه‌زموونی نییه‌، كه‌ بابه‌تی ڕێزمانی كوردییان به‌ پێی ستراتیجیه‌تی داره‌ سارده‌مه‌نییه‌كان‌.
2- جیاوازی ئاماژه‌پێكراوی ئاماری له‌ ئاستی به‌ڵگه‌ی (0.05) له‌ نێوان ناوه‌ندی نمره‌ی خوێندكارانی كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی ئه‌زموونی نییه‌ كه‌ بابه‌تی ڕێزمانی كوردییان به‌پێی ستراتیجیه‌تی داره‌ سارده‌مه‌نییه‌كان‌
كۆمه‌ڵگه‌ی توێژینه‌وه‌ی ئێستا خوێندكارانی پۆلی پێنجه‌می ئاماده‌یی/ لقی زانستی له‌ خوێندنگه‌ی دواناوه‌ندی و ئاماده‌یی حكومی به‌یانیانی سه‌ر به‌ به‌ڕێوه‌به‌رایه‌تی گشتی په‌روه‌رده‌ی/ كه‌رخی یه‌كەم‌ ده‌نوێنێت، ئاماده‌یی (الانفال) بۆ كچان , بۆئه‌وه‌ی هۆبه‌ی (ئـ) كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی ئه‌وموونی بنوێنێت ژماره‌یان (31) خوێندكارو، كه‌ به‌پێی ستراتیجیه‌تی داره‌ سارده‌مه‌نییه‌كان وانه‌ی پێ وتوونه‌‌، هه‌ر‌وه‌ها هۆبه‌ی (ب) بۆ نواندنی كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی كۆنتڕۆلكراو ژماره‌یان گه‌یشتووه‌ به‌ (30) خوێندكار كه‌ به‌ پێی ڕێگای ئاسایی وانه‌ی پێ وتوونه‌‌، توێژه‌ر ئامانجی ڕه‌فتاری بۆ بابه‌ته‌كان داڕشتووه‌، ژماره‌یان گه‌یشتووه‌ به‌ (77) ئامانجی ڕه‌فتاری‌، توێژه‌ر دوو ئامرازی بابه‌تی ئاماده‌كردووه، تاقیكردنه‌وه‌ی ده‌ستكه‌وتی بابه‌تی ڕێزمانی كوردییه‌، له‌ (30) بڕگه‌ ، له‌ جۆری دووه‌م پێوه‌ری ئاراسته‌ به‌ره‌و بابه‌ته‌كه‌ له‌ (30) بڕگه‌
سه‌ركه‌وتنی خوێندكارانی كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی ئه‌زموونی كه‌ بابه‌تی ڕێزمانی كوردییان به‌ پێی ستراتیجیه‌تی داره‌ سارده‌مه‌نییه‌كان پێی وتوونه‌ به‌سه‌ر خوێندكارانی كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی كۆنتڕۆڵكراو ‌.

This study investigates how Palestinians are represented in the western news discourse through building a relationship between language and ideology. The study provides a picture of how Palestinians are depicted in the West. To achieve this aim, extracts from six articles of two western newspapers, namely the Independent from U.K and the Washington Post from U.S are selected and analyzed ideologically and linguistically. The study is carried out using Van Dijk's notion of "ideological square", categorized by Us vs. Them dichotomies using qualitative and quantitative procedures. The study has concluded that Palestinians are absolutely portrayed negatively in the western newspapers. They are explicitly or implicitly seen as fighters, suicide bombers, Islamic militants, kidnappers and terrorists, which reflect their danger as compared to the Israelis. The conclusions have also proved that the two newspapers have revealed similar attitudes toward Palestinians and almost used similar language to describe them.

This study examines the significance of the services provided by the Iraqi Hunting Club the extent of its impact on Baghdad city, and its unique contribution to achieving the social well-being of the population, relaxation, and attraction of members for its activities, services, and Partnerships at the local and Arab levels. The research dealt with the problem of the absence of a clear hierarchy in the distribution of recreational club facilities and the conversion of some of them to other uses, which has resulted in a reduction in the availability of recreational facilities, the research assumes that the zone of influence of a recreation club facility is inversely proportional to the distance from the facility and the number of residents who benefit from the service. The research aims to increase the scope of the service, through the diversity of activities and services, and to prove the research hypothesis by using GIS tools and creating a geographical database for different ranges and intersecting it with the geographical database of residential neighborhoods to determine the number of residents reached by the club service and then prove that the attractiveness of the service provided decreases as the distance between the dwelling and the service location increases.