Journal of Kerbala University

The current research aims to "exercise book calendar Arabic grammar middle of the first row in light levels of cognitive Bloom" by answering the following question:
- What percentage of repeat exercises that measure the level of each of the three levels of cognitive domain?
,And the extent of coverage of this exercise that the three levels identified by Bloom, also a research problem that revolves around the study and on the basis that the researchers conducted the assessment of Arabic grammar book first grade average.
The calendar book Arabic grammar first grade average came in light of Bloom's Taxonomy of three levels of mental cognition (knowledge, understanding, and application), has been used by researchers percentage arithmetic mean, and equation Cooper means statistically, so that was reached following results:
The level of knowledge obtained (63) again by (951.21%), and understanding obtained (64) again by (300.22%), and got on the application level (160) again by (749.55%).

This research tackles the issue of loss of meaning encountered when adopting
overgeneralization in translating modern Iraqi poetry into English. Overgeneralizing the
meaning of the lexical item is a category of translation universal where the translator
tends to use a more general (or less specific) meaning in the TL than the corresponding
SL expression. This inevitably involves a translation loss and the resulted translation is
said to be colorless and lacks flavor especially in translating poetry. The study
investigates English translations of selected portions of poems by Bushra Al-Bustani and
Waffa Abdul Razzaq. The researchers score many areas of loss of meaning due to
overgeneralized translations. It if found that there is a prevalence to generalize in
translation, and these generalizations were overused. These occurrences of
overgeneralizations resulted in many instances of loss of meaning due to the cultural and
linguistic differences on the one hand and the stylistic preferences on the other hand

One of the best UAVs (unmanned air vehicles) which can be used in many applications such as monitoring and searching of the desired objects is the quad copter.
The current work aims to achieve the flight operation of the quad copter either by the remote control ( joystick) or by automatic flight and detection of the desired lading place. In addition , this work involves controlling of the three movements of the quad-copter (roll ,pitch and yaw ) using three control unit (PID) that is improved with the Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) in order to achieve the stabilization for the quad copter.
A quadcopter that has been proposed in this work include a frame (X- configuration), electronic speed controllers, motors, transmitter, GPS module, Lattepanda microcomputer board which is considered a brain of the quad copter, sensors, a receiver ,Batteries and USB microsoft camera that is connected with the frame of a quad copter.
Results that is obtained from the simulation system of the PID controller unit show that there is difference between the parameters and response signals from PID controller without and with optimization by IWO. The invasive weed optimization algorithm reduces the error values of the PID parameters for each of the three motion (roll, pitch ,yaw) and the altitude where the PID controller unit needs less time and less memory through the implementation of the simulation system for the proposed quad copter. On the other hand, the invasive weed optimization algorithm improves the response signal in terms of delay time, rise time settling time and overshoot for each movements of the quad copter .

The research was carried out in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the AL-Mashkhab Rice Research Station in of the Agricultural Research Office / Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture during 2017-2018 in order to study the effect of salicylic acid and putrescine in the rooting of the cultures of the strawberry plant (Fragaria ananassa Duch cv. Festival) under the salt stress via in vitro culture technique. The study included two stages, the first of which was the establishment of the cultures of the studied cultivar and the second the study of the effect of the inclusion of the medium supplied with concentrations of sodium chloride salt with salicylic acid and putrescine in the rooting stage. The last experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors: (1) concentrations of sodium chloride salt (0, 25, 50 mM) and (2) the combinations of growth regulators Salicylic acid (0, 5, 10 mg. l-1) and Putrescine (0, 10, 20 mg. l-1) . The results showed a negative effect of sodium chloride salt in the root characteristics of the cultures of the studied strawberry cultivar. There was a significant reduction in length, number and fresh and dry weight of roots when increasing the concentration of sodium chloride salt in the medium of rooting as it recorded the treatment at 50 mM of NaCl salt recorded the lowest values in the studied root characteristics.

This research aims to show the fact of replacement in text language science by removing delusions that some researchers faced during their study for this text coherence aspect which is done on the (lexical and grammatical level) and it is in fact an operation done by substituting an element by another one inside the text. Those delusions some researchers faced were represented in confusing between replacement concept in text language science and grammar generally or studying it in two different texts instead of one text only, and mixing between it and other consistency aspects like synonymy and repetition. The main idea the research is built on is that there should be a contrast mark between replacement corners (the replaced by, the replaced for) which requires repeating definition and exclusion and this was achieved among nominal, verbal and oral kinds of replacement by applying it on various texts of the holy Quran. It was showed through the study for this concept that replacement added texts coherence aspects comparing it to omission and attribution in addition to the semantic openness for the definite replacement words because the context semantic imposes its control on it.

The present study .is an attempt to help postgraduate students in developing their writing skill by identifying their mistakes and difficulties and training them during the course about the correct way of good essay writing .
The study is limited to the postgraduate students in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Technology for the 2nd semester of the academic year 2008-2009.
The main instruments of the present study are a pre-posttest and a program of instructional techniques The validity of the instrument is ensured . First , the researchers have administrated pre -test to identify the common di.fficu1ties in the students' writing. Then they trained the students to develop their abilities in writing essay, by giving a set of instructional techniques for nearly eight weeks to help them to 0verc.ome difficulties . At the end of the experiment , the posttest has been administrated to the study sample .
An accurate and detailed scoring scheme is developed to ensure more objective assessment of the written essays in the pre and posttest ranging between 0 to 100.
To achieve the aims of the study the researchers have used certain statistical tools. Pearson·correlation coefficient was used to calculate the .reliability of the test . In order to find out the significance of the differences between the pre-test and post-test scores paired-samples t-test is used . The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the essay's writing in the pre -test and that of the post-test in favour of the latter , which ensures the benefit of the study instructional techniques in training the students.

Abstract
The research was carried out in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the AL-Mashkhab Rice Research Station in of the Agricultural Research Office / Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture during 2017-2018 in order to study the effect of salicylic acid and putrescine in growth properties of the strawberry plant (Fragaria ananassa Duch cv. Festival) under the salt stress via in vitro culture technique. The study included two stages, the first of which was the establishment of the cultures of the studied cultivar and the second the study of the effect of the inclusion of the medium supplied with concentrations of sodium chloride salt with salicylic acid and putrescine in the rooting stage. The last experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors: (1) concentrations of sodium chloride salt (0, 25, 50 mM), and (2) the combination of growth regulators Salicylic acid (0, 5, 10 mg. l-1) and Putrescine (0, 10, 20 mg. l-1) .

The research deals with the analysis of the problems and challenges faced by small and medium enterprises in Iraq. The research seeks to consider the importance of small and medium enterprises, and highlight the problems faced by small and medium-sized enterprises in obtaining the funding required to improve the status of these projects.
The investigation has helped identify the main challenges for SME financing and what solutions should be taken to overcome these obstacles. It has been found that SMEs are one of the most important outlets in achieving economic development in all countries of the world, accounting for the highest proportion of all types of economic enterprises of all sizes. A field survey was conducted to collect data from managers and owners of 50 small and medium projects. The projects were classified according to the working capital. The project was considered small if the capital was between 10-25 million dinars. The average project, His money between (25-50) million dinars. The results showed that the problems facing the growth of small and medium enterprises in Iraq by respondents, which can be summarized as follows:
1. Lack of legal frameworks for SMEs.
2. No tax or financing incentives to encourage SMEs.

A field experiment was conducted at Hussainyah township of Kerbela, Iraq in the summer season 2018 to study the effect of seed priming on seed establishment and growth of sorghum bicolor L. The design of the experiment was R.C.B.D with three replicates. Each experiment consisted of two factors. The first factor included seed priming treatments of soaked dry seeds, seed soaked only with water and seed soaked with gibberellic acid (GA3) 20,40 and 60 mg liter-1. The second factor with seed one year, two years, three years and four years. The results showed that GA3 at 60 mg later-1 treatment significantly increased the seed establishment speed (30.97%) and standard field establishment percentage (42.66%) and leaf area (5413cm3) and chlorophyll content (46.97) SPAD. The control treatment gave the lowest values. Seed of one year age significantly gave the highest average of field establishment speed values field establishment percentage plant height, leaf area and Chlorophyll content (33.22%, 43,91%, 159.59cm, 5308 cm2 and 49.61 SPAD) respectively. The interaction between seed priming and seed was significant. It can be concluded from this study that, in general, seed priming increased both field establishment speed and field establishment percentage .

The first century AH, which was founded in the first building blocks of Islamic thought was for serious events that have occurred in the effects of a very important impact continued until the present time, as there were political events led by different movements and these events formed visions for generations later characterized by political thinking to oppose power without devising mechanisms to accommodate mechanisms Opposition thought, including the revolution of Imam Hussein [peace be upon him] and the movement of Tawabeen, led by Sulaiman bin Sard Khuzai and his movement and this could be the subject of historical study integrated aspects of the impact left in Islamic history throughout the ages as well as his participation with To Imam Hussein [peace be upon him] in the battle of two rows and Solomon was a prominent role in the battle against the Umayyad state policy .

It is important to recognize protein classes in order to understand folding patterns. In this paper, we have proposed a method to extract the features based on secondary structure sequence and hydropathy profile. A feature selection algorithm that combines particle swarm optimization and extreme learning machine was employed to select a total of 25 features. The selected features were fed to the classifier in order to classify each protein to an appropriate class. The well-known data sets, i.e. ASTRALtraining, ASTRALtest, 25PDB, 640 and 1189 were used to evaluate the proposed method. Upon comparing the current approach against other approaches based on the same data, it is evident that the proposed method shows higher efficiency in the prediction of structural class of protein, and its overall accuracy reaches up to 1.5%. Moreover, the extracted secondary and hydropathy features are important for us to differentiate the α/β and α+β classes.

It is important to recognize protein classes in order to understand folding patterns. In this paper, we have proposed a method to extract the features based on secondary structure sequence and hydropathy profile. A feature selection algorithm that combines particle swarm optimization and extreme learning machine was employed to select a total of 25 features. The selected features were fed to the classifier in order to classify each protein to an appropriate class. The well-known data sets, i.e. ASTRALtraining, ASTRALtest, 25PDB, 640 and 1189 were used to evaluate the proposed method. Upon comparing the current approach against other approaches based on the same data, it is evident that the proposed method shows higher efficiency in the prediction of structural class of protein, and its overall accuracy reaches up to 1.5%. Moreover, the extracted secondary and hydropathy features are important for us to differentiate the α/β and α+β classes.

The study aimed to Measuring the democratic Practices of Faculty Members of department of geography from their Students' Viewpoint ,Measuring achievement motivation among students department of geography, exploring the democratic Practices of Faculty Members of department of geography at College Education of Humanities and its relation with Achievement Motivation.
To achieve the aim of the research the researcher depened in this study on the descriptive methods approach survey ,The sample of the study was (192) students. The tools of this research consisted of the questionnaire democratic Practices as whish prepared by (harab,2007), the questionnaire in its final version consisted of the (34) items ,depending on motivation measurement for achievement – which prepared by (al saaker,2015),and finaiiy its psychometric characteristics, i.e.: its validity and stability its final version consisted of the (32) items.

The study aimed to Measuring the democratic Practices of Faculty Members of department of geography from their Students' Viewpoint ,Measuring achievement motivation among students department of geography, exploring the democratic Practices of Faculty Members of department of geography at College Education of Humanities and its relation with Achievement Motivation.
To achieve the aim of the research the researcher depened in this study on the descriptive methods approach survey ,The sample of the study was (192) students. The tools of this research consisted of the questionnaire democratic Practices as whish prepared by (harab,2007), the questionnaire in its final version consisted of the (34) items ,depending on motivation measurement for achievement – which prepared by (al saaker,2015),and finaiiy its psychometric characteristics, i.e.: its validity and stability its final version consisted of the (32) items.

The study aimed to Measuring the democratic Practices of Faculty Members of department of geography from their Students' Viewpoint ,Measuring achievement motivation among students department of geography, exploring the democratic Practices of Faculty Members of department of geography at College Education of Humanities and its relation with Achievement Motivation.
To achieve the aim of the research the researcher depened in this study on the descriptive methods approach survey ,The sample of the study was (192) students. The tools of this research consisted of the questionnaire democratic Practices as whish prepared by (harab,2007), the questionnaire in its final version consisted of the (34) items ,depending on motivation measurement for achievement – which prepared by (al saaker,2015),and finaiiy its psychometric characteristics, i.e.: its validity and stability its final version consisted of the (32) items.

An experiment was conducted in unheated plastic house in Horticulture and Forsity Division/ Plant Production Department/ Al- Najaf Agriculture dirctorate during spring and autumn seasona of 2017 to study the effect of different quialty of water and spraying with three concentrations of potassium Humat on growth and yield parameters of cucumber plant Ameer variety. The experiment was adopted in Randomized Complete Block Design (R. C. B. D.) in two factors with three replications

The Iso of prospective future Education puts for ward to prepare stud ents in certain attributes made them able to live with profusion informations cantinuse changing accesses and with massive technical development,As Aanhsr unlimits their roles in conquest, and comperhcnsson, only but in treatment with knewlage and how to be in adequate to serve teaching.
This requires made ahuman being with specifications Recipes to comperhense every New and accelerated and hreats with it in passive . Ahuman beings with flexiblaty and knowwlage likilyhooj with the capacity of felowing changings. This Also requires aserise changeable in role of foundation institution and superintendent (supervisor) and ateacher who had been forced him new sides on hisrole must do it to educates students. Education suites with ages changing to achieve the best quality , AThe Reaserche aims to knew of enough competencies teaching. Which is the secondary teaching teachers have which unable them to practice their career. According to Iso concept in prospective Educatin and to show the effects of each of (sex, age, namber of services years )

The Iso of prospective future Education puts for ward to prepare stud ents in certain attributes made them able to live with profusion informations cantinuse changing accesses and with massive technical development,As Aanhsr unlimits their roles in conquest, and comperhcnsson, only but in treatment with knewlage and how to be in adequate to serve teaching.
This requires made ahuman being with specifications Recipes to comperhense every New and accelerated and hreats with it in passive . Ahuman beings with flexiblaty and knowwlage likilyhooj with the capacity of felowing changings. This Also requires aserise changeable in role of foundation institution and superintendent (supervisor) and ateacher who had been forced him new sides on hisrole must do it to educates students. Education suites with ages changing to achieve the best quality , AThe Reaserche aims to knew of enough competencies teaching. Which is the secondary teaching teachers have which unable them to practice their career. According to Iso concept in prospective Educatin and to show the effects of each of (sex, age, namber of services years )

In this paper, we will address the drawing and representation of four electrons in the Bloch sphere and indicate the state of the superposition between them. Each one electron here can consider as a single qubit. By using a program in Matlab to finding the superposition for four electrons which it will be sixteen states, based on the rule . For example, the state three is describe as the form ⟩ and in a matrix as ⟩ [ ] . After that, we using another program to read and drawing all states. Which appears here as a four sphere forms and each one from it represent the Bloch sphere for one electron with described the case of qubit if it was ⟩ or ⟩ . Inside the sphere, the state ⟩ will be as an arrow red heading for up, and the state ⟩ will be as an arrow green heading for down. Denoted all state from these states by using the Bloch sphere, and all state can be drawing on Bloch sphere at the same time

In this paper, we will address the drawing and representation of four electrons in the Bloch sphere and indicate the state of the superposition between them. Each one electron here can consider as a single qubit. By using a program in Matlab to finding the superposition for four electrons which it will be sixteen states, based on the rule . For example, the state three is describe as the form ⟩ and in a matrix as ⟩ [ ] . After that, we using another program to read and drawing all states. Which appears here as a four sphere forms and each one from it represent the Bloch sphere for one electron with described the case of qubit if it was ⟩ or ⟩ . Inside the sphere, the state ⟩ will be as an arrow red heading for up, and the state ⟩ will be as an arrow green heading for down. Denoted all state from these states by using the Bloch sphere, and all state can be drawing on Bloch sphere at the same time

Toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution and it is one of the most prevalent infectious agents in aborted Iraqi women. The present study was performed in Nasiriya city (AL-Shatrah) among different groups of women to estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis .The data were collected from AL-Shatrah hospital through a period from 01-January – 2013until 31-December-2013 by testing 928 serum samples during this period.
This study revealed high rates of infection by toxoplasmosis at 2013 , the number of women examined in that year were seropositive for toxoplasmosis which were 928 serum samples recorded from January – 2013, 132 (14.2 %) positive samples and 20 (2.2%) positive samples in the end of December of this year, The high rate of infection by toxoplasmosis was 134(14.4 %) in the March of 2013 while the lowest rate record 20 (2.2%) positive samples in the end of December / 2013. The results revealed the percentage of antibodies class IgG was 184 (19.83%) positive sample while the percentage of antibodies class IgM was 281(30.28%) positive sample .The age among aborted women in that study was between 12-48 years ,The results revealed (86 %) of aborted women were seropositive for T . gondii at age of (12-35) years , (12%) seropositive sample at age (36-40) years , and (2%) seropositive sample at age group (41- 48) years .The study showed high significant differences between aborted women age groups at (p>0.05) .

Toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution and it is one of the most prevalent infectious agents in aborted Iraqi women. The present study was performed in Nasiriya city (AL-Shatrah) among different groups of women to estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis .The data were collected from AL-Shatrah hospital through a period from 01-January – 2013until 31-December-2013 by testing 928 serum samples during this period.
This study revealed high rates of infection by toxoplasmosis at 2013 , the number of women examined in that year were seropositive for toxoplasmosis which were 928 serum samples recorded from January – 2013, 132 (14.2 %) positive samples and 20 (2.2%) positive samples in the end of December of this year, The high rate of infection by toxoplasmosis was 134(14.4 %) in the March of 2013 while the lowest rate record 20 (2.2%) positive samples in the end of December / 2013. The results revealed the percentage of antibodies class IgG was 184 (19.83%) positive sample while the percentage of antibodies class IgM was 281(30.28%) positive sample .The age among aborted women in that study was between 12-48 years ,The results revealed (86 %) of aborted women were seropositive for T . gondii at age of (12-35) years , (12%) seropositive sample at age (36-40) years , and (2%) seropositive sample at age group (41- 48) years .The study showed high significant differences between aborted women age groups at (p>0.05) .

Toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution and it is one of the most prevalent infectious agents in aborted Iraqi women. The present study was performed in Nasiriya city (AL-Shatrah) among different groups of women to estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis .The data were collected from AL-Shatrah hospital through a period from 01-January – 2013until 31-December-2013 by testing 928 serum samples during this period.
This study revealed high rates of infection by toxoplasmosis at 2013 , the number of women examined in that year were seropositive for toxoplasmosis which were 928 serum samples recorded from January – 2013, 132 (14.2 %) positive samples and 20 (2.2%) positive samples in the end of December of this year, The high rate of infection by toxoplasmosis was 134(14.4 %) in the March of 2013 while the lowest rate record 20 (2.2%) positive samples in the end of December / 2013. The results revealed the percentage of antibodies class IgG was 184 (19.83%) positive sample while the percentage of antibodies class IgM was 281(30.28%) positive sample .The age among aborted women in that study was between 12-48 years ,The results revealed (86 %) of aborted women were seropositive for T . gondii at age of (12-35) years , (12%) seropositive sample at age (36-40) years , and (2%) seropositive sample at age group (41- 48) years .The study showed high significant differences between aborted women age groups at (p>0.05) .

Toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution and it is one of the most prevalent infectious agents in aborted Iraqi women. The present study was performed in Nasiriya city (AL-Shatrah) among different groups of women to estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis .The data were collected from AL-Shatrah hospital through a period from 01-January – 2013until 31-December-2013 by testing 928 serum samples during this period.
This study revealed high rates of infection by toxoplasmosis at 2013 , the number of women examined in that year were seropositive for toxoplasmosis which were 928 serum samples recorded from January – 2013, 132 (14.2 %) positive samples and 20 (2.2%) positive samples in the end of December of this year, The high rate of infection by toxoplasmosis was 134(14.4 %) in the March of 2013 while the lowest rate record 20 (2.2%) positive samples in the end of December / 2013. The results revealed the percentage of antibodies class IgG was 184 (19.83%) positive sample while the percentage of antibodies class IgM was 281(30.28%) positive sample .The age among aborted women in that study was between 12-48 years ,The results revealed (86 %) of aborted women were seropositive for T . gondii at age of (12-35) years , (12%) seropositive sample at age (36-40) years , and (2%) seropositive sample at age group (41- 48) years .The study showed high significant differences between aborted women age groups at (p>0.05) .