Engineering and Technology Journal

The work in this research presents the use of Geographical Information Systems
(GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) which integrated with remote sensing
(RS) techniques in geotechnical engineering for Basrah city south of Iraq. These
maps provide a powerful database and strong visual presentation of geotechnical data.
The research is performed in several stages that started with the utilize of
LNADSAT 7 ETM+ satellite image with 14.25 m resolution within the visible bands
of the study area, applying the geometric correction and performing image
enhancements by using ERDAS software. Then collection of laboratory tests reports
of boreholes is conducted in the study area and projecting their location as a layer
using ArcGIS software after determining their position using a GPS instrument. The
total number of soil investigated reports is (31) with total number of boreholes is
(105).
The results of this study emphasize the possibility of producing digital
geotechnical maps by using ArcGIS software that represents the distribution of the
geotechnical properties for study area, such as allowable bearing capacity, the
normalized undrained shear strength (cu/P'o), Liquidity Index and compression index

A finite element method is useful tools to be applicable in many
geotechnical engineering topics. In this paper the pore water pressure development
within the clay core of MOSUL earth dam were investigate considering the
saturated/unsaturated conditions using GEO-SLOP software. Three selected
sections through the dam were chosen for the analysis ( in the middle, right, and
left sides of the dam to cover the dam body). The investigation of the dam body
response to the earthquakes with many values of the maximum horizontal
acceleration was done. Normal, maximum, and minimum operation water levels
with possibility of rapid drawdown of water level during (8,21,30) days were also
consider. Transient and steady state analysis of pore water pressure was performed,
finally the results were compared with the actual field data.
Results indicated that, the maximum pore water pressure was occurred for
the nodes in the upstream near of the core base at the time during and after the
end of earthquake shaking. The results of the study also presented a positive pore
water pressure development in the lower part of the core when the water was at
maximum, normal, and minimum operation levels, with negative values near the
crest of the dam. high pore water pressure was record through sec6 and sec4, for
the rapid drawdown of water level at time 8 days. Finally, nearly identical pore
water pressure results are obtained from the numerical analysis and the recorded
field piezometers readings data.

In this work a pack cementation of germanium-doped aluminum and silicon coatings on
low alloy steel type-T21 has been applied. This gives significant improvement in the oxidation.
Steel-T21 was coated with germanium-doped aluminizing-siliconizing. Diffusion coating was
carried out at 1050oC for 6 h under an Ar atmosphere by simultaneous germanium-doped
aluminizing-siliconzing process. Cyclic oxidation tests were conducted on the coated steel-T21
alloy in the temperature range oxide 300-900oC in air for 102 h at 3 h cycle. The results showed
that the oxidation kinetics for coated system in air can be represented by parabolic curve .Oxide
phases that formed on coated system are SiO2 and Cr2O3. A neural network model of oxidation
kinetics has been proposed to model the oxidation kinetic. The neural model shows good
agreement with the experimental data

The heat pipe is a device that efficiently transfers heat from one end to another.
It has been widely applied in electronic system cooling and heat spreading
applications due to its superior heat conductivity. Many parameters affect the
performance of the heat pipe which are worthwise to be investigated. For this
reason an experimental rig was designed and constructed to study the important
parameters such as the heat load, the working fluid charge and the angle of
inclination. Calibrated thermocouples were inserted into the heat pipe outside
surface, along and around it, to measure and to show the temperature distribution
profile. Heptane was used as a working fluid. Results show that the maximum
conductivity obtained was more than one thousand times that of stainless steel solid
bar which is the material of the heat pipe container. Also, results of the
experimental work show a good agreement with that obtained from theoretical and
empirical correlations derived by other researchers especially when the power input
is lower than (1000)W where after a dry out condition can be clearly seen

In this study, the compatibility of five different cement based repair materials
and substrate concrete was investigated in three stages. First stage includes
studying the individual properties of repair materials, and also two types of
concrete, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and dry shrinkage using
BS 1881: part 116, ASTM C78-06, ASTM C157 -06 test procedure respectively.
Second stage includes evaluating the bond strength of composite cylinder for
different combinations of repair materials and substrate concrete. Third stage
includes investigating the compatibility using a composite beam of repair material
and substrate concrete under third point loading.
The experimental results show that one individual property has no crucial effect
on the success of concrete repair system. Bond strength and dry shrinkage however
has a strong indication about the compatibility.

There are various impairments or problems on direct sequence spread
spectrum communication channel especially jamming problems, in order to focus
on this problem a direct sequence spread spectrum(DSSS) communication system
using Gold code was used as point -to-point with fully synchronized between
transmitter and receiver under the effect of Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) channel and single tone jamming(STJ) and multi tone jamming(MTJ).
The performance evaluation of the DSSS system was simulated in MATLABSimulik
by measuring the bit error probability (Pe) of receiving data as a function
of noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/No) and also for different cases of
jamming to signal power ratio (J/S).
The simulation results showed the performance of DSSS system under the
effect of STJ at carrier frequency is better than the system under the effect of
MTJ at different frequencies. Also the results show when J/S increases the Pe also
increases, the J/S effect has been overcome by increasing the processing gain

The fast development in Remote Sensing technology with various sources of
data especially LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) images promote the
ability of using data , but the accuracy of produce Maps issue always need to be
evaluate.
So the main aim of this research is to evaluate the accuracy of using elevation
data for various techniques, such as Photogrammetry and remote sensing
techniques then comparison with traditional filed surveying using DGPS total
station and level instrument.
LiDAR data gives accurate elevation therefore; 3D model can be obtained from
LiDAR data which can be used in many applications such as civil engineering and
surveying engineering, etc.
In this research University of Technology has been chosen as case study area,
and many Geomatic approaches executed such as extracted height of features from
field surveys using Total Station and comparison with the heights extracted from
LiDAR data. According to the results analysis it can be stated that the elevations
from the LiDAR data within accuracy of (3-10) cm can be obtained.

Liquefaction is the rapid loss of shear strength in cohesionless soils subjected to
dynamic loading, that it is a state of saturated cohesionless soil when its entire shear
strength is reduced to zero due to pore water pressure caused by vibration.
Liquefaction depends on the nature, magnitude and type of dynamic loading. An
entire stratum may be liquefied at the same time under shock loading, or liquefaction
may start at the top and proceed downward with steady-state vibrations.
In this paper, finite element method is used in an attempted to study liquefaction
of soil based on the case solved previously by transient infinite element for 2D soil -
structure interaction analysis considering infinite boundaries but without generation
of pore water pressure. The properties of fully saturated sandy soil and concrete are
fed to geotechnical finite element software called QUAKE/W program.
The results showed that liquefaction occurs faster at shallow depths due to low
overburden pressure. Also, liquefaction zones and deformation occur faster with the
increase of dynamic loading amplitude. The analysis marked that increasing the
amplitude pressure accelerates the occurrence of initial liquefaction and increases the
pore water pressure

The catalyst cost regards one of the most important obstacles in petroleum
industry. Therefore, the regeneration of catalysts could be more economic process
to get high performance and low cost. In this work, three types of catalysts were
investigated: Pt/A2lO3 (spent catalyst from reforming unit/Al-Doura Refinery),
prepared Pt/A2lO3(Doura) and Pt/HY. The performances of catalysts (activity,
selectivity and catalyst stablity) were studied using n-heptane as feedstock under
reforming conditions.
The operating pressure kept constant at atmospheric pressure, and the operating
temperature 500 oC. The liquid flow was 0.4 l/h. The amount of catalyst was 50
gm, H2/H.C ratio used was 2 for all experimental runs.
The catalyst of reforming process has been successfully regenerated using laser
technique. This technique regards as a new approach for catalyst regeneration in
petroleum industry to remove carbon deposits. On the other hand, this regeneration
technique shows a great potential for economical processes in petroleum refineries.
The results show that the best operating conditions for the regeneration process
were: laser power of 13 watt and regeneration temperature of 650 oC. From the
results of catalyst characterization it was concluded that the structures and
morphology of all catalysts types did not effected or destroyed through using laser
power.

A study was conducted on four reinforced concrete buildings built in the desert
region in one of the Arabian Gulf states in the late seventies to mid eighties to
assess the remaining life expectancy of these buildings. Testing included core
sampling, CAPO semi-destructive testing, half-cell potential measurements, cover
meter, dust sampling analysis, water penetration measurements, cement content,
cement type and carbonation depth evaluation.
A modification of the BS-ISO 15686 -1:2000 (Ref.1) equation for the life
expectancy is presented to incorporate the role of the dominant variables in the
estimation of the life expectancy of the four buildings.

The technique of crack extension is applied to the computation of critical stress
intensity factor in linear elastic fracture mechanics for cracked plates in tension for
different crack configuration (i.e. central crack, edge crack, and double edge
crack). The new technique uses the Brown approximate solutions for stress
intensity factors and the Westergaard analytical solutions for stress and
displacement near a crack tip in finite plate to calculate crack extension during
each load step and then calculating the critical stress intensity factor using an
incremental procedure. A matlab program was developed for the purpose of this
work, which proved to be a good tool for the computation of critical stress
intensity factors for cracked plates. The results were in good agreement with results
of other methods available in the literature

The precast concrete roofing slab produced from the local factory were below
the Iraqi standard requirement (NO 1107-1988).
This study has been made to improve the production of precast concrete slabs
by using(propylene – ethylene copolymer grid )which is a waste material
produced from the base of polymer boxes .
The depended mix of the precast concrete slab in the local factory did not use
the correct proportion ,tested mixes were redesigned and prepared to achieve the
limited requirements . Propylene – ethylene copolymer grid was used to have better
results, less costs, with protection of the environment from pollution ,where there is
difficulty to remove it even when it is fully exposed to severe weather conditions
.the manufactured slabs had dimensions of (800×800×40)mm and testing program
extended to 60 days of age and comprised ,breaking loads, water absorption ,and
impact resistance of concrete. The total number of manufactured samples was (55
slabs).
The test results indicated that the weigh ted mix proportions ((1:1.5:2.45) cement
:sand : gravel ) with w/c=0.41 , superplasticizer(0.75 liter/100 kg of cement )and
propylene –ethylene copolymer grid with a dimension (600×600)mm enhances the
mechanical properties of concrete . It increased the breaking load by 81 %
compared to ordinary production. while the impact resistance increased to 26
blows compared to 3 blows for the ordinary production. However, the polymer grid
decreased the width and depth of cracks and maintained the integrity of the slabs
after failure .

The goal of this research is to calculate two basic parameters in Gumbel
distribution which is known as prevailing model for quantifying risk associated with
extreme wind speed, earthquakes and rainfall. This distribution depends on two basic
parameters which are location and scale. To estimate these parameters four methods
are applied; method of moments , maximum likelihood method , generalized extreme
values and generalized Pareto method , for more than fifty years data of maximum
wind speeds of three governorates of Iraq ( Baghdad , Basra and Mosul ) .A simple
mathematical method is used in addition of using new software . Results shows
similarity of these parameters (location and scale) as shown in tables and graphs for
these methods indicated above and we use more tests depends on tabulated values
which is improved using Gumbel distribution for extreme values .Fortran program
was applied to calculate the equations and derive the parameters and goodness of fit
test for the distribution that mentioned in the text.

Computer simulation is important for the analysis of freeways and urban
streets systems. Through simulation, Transportation specialists can study the
formation and dissipation of congestion on roadways. The Roundabout
(Bandar Baru Bangi) and intersection The National University of Malaysia
(UKM) are two major causes that have a significant effect on travel time,
delay, level of service, stop and degree of saturation. The aim of this paper is
to analysation and rationalization the traffic flow of the intersection and
roundabout to provide useful information for engineers to design the roads
with the shortest travel time and reducing the congestion in roundabout and
intersection.
The data required for the study were mainly collected through video filming
technique .Also the calculation and assessment are constructed with the
aaSIDRA software.

Sol gel nano ceramic coatings have been applied on stainless steel to develop
their biological characteristics and increase resistance to corrosion and wear. In this
work nine electrochemical parameters were calculated, adopted to set a
comprehensive evaluation map for protective properties of the coatings obtained
based on occurrence degree of cracks, porosity, general and localized corrosion by
using d.c. Potentiostate utilized for measuring the polarization curve in 3.5% NaCl
solution at 250C for a single alumina layer deposited on stainless steel specimens
by the dipping technique from four solutions containing different alumina
concentration 0.25, 0.26, 0.61 and 0.93 mole/liter prepared by dissolving aluminum
isopropoxide in water, the coats were then heat treated to 6000C. The results
showed the possibility of obtaining clear protective properties that facilitate the
comparison between the types of thin coatings deposited on the surfaces of the
stainless steel by sol gel method