Engineering and Technology Journal

An experimental study is conducted on the utilization of water atomization to
evaluate its impact on the humidification of steadily flowing air travelling
throughout a curved portion of a uniform cross sectional duct. One of the more
interesting aspects of curved channel flows is the introduction of a secondary flow
pattern in the duct cross-section. The naturally generated turbulences in air flow
will certainly assist the mixing between the air and the injected water droplets and
improve the heat and mass transfer process encountered in evaporative cooling of
the incoming air drought.
The present study is considered as a simulation of the gas turbine inlet air
cooling by the fogging technique. The drier the air, the better the humidification
and cooling process. At higher ambient temperature of 43oC, an increase in the
relative humidity of 67.8% and a temperature reduction of 39.6% were recorded at
higher water atomizer rate of 24.2ml/s. Generally, the lower half of the curved duct
is shown to be less sensitive to the atomizer position for a range of inclination
angles between 10o to 45o with radial locations between 5 to 20cm from the inner
wall. This situation makes this region most suitable for using atomizing array
across it in order to give acceptable performance for cooling system. Nevertheless,
the upper half of the curved duct introduces a critical atomizer position suitable for
single point spray. This position is considered as the optimum atomizer position
defined by a radii ratio of (r/rin = 3.2) and an orientation of -10o to the tangential
flow.

Sand column is one of the soft ground improvement methods. It is made up of
well compacted sand pile, it is used for enhance the load capacity of soft clay soils,
reduce the settlement and accelerate the consolidation process of the native soft soil
surrounding it, also the sand column is used to minimize the likelihood of
liquefaction when installed in loose sand soils.
This research deals with the evaluation of a mathematical equation depending
on the results obtain from series of triaxial test in order to calculate the bearing
capacity of sand column which inserted in soft clay soil and for two different cases
(floating case condition and other is when the sand column is resting on a firm
base).
The results indicate that the calculation of the shaft resistance for sand column
mainly depends on the clay medium properties, while the calculation of the end
bearing depends on the sand property (depending on the mode of failure for the
sand column, which was observed). Another group of mathematical relations was
suggested to calculate the load capacity of sand column inserted in soft clay for two
area replacement ratios (11% and 6%) and depending on the confining pressures
considered (100-400) kPa, and for two cases, the first is when the sand column in
the floating case condition and other is when the sand column is resting on a firm
base

The sustainable development in Iraq is being hindered by several obstacles.
Water, being related to the food security, is a main concern that could duplicate the
already present socio-economic dilemmas. Unless practical measures are
immediately initiated, the consequences are expected to demolish the development
achievements, though so modest, and become a real threat to the lives of the Iraqis
within the near future. This paper aims to present a holistic view at the current
development challenges and to concentrate on the socio-economic challenges to
water sustainability in Iraq. Also, stresses on the need for a comprehensive national
plan for the conservation of water and other natural resources and how to reverse
the environmental challenges into practical opportunities for sustainable
development.

A theoretical analysis based on the numerical solution of the slab impact
integral equation is carried out to determine the impact force and deflection time
histories, the strain energy absorbed by the slabs and the maximum bending
moment.
Effect of slab boundary conditions on impact response of slab is also discussed.
The theoretical results obtained in the present analysis are compared with
experimental and theoretical works previously done. A good agreement is found
between theoretical and experimental results. This indicates that the impact
resistance of relatively large slabs may be predicted by using the theoretical
approach based on equation of undamped slab vibration. All the derivations
required to predict the effect of boundary conditions are performed for both forced
and free vibrations. For the same falling mass and the same applied kinetic energy
(height of drop) for all cases, the maximum central deflection and the maximum
impact force are affected by the boundary conditions of the slabs

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the internals
baffles on the gas-solids fluidized bed hydrodynamics, using a circular fluidized
bed of Geldert group B sand particles.
Bed expansion data were obtained for un baffled and two different types of baffled
(rectangular and circular blades) gas-solids fluidized beds at varying operating
conditions, namely air velocity ,particle size (755,424 , 205μm) and initial static
bed heights.
Experimental work was carried out in (0.1m) diameter and (1m) height circular
fluidized bed column.
The results of the study showed that the particle size affects the measured
hydrodynamic behavior especially in the large particle size.
The insertion of baffles into a fluidized bed system improves the contacting
efficiency of gas and particle phases.
The effect of rectangular baffles is more significant than the effect of circular
baffles on the pressure drop in fluidizing bed.

To increase cutting tool life and improve workpiece surface quality,
an empirical model was proposed to predict workpiece surface roughness and
cutting tool temperature by discovering an empirical equations that depends upon
the experimental results of turning carbon steel. These empirical equations predict
values; and describe the behaviour of workpiece surface roughness and cutting tool
temperature. The experimental work involves turning carbon steel (ASTM
Standard A105) by measuring workpiece surface roughness and cutting tool
temperature at different cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut that consider
the major cutting parameters. The results indicated that cutting speed and feed rate
has a major effect on workpiece surface roughness and cutting tool temperature.
Also, a comparison between experimental and predicted results was made, which
show a good agreement, i.e the correlation coefficients reached to 0.9894 for
surface roughness and 0.9943% for temperature

The principle aim of this research is concentrated on studying the effect of
cracks and their propagations on the mechanical behavior of a steel fiber reinforced
concrete (SFRC) beam. High strength concretes are being used more often due to
their superior properties but these concretes have higher brittleness, which is a
disadvantage. The idea of adding fibers to the concrete mixture to improve the
mechanical response gives high strength steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)
with high toughness. The effect of steel fiber is introduced in the model by giving
the concrete specified high value of fracture energy. Concrete cracking is divided
into two major zones; the first one is the fracture zone (a combination of wide
bridging zone effect and the cohesive microscopic cracking zone) which obeys a
special law permitting the transmission of stress across the two faces of crack, this
zone is considered as partially cracked concrete. When crack opening exceeds a
specific value c w , this zone is converted to a real crack (an open crack) and cannot
transmit any stress across the two faces of a crack. Using the experimental data
obtained from the flexural test on notched beam loaded under three-point bending,
where fracture mode I is dominated. The response of the applied load-crack mouth
opening displacement (CMOD) with using fracture energy calculated by the test
and the cohesive stresses corresponding to their crack openings with different
values of steel fiber respectively are drawn. The results show that the fracture zone
for SFRC is wider than that occurs in plain concrete for many times. The
contributions of plain concrete and steel fiber are being demonstrated

The old heritage of Alhadba Minaret in Mosul is famous for its considerable
height and leaning. After approximately 800 years since its construction still
withstanding degradation. It has to be clearly documented for restoration and
maintenance works. Defining geometry and measurements using traditional
surveying methods is not feasible due to its height and delicate surface. This paper
introduces the results of measurements using robotic reflectorless total station of
TOPCON (IS-Imaging Station) conducted in and around the minaret. We present
new facts regarding the descriptions of shape and curvature of the minaret body as
well as specific notes on using this instrument. These measurements compose a
complementary part of data collection effort required for a major preservation
project that is proposed to be conducted in the future.

A second order of IDWA (Incremental data weighted averaging) technique is
proposed to improve 8-bit digital-to-analog convertor (DAC). In addition, this
paper discusses the impact of mismatch between DAC unit elements. The Proposed
IDWA/8-DAC circuits, which results in a completely second order mismatch noise
shaping while solving in band tone problem. The simulation results show the
effectiveness of the IDWA technique in reduction of inband tones, also IDWA
technique proves its ability to solve DAC unit elements mismatch. The inband
tones are converted into a broadband. It was found that IDWA algorithm proves its
ability to solve this problem. The inband tone reduction is improved 8 dB if,
element mismatch,  =0.01 and 7 dB if  =0.08 with proposed IDWA, thus
improving the DAC performance if compared with DAC performance without
using IDWA circuit. MATLAB (V.7.12) program is used for simulation

In the domain of concrete modification by using polymers, the present study,
focused on the use of Carboxy-Methyl Cellulose (CMC) as a water-soluble
polymer and investigate its effects on the behavior of concrete. The study include
two issues, the first one is the effect of polymer adding method on mechanical
properties of concrete such as compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus
of elasticity in additional to impact resistance and the second is the effect of graded
temperature on these properties. The polymer/cement ratio used herein is 3%, this
ratio never used before in the previous researches on many types of water soluble
powder polymers.
Three concrete batches were prepared, the first is the reference one as a normal
concrete (NOR), the second is a polymerized concrete (POL1) where the polymer
added as a latex, and the last also as a polymerized concrete (POL2) but the
polymer added as a powder.Each batch contains twelve cubic specimens
(100x100x100)mm for compressive strength test, three cubes for each level of
temperature, eight cylindrical specimens (150x300)mm for splitting tensile strength
test, two cylinders for each level of temperature, and four paneled specimens
(450x450x50)mm for impact resistance test, one panel for each level of
temperature.
It can be considered from the results that when the polymer CMC used herein
added as a latex will give better strength behavior in polymerized concrete than the
one which added as a powder by about 28.86% in compressive strength, 19% in
splitting tensile strength, very high percent in modulus of elasticity and 16.66% in
impact resistance. On the other hand, it is found that the temperature level of
200°C will affect the behavior of polymerized concrete and that contrast with the
behavior of normal concrete while in temperature levels 400°C and 600°C the
effects on polymerized concrete will be more slightly and more clearly on normal
concrete.

The position and the area of any spot can be determined in different modes and
using satellite image is one of them. For this mode there are many applications like
in determining the positions and the areas of the water pollution spots (the rivers,
the streams, the marshes….etc.), the air pollution spots, for different agriculture
lands ….etc. In this mode, the area of any spot on the satellite image can be
determined by finding the planimetric (Grid) coordinates (x, y) for the periphery
points of the spot using ERDAS Imagine Software Programme Ver. 9.2 if the
satellite image is rectified , but if it isn’t a special method is used for the
rectification of the satellite image then the positions and the areas can be
determined

In this paper an evaluation the detection performances for (AND-CFAR) and
(OR-CFAR) processors under different clutter models is done for pulsed radar
system.
The clutter models used in this paper are three types of distribution
(Exponential Clutter distribution, Rayleigh Clutter distribution and Weibull Clutter
distribution).
The two detectors (AND-CFAR and OR-CFAR) are the improved conventional
Cell Average-CFAR (CA-CFAR) and Order Statistics CFAR (OS-CFAR) by
making full use of the cell information. The two CFAR processors combine the
results of the CA-CFAR and OS-CFAR to get a better detection performance.
The mathematical equations of the probability of detection and probability of
false alarm to the two detectors (AND-CFAR and OR-CFAR) for the three clutter
models are founded under the assumptions that a homogenous background with a
Swerling I target, and the reference cells are Independent and Identically
Distributed (IID), also the detection performances of these detectors (AND-CFAR
and OR-CFAR) have been evaluated for the three clutter models first and
compared between them with those of CA-CFAR and OS-CFAR for Rayleigh
distribution using MATLAB-Programming (M-File).
In this paper is founded that the detection performance to AND-CFAR and
OR-CFAR has not been affected by changing clutter models (clutter probability
density function) for fixed probability of false alarm, also for the same probability
of detection (Pd=0.7) and for fixed probability of false alarm (Pfa=10-6) and N=12,
signal-to-ratio power ration (SNR) which ensure this Pd is equal (18dB) for ANDCFAR,
but its equal (18.5dB) for OR-CFAR, this means AND-CFAR is better
detection performance than OR-CFAR for different clutter models

In the present research the rheological properties of polymer melt composed of
(polypropylene- polycarbonate ) unfilled_ filled with different amounts of Iraqi
carbon black (2 – 7) wt% was studied. Single screw extruder was used for
development of these blends . The rheological behaviour of these blends was
investigated by using rotational concentric type rheometer .
The rheological properties shear rate(  ( , apparent viscosity (a), dynamic
viscosity(ή ), shear stress (τ) and angular frequency (ω),shearing flow at various
temperatures ( 220 ˚C, 240˚C and 260 ˚C) were studied and found to be increase with
increasing the amount of filler and decrease with increasing temperature. The flow
curves were determined in the range of shear rate from about (10 to10 2 ) s-1. The
activation energy was also measured, the values of activation energy varied
from(11.939 to 20.892) KJ/Mole for different formation

The effectiveness of Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Packet Modulation (DTCWPM)
with DQPSK modulation is investigated for communication over flat and
frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. The simulation results show that the
performance of the proposed DT-CWPM system is better than that of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and other types of Multicarrier Modulation
(Slantlet based OFDM and FRAT-OFDM)for the same environment. The
comparison of complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the
peak to average power ratio ( PAPR) between different types of multicarrier
modulation is also achieved

Most modern studies in the field of the city development and restructuring its
physical condition are oriented toward the principals of sustainability in building
up strategies for future development.
This research adapted this principal as a starting point by adapting the technical
growth pole as a sustainable urban strategy.
The research goes through the available literature review, which studies this issue,
analyzing many international examples in order to deduce some principals which
can be applied as a long term strategic tools fit for application in Basra being a
future development pole in Iraq