Surra Man Ra'a

Muzaffar Al-Nawab is one of the most vital poets who achieved an outstanding enhancing in quality in the form and structure of modern and contemporary Arabic poetry due to his skill and distinctive ability in his poems on both the formal and informal dialects of Arabic language showing his prominent awareness in utilizing the modern techniques in the contemporary literature. The parallel text contains textual aligning as expressive texts that carry signs, symbols and connotations which delineate the writer’s intentions and goals he formed and converted them into poetic texts, as well as being indicative structures and primary keys that lead the reader to be involved in the depth of the text.

This research adopts the approach of the approach between rhetorical art and science classified within the sciences of hadith or history, which is the Prophet’s biography to study the reality of the pun style in the events and facts of the Prophet’s biography, as this style was found and spread in the uses of the Prophet, peace be upon him and his companions, and this art had purposes, goals, features and provisions formedHis image is within the biography of the Prophet. The research attempted to monitor and analyze all these aspects and conclude with the results and recommendations that benefit from it, taking two ways to do so. The first represents theoretical premises for the concept of the term pun in language and terminology and its rhetorical types and the relationship of some words with it and its presence in poetry before Islam and in the Holy Qur’an and the Noble Hadith. The second one took the path of analysis and application of the pun style in the texts of the Prophet's biography.

The research aims to reveal the fact of weighting in linguistic use or grammatical reticence; This is in view of the significance of his words in the language or the grammarians’ use of them, and the methods adopted by Ibn Malik in his grammatical preferences, and the weighting importance is of great the show as it grammatical thinking that the grammarians reached, the arguments and proofs that they relied on in support of their opinions, and an indication of the extent of confidence in the assets that they built The study relied on the method of description and analysis, and the results they concluded . And extrapolation of the positions of the judgment, by tracing the issues in which these provisions were contained, which varied between linguistic use or grammatical repetition (the rule). Grammarists, and Grammatical Fundamentals. On this basis, the grammatical material was classified, and was concluded then the study in which with a conclusion I recorded the most results

The research deals with the study of discord and its connotations in the Holy Qur’an. The idea on which the research is based is that the Arabic language is characterized by a large number of words that may converge in the connotations that express it. However, the Qur’anic context has its own uses at the level of semantic expression or that the Qur’an acquires the word connotations that would not have been known to have such a meaning had it not been used by the Qur’an in this place to denote this meaning, so this word is chosen specifically to express more than one meaning, or meanings that other words may fall short of its performance, even if they are close in some ways. The linguistic phenomenon which was defined by some linguistics as synonymous, and others considered it as linguistic differences.
All of this made the Qur’anic pronunciation unique in its use, and the word may be in use with a connotation, and in another use with an added connotation to it, and so the word has a semantic gradation that we touch through the Qur’anic contexts in which it was mentioned, and this is what we touched upon when studying the term discord and analyzing its places of use in the Holy Qur’an by reference. To the books of language and interpretation, as will be shown in the folds of the research.

Exegesis scholars have been interested since ancient times in the linguistic, grammatical and rhetorical aspects of the Holy Qur’an, and rhetoric was one of the important sciences that contributed to clarifying important aspects of the statement. For the surahs that begin with (Tas) from rhetorical arts, we called them (observed), and we did not translate for al-Tabari due to the large number of studies about him, and the study began with a preface and two sections. In the first topic, we presented: rhetorical observations in the science of meanings, and in the second topic: rhetorical observations in the science of eloquence. As for the science of al-Badi’, we did not find in the surahs of al-Tawasin exclusively a reference to it by al-Tabari, because of the nature of the study whose purpose is to show the existence of rhetorical manifestations In Tafsir al-Tabari, and the study ended with a conclusion in which we mentioned the most prominent findings of the study

The Holy Qur’an is a fertile material for students of the Arabic language, for God Almighty has singled it out for eloquence of speech, good eloquence, and diversity in the arts of speech and expression. Hajj and persuasion in many places, the question was (he said) and the answer (he said) as well, and I found in my surahs (Al-Baqarah and Al-Imran) what I needed, as the two surahs contained important topics that came in multiple and clear images that fit the Qur’anic context in which they were mentioned. In light of this, the research was divided into five sections:
(Experimental review - prescriptive review - argumentative review - interrogative review - sensory review).
The most important findings that I reached is that every review is a dialogue, and not every dialogue is a review. Because the review is a question and answer between two people, and dialogue is its main pillar, and the review has one formula, which is the word (saying) only.

Human being is a creature hastening to death. There is no flee from this inevitable issue. Death drives human into the grief, fear, and anxiousness which have been at the heart of existentialism. The emergence of existentialism in contemporary Arab poetry is the result of abnormal deaths in this land. Therefore, the poets have incorporated the status of death and its consequences, including sadness, depression, anxiety, emigration, and exile, into the poetry that is existentialist requirements. Therefore, Iraqi immigrant poet Abdul Razzaq al-Rubaye is considered one of the most important poets who followed this philosophy. He sought asylum to Oman for issues that occurred in Iraq. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, this study examined the status of existentialism in Abdul Razzaq al-Rubaye's poetry, discussing events related to exile, death, destruction, counter- tyrannism, and the centrality of human and freedom. It came to the most notable conclusions that al-Rubaye's has dealt with the essential issues of existence, namely, the death and non-existence, and has placed the human in its cannon. In addition, exile and emigration have deep effects on his poetry. Moreover, he has made attempts to describe death, sadness, and human freedom via existentialism.

This paper was written by Imam Dawood al-Qarisi al-Hanafi al-Maturidi, in which he discussed partial choices or partial intentions, which are controversial in the issue of: (Does man have choices of not?) with what this issue may include, such as the issue of fate and destination, and other things.
This issue preoccupied Islamic thought as it struggled with other opinions in Islamic philosophy represented by scholars of theology and fraternity, compared to Greek philosophy according to the rules of logic.
Al-Qarisi made a commendable effort in this letter, and he collected the sayings, edited their evidence, favored, debated, objected, criticized and practiced everything that the guiding mind practices in this part.
His Maturidi tendencies were evident through his statements, quotes, and decisions.
This paper is of benefit to those engaged in theology; it opens the door to contemplation, the ways of using logic, debate, and the rules of philosophy, and how to use them for the benefit of the religious and Islamic logic relativity represented by the Islamic beliefs; especially the issue of the partial will. In this field, the writing has not ended with different names and addresses, all of which refer to this point in editing the subject of the dispute. Is man found by the ability of Allah only? Or by a combination of the two abilities? Or by the power of man only? Or by the ability of Allah to create and the ability of man to earn and cause? This paper discusses this part and draws its outline, according to what Allah has opened for him.
‏ The researcher developed a brief study and investigation based on two written copies in accordance with the rules of scientific research in the verification of manuscripts; with Allah's blesses .

Al-imam Al-Baji is considered one of the most distinguished scholars who dedicated their lives to God, had a number of classifications that reinforced the researchers after him, and one of the most important of them was the book (Al-muntaqa) which is considered one of the largest explanations of the Al-Muwatta of Al- imam Malik, and one of the most important sources of Al- Maliki jurisprudence because it contained a lot of jurisprudence opinions for Al- Maliki school and other schools, therefore he was rightfully an encyclopedia of jurisprudence, and this was a strong reason for me to start my research in the subject of the choices of Al-imam as well as Al-nikkah (marriage) issues in order to find out his opinions and preferences in this division, and to show the effects of Al-imam Al-baji on Al-Maliki school.
Search procedures:
The plan of the research is to divide it into two sections, in the first section I defined the book and the author and I shed light on the concept of jurisprudence choices and the most important statements that the author used in his jurisprudence choices and the mentioning the issues that he expressed his opinion and the last station of his study is a comparative study according to the five doctrines.
The most important conclusions that the researcher has found in the research are many, including:
1- The jurisprudence approach of Al-Imam Al-baji is closer to the comparative approach and we notice that very well in his book Al-muntaqa, where he mentions the schools’ opinions and he details their evidence and this indicates the vast knowledge of Al-Imam.
2- Al-Imam is not satisfied with just mentioning the different stories of his school or other schools for every situation, we find him one time disproving this opinion and opposing that and supporting this or arguing for this. All of this is according to the jurisprudence research without intolerance but what he actually sees even if it goes against his doctrine. And we can say that his book considers the encyclopedia of comparative jurisprudence.

The following things were mentioned in the research:
• The verses concerned in this research are eight verses from the Holy Qur’an.
• God Almighty censured the People of the Book from those who were tempted by the life of this world and were distracted by desires from following Islam.
• It is forbidden to imitate the People of the Book in their words and actions.
• God's adornment of His servants is either on the side of testing the believers with infallibility, or it is on the side of the infidels on the side of punishment with betrayal.
• Gold in this world is a perishable adornment, and God has forbidden His faithful servants from hoarding gold and silver, and urged them to spend it on the poor and needy and in the cause of God.
• God Almighty destroyed Pharaoh, who was bragging about his kingdom and defying God’s Prophet Moses u.
• It is forbidden to eat people's money unjustly.

Al-Bakri in this manuscript "Al- Jawhar Al- Thamin min Kalam Sayid Al- Mursalin" wanted to collect forty correct traditions , each tradition is appropriate to be originally a chapter among the chapters of worships . The nature of my research is to study this manuscript and investigate it . It includes an introduction in which the researcher has explained the importance of the subject and the reason behind its choice and the plan which is adopted in the study and investigation . It includes two parts : the first is the study part; the second is the investigation part . As regards the first part , it is divided into two sections , the first section is concerned with the biography of the author which contains his name , surname , his scientific rank , his scholars and his writings . As regards the second section , it is about the study of the book. It includes five sub-sections about the title of the book and the validity of relating it to its author, the author's method in it and its references and description of the book's copying besides my method in the investigation . As regards the second part, it includes the investigated text, then the List of sources and references

The impact of the Hanafi School of thought has a great influence on the collective mind of the approach and thought of the Ottoman state, especially after serving as a reference, intellectual, kinetic, and jurisprudential basis for all aspects of the Bani Othman State. The research is divided into an introduction and a summary of the research and three sections and a conclusion. The first research discussed the emergence of the Hanafi School, its nature, its development and its spread in the Islamic world. The second research dealt with the Hanafi school of thought in the Ottoman Empire and the characteristics and traits of the doctrine, and the third research focused on the implications of the Hanafi school of thought on the thought of the Ottoman State.

The research aims to clarify the disagreement between Islamic schools, sects and sects about the perception of the resurrection, is it (physical or spiritual). In the introduction, the researcher presented the importance of faith in the resurrection for the individual and society, as human happiness is achieved in this world and the hereafter, and in which behavior is regulated and morals are refined, and in which order prevails in society, love, harmony and peace.
The research was divided into two sections:
The first topic: There are two requirements. In the first requirement, the researcher presented the rational evidence for the Resurrection, including the Creator’s disdain for tampering, and he proved this through the attribute (wisdom) and the attribute (justice) and proved it rationally by highlighting some historical evidence on the belief of the previous nations before and after codification in the Resurrection through it. The researcher explained that belief in the Resurrection is an innate belief in humans.
In the second requirement, the researcher reviewed the transmission evidence for the Resurrection from the Holy Qur’an and the purified Sunnah of the Prophet.
In the second section, the theories that were written about the Resurrection were presented, and there are three theories:
The first theory: I held that the resurrection is in the spirit only.
The second theory: I held that the resurrection is in the body only, without the soul.
The third theory: This theory combined the physical and spiritual resurrection together.
The researcher preferred the physical and spiritual resurrection together because it is more adapted to the thesis of the Noble Qur’an and the purified Sunnah of the Prophet.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and blessings and peace be upon the Prophet Mohammed , who has been sent as mercy to the worlds, and upon his family, companions, wives and offspring all .
The Islamic nation has relied for a long time in its worship and dealings on the jurisprudence of the codified schools of thought, especially the jurisprudence of the four schools; Allah has prepared those who compiled them, wrote them, and edited them, so that it was possible to benefit from them for those who wanted to benefit from them, and what no one can deny is that the jurisprudence of the four imams- especially- has been inherited by the jurists and skilled mujtahids, generation after generation, and it is housed in the scattered manuscript libraries In the world .
The tendency to show the manuscripts of former scholars by investigating and studying them among students of knowledge in the stages of postgraduate studies is a blessed trend, and it was upon them to hand over this great trust to the generations after them in the form of a book with clear features and affliction of difficulties, and I was honored- with my admission of negligence- to join this blessed side, starting From a sense of responsibility, and my great love for the science of jurisprudence and its people and the hope of obtaining this great merit
I chose (The Company’s Book) from “Tuhfat al- AKhayyar Ali al- Durr al- Mukhtar” by its author Ibrahim bin Mustafa al- Halabi (may God Almighty have mercy on him), because it is a manuscript worthy of investigation and output to the light. There are two parts: the academic section and the investigation section, as we have separated it in two parts of the research, I ask Allah Almighty to accept it and to benefit the Muslims by using it.

Praise be to Allah, and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah, his family, companions and those who are loyal to him.
This is a study (Criticising the narrator for taking fees on narrating Hadith: A comparative study), in which the sayings of those who are permitted and who are prevented were collected. Some scholars allow taking fees if they are not already conditioned or desired by the narrator. Some of the narrators refrained from taking fees devoutly, while others strongly refuse, saying: A narration is not accepted if it is paid for, as knowledge must be given for free.
The most correct opinion showed according to what I reached that there is no contradiction between the opinions. Whoever said that it is prohibited feared that this might lead to a lie, and whoever said that it is permissible, he suggests that the narrator be poor with children, and his devotion to narration may lead to leaving the earning for them. Imentioned the hadithers who took the fee for narration, and the sayings of the hadithers in criticising them. So what was right is from Allah, and what was wrong is from myself.

For the archaeological hadith of the Prophet in building Islamic civilization and forming Islamic thought, he worked to spread flags of science everywhere, with what he carried to all people from the immortal heritage of prophecy calling for the love of science, journey and journey in a global scientific movement based on hadith collection and narration, and supports it, so a scientific movement established It is used by the group on transmission and isnad, so everything we know from the history of biography, the Maghazis, the conquests, the translations, the printing, and even the interpretation of the Qur’an, and the sciences of the Qur’an, he collected the hadith and its narration and dealt with it. It was not a process of limited impact, the matter of which ended with the end of the collection, and the narration technique of the modernists as much as it was an obligatory course of conduct, for the interpretation of the Qur’an on the one hand, and the deduction of legislative rulings on the other hand, and the role of the modernists in collecting its texts and how to narrate it. In the transmission of the hadith, a narration and a chain of transmission, and to them, the credit is due to the arrival of the authentic Sunnah of the Prophet to the present time.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and the best prayer and peace be upon our master Muhammad, his family and his good companions. This research deals with the merits of reading Qur’anic surahs of Amma part, especially the jurisprudential matters mentioned by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), no matter you pray or not. The Prophet (peace be upon him) and his honorable companions adhered and persevered them. He focused on them in his honorable sayings as they have a great reward in the daily life of Muslims. The researcher reads, collects and orders them as issues from Amma surah to Al-Nas’s surah to facilitate reading them by the readers and get the benefit of the reading. The researcher intends Allah’s acceptance, and praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the master of all creation, Muhammad (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him), and his family and his faithful companions.
Allah Almighty has made the nation of our master Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him) the best nation that has been brought out to people, rather the best of them at all, and he stipulated that in clear verses in his dear book. Attributes that are specific to her without other nations, and this praise is for the nation of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) as a whole, since he is sent there until the Day of Judgment. In the two worlds (the world and the hereafter), a witness to the eyes of the nations, and it may be specific to one of them, knowing that when I say all believers, what is meant by those who are included in the verse mostly since the Holy Messenger (Muhammad, peace be upon him) was sent to them, and in this context I will mention what is easy He mentioned it from the verses in which he praised and alluded to the nation of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him), shedding light on them as much as possible.

Praise be to God، we praise Him، and we seek His help and forgiveness، and we seek refuge in God from the evils of ourselves and the evils of our actions، and I bear witness that His trustworthy and faithful friend is the best، His servant and His Messenger، and I bear witness that our Master Muhammad، there is no god but God alone without partner. His law until the Day of Judgment. As for what follows: Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him salvation) is one of the blessings of God upon us، that He guided us to follow the path of truth that Muhammad bin Abdullah (may Allah bless him and grant him salvation) came، Imam Abu Hanifa، and that He made us from his nation، then he made the scholars the heirs of the prophets، and from these scholars and Abu Yusuf and zufar - may God have mercy on them - and as it is known that the Imam Abu Hanifa is the imam of the school of thought and Abu Yusuf agreed with Imam Abu Hanifa، and he sometimes disagreed with Imam Zufar، the Hanafi for them in scattered issues in the books of Hanafi jurisprudence. Imam Zufar begins with his opinion، the controversial issues that I studied in a comparative jurisprudence study in the schools of thought in it، most of the issues that he touches and he used to see، may God have mercy on him، that the difference of scholars in the branches is a medical matter and that this disagreement is one of the commendable matters that increases the jurist knowledge، understand them by deduction. Jurisprudential rulings for the rest of The Islamic schools of thought، for this and that، I chose a topic of my choice، the topic of disagreement in criminal matters between Abu Hanifa and Abu Yusuf's practice of his sheikh and Zufar's violation of them، so I loved the book in it and gave it a title:

This research deals with the method and resources of Imam al-Ghaiti (d. 984 AH) in his book entitled Bahjat al-Amni’in wa al-Awwal, the birth of the master of the first and the others. His books are still manuscripts that have not been verified, and I have tried to show the efforts of the nation's scholars in serving the biography of their Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace.

Imᾱm al-Bukhᾱrī had many sheikhs from whom he narrated the hadith in his Ṣaḥīḥ, and among these I have chosen Imᾱm Abū Bakr bin Abī Šaybah; That is because he has a well-known book and this is what distinguishes him from most of the sheikhs of al-Bukhᾱrī, then I stood on the hadiths that Al-Bukhari narrated from him in his Ṣaḥīḥ, and then I compared them to those which is published in the book “Al-Muṣannaf” to see if they are in it or not? And if it is established in it, we will look at its agreement and disagreement with a chain of narrators and a text. As for the chain of transmission, I stand on the methods, as well as the names of the narrators and an explanation of the contrast and difference in the chains, if any. As for the text, it is through comparison that the extent of compatibility, differences and additions of words are shown, and some of them may be opposed to what Imᾱm Muslim narrated on the from Ibn Abū Šaybah as possible, and the benefit of this effort is not hidden, as we know whether Al-Bukhīri’s narration from Ibn Abī Šaybah is verbal or in the meaning. Likewise, I raise an important question for the specialists, which is: Are there other copies of Ibn Abi Šaybah’s unpublished work? And so, we can know the resources of Al-Bukhᾱrī, are they verbal or from books? And other issues related to this study.

The spatial boundaries of the study area are represented by the administrative boundaries of the Haditha district, whose geographical location occupies the northeastern side of Anbar Governorate between two latitudes ( 340 40' 10'' - 330 51' 19'') north and longitudes (420 47' 27'' - 410 57' 27'') east, with a total area estimated at about (3644) km2, the climate plays a geomorphological role through its elements and the fluctuations and changes that occurred in past ages, whether in wet or dry periods. The ground through local and regional variation, and using the analytical and descriptive field method in determining the effect of these elements, it is found that the climate of the study area is characterized as semi-arid, characterized by a large thermal range, and an increase in the amount of solar radiation. As for the rains, they are few and fluctuate from season to season, and it is winter rain. The climatic elements play an important role in the processes of weathering and erosion, as well as in the processes of sculpting and water and air sedimentation, as the elements of heat and rain are among the most important climatic elements influencing land forms, in addition to the important role played by wind in geomorphological processes

This study focused on the impact of the Kurdish issue on Turkish-Syria relations. After the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (Kurdistan workers' party) carried out armed action against the Turkish government in August 1984, the party’s fighters moved to Syrian territory, and that was the beginning of a real crisis that cast a shadow on the nature of Turkish- Syrian relations and almost predicted war between the two countries.
The research also dealt with the relations between the two countries, especially after Turkey linked the Kurdish issue to the Euphrates River water issue and made it a pressure card against the Syrian government, which used the Kurdish card by supporting the PKK fighters

Miteb Manaf al-Samarrai illustrates the negative impact of class divisions in medieval European society on social reality, in which all privileges were granted to the ruling class and the clergy, while ordinary people suffered from deprivation, exclusion and marginalization. - Al-Samarrai explained that developing countries have suffered decades of military occupation, taking advantage of the economic resources that they derived from their potential, but achieving political independence after hard struggle and great sacrifices requires education to build their economy. Activating invention, developing the use of technology in the production process, investing current economic resources, and focusing on building the productive personality of members of society to keep pace with the pace of development in developed countries.

During the reign of King Hassan II, Morocco witnessed a movement of political reform, specifically in the nineties of the last century. Then king Mohammed VI came and completed the political reforms that his father had begun, He added to it many political, constitutional, economic and social reforms. It is worth noting that in Morocco in 2011, demands were made for the latest constitutional and political changes without prejudice to the person of the king. On the other hand, King Mohammed VI responded to these demands, hence the Moroccan exception, Because Morocco witnessed political, constitutional and economic changes without the need to overthrow the ruling regime. Thus, King Mohammed Vl was able to lead his country over the following years, and was able to achieve great achievements in several fields. Among the most important of these is the adoption of the 2011 constitution, in addition to many important political and social reforms to the extent that the period after King Mohammed Vl took power has become called the new Moroccan revolution, as it included clear concessions to the king and his abandonment of some of his absolute powers and constitutionally reduced them

The current study aims at manifesting the geographical and economic influences encountered by the Ummayad state in Andalusia, identifying the reasons behind them, the role of the state to handle them and whther these crises affected this state. The study shows that in spite of the the distinguished strategic location of Andalusi geographically and economically but it does not prevent the crises and posed a great danger led to demographic changes in the social composition of the people and economic crises that had a serious consequence. The research concludes that the geographical and economic effects created frequent crises in Andalusia in addition to the effect on the society and this is a strong influence compared to other man-made causes because this factor –the geographical factor – is natural. Also, the study concludes that the actions taken are not sufficient as they lack plans and schemes and all what they represented merely individual efforts that don't meet the crisis solution level.

This research aims to reveal the study and analysis of the geographical pattern of respiratory diseases in Salah al-Din Governorate, to reveal the image of their spatial distribution among its administrative units, and to identify the most important variables affecting determining the type of injury and its spatial variance, by discussing the spatial dimensions of the most common respiratory diseases in the studied area. Those infected with these diseases reached (8741), with a prevalence rate of (53.4) per 10,000 people. The study reveals that there is a discrepancy in the rates of infection according to the nature of the disease, as asthma comes to the fore.
Diseases amounted to (4691) cases with a weight percentile of (53.6), followed by allergic diseases and sinusitis with a recorded rate of (24.3), and in the third place comes chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases with a rate of (1014) and with a percentage of (11.7), and finally lung cancer comes at a rate of (10.4) by (907) injuries, and it is found that the aforementioned diseases spread in all administrative units with a quantitative variation in the incidence rates in terms of spatial concentrations as a result of factors and indicators that contribute to determining the injury and its spatial distribution, as the district centers represented by the district center accounted for Tikrit, Samarra, Baiji, Al-Tuz and Balad ranked first among the total number of infections, while the prevalence rates of respiratory diseases varied among all units according to the proportions of their population.

The study examines morphological, morphological, and spatial characteristics of the Wadi Shishin basin in Tikrit district using geographic information systems, in addition to analyzing the characteristics of the water drainage network in the basin, and based on the analysis of the digital height model of the basin area up to 30 meters.
The study aims to derive the basin and the river network from the DEM layer using the GIS program, then to build a database of the morphometric characteristics of the basin, and to exit a set of basin maps based on the extracted digital database.
The study shows that the basin is located in the center of Tikrit district, with a small area of 196, 30 km2, a length of 24.23 km, and a long area of 90.03 km in size. Its morphological characteristics vary due to climate variability, geology, surface and soil in the basin, and it at the beginning of its geomorphological cycle. The value of elongation was 0.91 and the rotation was 0.58. This means that it is rectangular and irregular in its general form. It is clear from the study of the structural characteristics that the concentration value of the basin is 11.55 m . The River Network the basin consists of 570 tributaries, located in 6 river levels according to the 1957. Strahler classification and the laws of 1945 apply to Horton. In the area and lengths, with a decrease in the discharge density of 2.73 km / km 2 numerical and longitudinal to 2.90 km / km 2.

The first Islamic conquest of the Deccan and southern India took place, as is well known, in the first decade of the seventh century AH / the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century AD during the reign of Sultan Alaeddin Khilji (696-716 AH / 1296-1317 AD). The famous traveler Ibn Battuta Al-Sahel in the Deccan region during his well-known trip, and on that visit he was a special envoy of the Sultan (Muhammad bin Tughlaq) (720-752 AH / 1301-1320 AD) to China, and Ibn Battuta’s narration sheds a lot of light on the state of Islam and Muslims in India in general during The years he spent there. He mentioned valuable information about the era of the Mamluks, the reign of Ghiyas ad-Din Balban, Mu'izz al-Din Kayqubad, and Jalal al-Din Firoz Shah al-Khilji, the founder of the Khalji state and his nephew Alaa al-Din al-Khilji. Through researching the political life in the Deccan in the era of the Khaljis, it is worth noting that Sultan Ala Al-Din Al-Khilji took a wise and courageous policy, whether in conquest and military operations and his interest in the army or in the economic aspect, the policy of legalized pricing and the economic system Private Sadi through which he maintained the country's economic stability. Sultan Ala Al-Din Al-Khilji also faced great challenges that he was able to confront with strength and wisdom, which he witnessed from the traces of construction and a great expansion in the area of his country, especially in the Deccan region.

Praise be to Allah , Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Master of the Messengers, our master Muhammad, and upon all his family and companions.
Writing about the Companions who witnessed the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) and believed in his message and supported him is one of the distinguished topics that prompted me to research this topic, so I chose the title of the research ((The Companions of the Rahawi (may Allah be pleased with them) and their role with the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) (peace be upon him) (in the era of the message)), which is one of the topics that deserve study and research for the purpose of highlighting their role in an independent research, because their Islam and the Islam of the kings of the people of Yemen who sent them left a clear impact in the history of the Prophet’s biography.
The research is divided into two sections. The first topic includes the lineage of the Rahawi tribe, and the arrival of their delegation to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) in Medina, headed by Malik bin Mararah al-Rahawi (may Allah be pleased with him).
While the title of the second topic is a brief presentation of the available information about the most prominent companions of the Rahawi family (may Allah be pleased with them), who are Amr bin Subai’ al-Rahawi (may Allah be pleased with him), Yazid bin Shajarrah al-Rhawi (may Allah be pleased with him) and Qatadah al-Rhawi (may Allah be pleased with him).
Thus, the Rahawis are from the Arab Qahtaniyah tribes whose lineage goes back to Madhhij, and they are of the same origin. Part of them lived in Yemen, and they are the descendants of Abdullah bin Raha’, and another part lived in the Levant, especially in a city called Al-Raha’, and they are the offspring of Salim bin Raha’, and the Rahawis are in Yemen and the Levant have a clear role in Arab and Islamic history, especially in the era of the message.
The companions of the Rahawi family (may Allah be pleased with them) had a clear role in carrying out the tasks that were assigned to them by the people of the kings of the people of Yemen by transferring their Islam to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), as well as carrying out the tasks assigned to them by the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). ) to the fullest extent, and thus they contributed to spreading Islam and defending its principles with all their ability.
The early companions of the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) are characterized by jurisprudence and the narration of the noble Prophet’s hadith, as they adhered to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) and attended his gatherings until his death, peace and blessings be upon him.

Lord, to you be praise and thanks as it should be to the glory of your face and the greatness of your power and glory.

The Gulf-Turkish relations are reflected positively or negatively on the regional environment for them, and just as these relations govern a set of constants, a number of issues of mutual interest or influence also affect them, and the period 2011-2020 witnessed a number of issues that negatively affected the nature of the bilateral relations between them , As the year 2011 is considered a watershed point in the history of the Arab region and the Middle East after the wave of revolutions that a number of Arab countries witnessed, most of which turned into crises in which many countries, especially the regional ones, interfered, and had a direct impact on the Gulf-Turkish relations, especially the Egyptian revolution, the Syrian revolution and the revolution. As a result of the different positions and interests towards each of them, in addition to what the Gulf states have witnessed in terms of issues, the Turkish position of which had its repercussions on the bilateral relations between the two parties.

Sudan gained its independence in the beginning of 1956, but this country has been subjected to political instability as a result of what British colonialism planted in it, which led to a change in the regimes of government. Democrats have the upper hand in government, and at other times the dictatorial military rule, which led to the political instability of Sudan and the failure to find a solution to the problem between the south and the north. American, Chinese and Canadian oil producers in the Sudanese issue, which precipitated the conclusion of the Machakos agreement in 2002, and then the Naivasha agreement in 2005, which granted the southerners the right to self-determination and led to the division of Sudan and the separation of the south from the north of Sudan, and the emergence of the state of South Sudan.

The study occupies the search for the role of the zawiya and the Prince Balat School and its endowments in Aleppo, as Muslims have been interested since ancient times in the corners, connections and gorges, and they received the attention of the caliphs, sultans and princes throughout history, and reached their status in the Mamluk era.
The research touches on a landmark that is studied and has a great importance in the religious life in the city of Aleppo. The services it provides bring it close to the organized basic schools. Additionally the role of sultans and princes in the disposal of endowments, so this facility becomes a pioneering role - spiritually, intellectually and scientifically - and contributed by teaching the Noble Qur’an and its sciences, the noble hadith, jurisprudence and history, it is a living proof and a throbbing pulse of the existence of educational activity.

The political parties in the systems of government are represent one of the basic pillars because they are directly related to the existing systems of government in the state, and on the other hand, their relationship with society and its political, economic and social reality. These parties play the role of mediator between the demands of the people and the system of government by expressing and presenting the needs and problems of society to the authorities to find appropriate solutions in accordance with the laws in force in the country In addition to the position of those parties on the political system and those responsible for it, the topic of the research (the position of the Iraqi and Egyptian political parties on the regime of government 1921-1945, a comparative study) shows the position of the parties in Iraq and Egypt regarding the kingship system that was ruling in that time period because those positions were based on the goals and approach upon which the parties were based, as well as the political gains they were seeking to achieve.

The study aims to reveal the effect of the semiotic strategy for teaching reading texts and developing reading comprehension and reflective thinking skills among the fourth preparatory students. Male and female students in the control group, so that the strategy is applied to the experimental group, and the control group is taught in the usual way. The reading comprehension test and the reflective thinking test are used. After conducting the statistical analysis process, the study concludes that there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤0.05). Between the average scores of the experimental group members and the average of the control group members on the post-test in developing reading comprehension due to the method (educational program / habitual), gender and the interaction between them, and there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤0.05) between the mean of the experimental group members and the average group members The control of the post-test in developing reflective thinking skills attributed to the method (educational program/recognition). Yadia) and gender and the interaction between them. The study recommends the necessity of conducting more studies that link the semiotic strategy with other variables.

This research aims to identify the impact of the Eisencraft model in acquiring literary concepts for fourth-grade students of science and developing their moral values. Its sample consists of (65) fourth-grade students , it contains two divisions. Division (A), (32) students represent the experimental group that studied with the Eisencraft model, and Division (B), (33) students represented the control group that studied in the usual way. The researcher rewarded the students of the two research groups statistically in a number of variables. The researcher prepared two tools for his research, the first; The Literary Concepts Acquisition Test consist of (39) multiple-choice test items, and included (13) literary concepts identified by the researcher. The researcher made sure of the tool's sincerity, difficulty, distinction and stability. The second: The Moral Values Scale, which consists of (30) items distributed over the six values identified by the researcher, with (5) items for each of the moral values. The researcher used statistical methods such as the t-test for two independent samples, the two-correlated sample test, the chi-square (X2), the difficulty coefficient of the test items, the coefficient of discrimination of test items, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the alpha-Cronbach equation. The researcher reached at the followings:

1. Members of the experimental group statistically outperform members of the control group in acquiring literary concepts and developing ethical values.
2. Members of the experimental group in the remote measurement of moral values outperform tribal measurement. The researcher came out with a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

The current study aims to determine the training needs of biology teachers in secondary schools in the light of the Iraqi teachers’ standards from their point of view. The researchers use the descriptive approach and used the questionnaire as a tool to assess training needs. It is built in light of the Iraqi teachers’ standards, and comes in three areas (cognitive (6) skills) And the skill (8) skills, values and attitudes (5) skills), and after verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire is applied to a sample of teachers. The results show a need for training in these skills to a (large) degree, and there are no statistically significant differences between the answers of the research sample on the paragraphs of the questionnaire are attributed to gender variables or years of service. The study recommended the adoption of a list of Iraqi teachers' standards in planning and designing in-service training programs and conducting intensive training courses on them

Children are the future of society and its human capital, so laws and legislation must be enacted that invest and protect these children. The study aimed to identify the challenges of dealing with issues of violence against children in Omani society, the reasons for these challenges, and the proposed solutions to address those challenges. The study was based on the qualitative approach that allows for a deeper study, using the semi-open interview with (12) workers in the field of violence against children, in addition to analyzing laws and regulations governing the handling of cases of violence against children. The results of the study indicated that dealing with cases of violence against children still needed more community awareness, given the different perception of violence against children by society as opposed to the law’s view of violence against children. The study proposes to involve civil society institutions in addressing issues of violence in children and to emphasize the need to empower the social worker's profession in dealing with issues of violence against children

This scientific paper sought to raise the problem of the relationship between information and communication technology and the educational system by presenting analyzing and discussing the prevailing theoretical and intellectual perceptions in this field, which focused on analyzing the impact of the development of modern technologies in the field of information and communication on the education system and the continuous challenges it imposes on the process of developing education, and its call To radically rebuild education by integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) and bring about a radical transformation in the educational process in response to the rapid economic and technological transformations witnessed by modern societies.
This scientific paper focuses on analyzing the texts that reveal the theoretical premises of these visions and the ideological considerations that govern their view of education. These include key texts from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, leading ICT industries, and international educational researchers.
The analysis of these visions and perceptions revealed that the issue of relying on information and communication technology to develop the education system is not just a purely technical issue, and that educational technology has been constantly motivated by a number of narrow political and economic motives, and that behind this persuasive technical discourse there are real trends to commoditize education to serve the private interests of the major international commercial companies that invest in e-learning technology, which means at least a retreat from the lofty educational goals and modern educational values, that is, in short, the confiscation of the educational system as a social project whose main goal until now has been to achieve liberation and autonomy for the learner.

The current current research is to identify a set of objectives
The researcher relied in testing the sample of the research on the random method, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher tested (200) male and female students from the preparatory stage, where the researcher built a psychological rebellion scale and used a ready-made tool to measure social support, and after extracting the validity and stability of the two scales, the researcher applied the two scales to a sample The basic research, then the statistical data were analyzed using the statistical package program in data processing (SPss), and the researcher reached the following results:
1. The research sample of middle school students have a high level of psychological rebellion.
2. There are statistically significant differences in the scores of the research sample of students according to the gender variable and in favor of male students.
3. There are statistically significant differences in the degrees of the research sample of students according to the variable of specialization and in favor of literary specialization.
4. Sample The research from middle school students who have a high level of social support.
5. There are statistically significant differences in the scores of the research sample of students according to the gender variable and in favor of females.
6. There are statistically significant differences in the scores of the research sample of students according to the variable of specialization and in favor of literary specialization.
7. The presence of a correlation relationship Positive statistically significant difference between psychological rebellion and social support for the sample as a whole. In light of the research results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and suggestions

The current research aims to measure the level of mental capacity and future thinking and the relationship between them among middle school students at the representation of the Ministry of Education in Erbil. The main research sample consists of (400) male and female students who were displaced to Erbil Governorate. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the first tool for measuring mental capacity is adopted (Al-Buena, 1990), which in its final form consisted of (26) items. As for the second tool, it was prepared to measure future thinking, which in its final form consisted of (43) items. The researcher verified the apparent and structural validity of the two tools, and the reliability was verified by re-testing, and their stability coefficient was (0.82) and (0.80). The data are statistically processed using the t-test, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient. The results of the research show that the level of mental capacity and future thinking among the sample members of the students in general is good. There is a significant relationship between them, and in the light of the research results, a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions were drawn.

The aim 0f the current research is to identify the perceptions 0f male , and female Islamic education teachers towards employing blended education in teaching the subject, and to achieve this, the research was conducted on an accessible sample, which interacted with the tool consisting of (76) teachers in secondary and middle schools affiliated to the representation 0f the Ministry 0f Educati0n in Erbil, and t0 achieve the goal 0f the research To answer his questions, the researcher prepared a questionnaire for perceptions that consisted of (38) paragraphs, divided into five areas: cognitive field , practical field , technical field , value field , and social field , and each paragraph was followed by three alternatives ( a large degree , a medium degree , a small degree) .
The validity and reliability of the t00l was confirmed by appropriate statistical and educational methods, then the tool was distributed electronically to the research sample of Islamic education teachers, and after data collection and processing statistically using the SPSS statistical bag, the result was:
1. The perceptions of Islamic education teachers towards the employment of blended education came in a high way.
2. There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the verified averages of the perceptions of male and female Islamic education teachers from employing blended education and in favor of the verified averages.
3. There is N0 statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average, perceptions of male and female teachers of Islamic education from employing blended education in teaching.
The researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals, including: the continuous emphasis, under exceptional circumstances, on the teachers of Islamic education in employing e-learning strategies, including blended education in teaching their subjects, and among the proposals: Obstacles to the implementation of blended education from the point of view of teachers and students.

The current research aims to study the self-regulation of middle school students، so the researcher chose a sample of middle school students if they numbered (180) male and female students from middle school affiliated to the Department of Education of the Country. The results of the research، the results of the research indicated that the middle school students have self-organization، and that there is no difference in self-organization according to the gender variable (male / female) and according to the specialization variable (scientific / literary)?

The aim of the current research is to build a Scale of positive psychological capital for university students, and to measure positive psychological capital for students of Samarra University, and to identify the differences in it according to the variables of gender and specialization, The research sample amounted to (1038) male and female students who answered the positive psychological capital scale that the researcher built. The research used statistical methods: Averages, Frequencies, T-Test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Alpha-Cronbach Equation, and Lucci Coefficient. The most prominent results of the research are:
1.The research sample has a high level of positive psychological capital.
2.There are no statistically significant differences between males and females in the positive psychological capital at the level of significance (0.05).
3.There are no statistically significant differences between students of humanitarian majors and students of scientific majors in positive psychological capital at the level of significance (0.05).

The phenomenon of future anxiety constitutes a fundamental problem because of its negative effects on the personality of the lecturer and his psychological and social compatibility. This stage raises many questions for the lecturer، which raises their concern about the unknown future and the failure to achieve their ambitions، goals and dreams for the future. The aim of the current research is to identify the level of future anxiety among the lecturers، to identify the significance of the differences in the level of future anxiety according to the gender variable (male - female)، and specialization (scientific - human)، and the research sample includes (261) lecturers ( male and female) . The researcher uses the scale prepared from Before the league (2018)، the validity and apparent honesty of the tool are found by submitting it to a committee of experts. The stability is found by re-testing. The data are treated statistically by means of the statistical package (SPSS) used in educational and psychological research، and after processing the data statistically، the results shows that the level of future anxiety among the lecturers is high، and there is no statistically significant difference according to the variable of gender (males - females) and specialization (scientific - human). In light of the findings of the research، a number of recommendations and suggestions were presented.

This current research aims to identify the secondary stage from the secondary stage:
1- The level of psychological energy of secondary school teachers
2- The statistically significant differences in the psychological energy of the gender variable (males, females).
3- The statistically significant differences in the apparent energy of the specialization variable (scientific, humanitarian).
Human and scientific. The sample of the study reached (300) for the validity of the paragraph and the basic energy scale in two areas: 1. The positive psychological signal (20) paragraphs and 2. The positive indicative (10) paragraphs, and joy, and the verification of the apparent validity of the scale. One) and the t-test for two independent samples, and the researcher reached the following results:
1- There is an average level of psychological energy among secondary school teachers.
2- There are no statistically significant differences in the average temperatures on the scale of normal activity for the gender variable.
3- There are statistically significant differences between average temperatures on the scientific activity scale.

The present study aims at the most significant criteria of quality performance of the university professor at the private sector faculties. The tool of the study is based on three factors which are related to teaching activities of the teaching staff member.
These three factors are as follows:
1.The scientific and academic preparedness and the teaching experience.
2. The most salient individual traits of the teaching staffer.
3. The most significant methods of teaching followed in achieving the pedagogical missions.
This study reveals that there is a consensus of opinion on the significance of the first five paragraphs of each single teaching activity. Accordingly, the present study has arrived at a number of recommendations and suggestions necessary for setting the most important criteria for the quality performance of the teaching staff member. These are :
1. The necessity of achieving an evaluation process in a transparent and objective manner far away from the social and administrative influences that may directly or indirectly impact evaluating the teacher's performance.
2. Taking into account the students' views in the process of the teaching staffer's performance evaluation process.
3. To work on the variation of the monthly and daily testing questions.
4. The necessity of furnishing the teaching staff member with the feedback upon evaluating his/her performance in order to observe development.
5. To set scientific and educational sessions related to the most important teaching methods in addition to the most important principles of education psychology.

This research dealt with the study of Arabic language at the level of recitation and reception. The study also got benefit from the practical field notes. The aim of the research is to identify the level of obstacles to mastering the Arabic language among preparatory school students in the city of Fallujah and its university students from the point of view of the teaching staff for schools and for university students. The population of the study consists of (100) teachers. The researcher used the questionnaire as a tool to achieve the research objectives. This study is a serious attempt to preserve the optimal use of the language of the Islamic religion, the language of culture and politics, and other expressive and cognitive fields.

The aim of this research is to introduce and analyse an important concept in Alice Oswald’s poems, that of intertextuality. After a brief account of the main definitions, classifications and devices of this concept, this research engages with the way in which intertextuality is used in Oswald’s poems. The research also focuses on two types of intertextuality in Oswald's poetry, namely: thematic and formic or stylistic. It also presents the reasons behind the use of these two types in the poetess selected poems.

The past tense may be defined as the tense which is concerned with an event or a state that happens at any point before the moment of speaking (Aziz, 1989:45). it is hypothesized that the past tense is used in both Arabic and English, yet it is realized differently. The past tense seems to be much more important in Arabic than to be in English .This use of the past tense may have an important role to show the absolute difference between Arabic and English .In Arabic , the past tense is expressed by one or two forms , while in English , it will have more than two forms when Compared in Arabic and English as well as the different ways to be understood when used in both Arabic and English .Some verses from the Glorious Quran are chosen at random with their interpretation to test the validity of the mentioned hypotheses .The basic findings arrived at are as follows : (1) it is possible to convey the past tense in the Glorious Quran through semantic and grammatical points of view . (2) Twelve verses from different suras of the Glorious Quran are specified to be our data. (3) The past tense in the Glorious Quran can be understood easily unlike the English ones which undergo many difficulties to be conceived well.

One of the most common types of figurative language that can have an effect on language users is metaphor. Currently, such figurative linguistic expressions are extensively utilized in advertisements. Nevertheless, the translation of these figurative expressions from one language to another poses some challenges and problems. Hence, the translation of selected metaphoric expressions sport advertisements from English as a source language (SL) into Arabic as a target language (TL) is investigated. In the current study, it is hypothesized that translators make use of the communicative translation method in rendering metaphors more frequently than the semantic method. Moreover, it is also hypothesized that variances in the cultural systems between the SL and TL can hinder the translation processes. To confirm hypotheses of the study, the data is collected from three sport advertisements. To test the difficulties of translation, each of the selected metaphoric advertisements is translated by three translators. These translations are evaluated according to the model of Newmark (1988).

One of the distinctive strengths of this paper is trying tackling the humanitarian in general from the literary perspective. This concept is used by the sordid situation the clones face for a long time in their dystopian society. To reflect any humanitarian action that is intended to make a point and accomplish something substantive. Never Let Me go is a science fiction written by Kazuo Ishiguro, it is concerned with brutal dehumanization (subhuman) and the reasons behind that action, plus the results of such action and never mitigating the impact of such extreme events to focus on the risk and the vulnerability. It conflates reality within. That is why it needed to be better understood by the whole people, including the decision-makers to be held countable for the humanity. Consequently, this paper is written to highlight that notion. The humanitarian issues are mainly man’s foremost concern. This paper tries to shed light on the civilized and the humanitarian areas of this work of fiction and push it forward as for all the decision makers and people all over the world to associate public opinion in legislations and its relation to administrative justice.

Oral comprehension is considered as a starting point in the field of language teaching and learning. It is the first skill that must be acquired and mastered. In our research, we discussed the importance of oral comprehension and its role in promoting teaching and learning the French language in particular. During this study, we focused on the role of RFI podcasts in this field. Based on a questionnaire directed to professors specialized in teaching oral comprehension in particular, we came to know their opinions about the use of such podcasts, which were unanimous in activating and developing the use of these podcasts. Also, all the tests conducted with students and using these podcasts, lead to the need to expand the use of these podcasts in the field of teaching and learning the French language.

Passing is the strategies the biracial people use to pass, cover, and conceal the origins of their racial ancestries. It is thus used as a mean to avoid the stigma associated with anti-black racial discrimination and social marginalization. Most notably, it is perceived as an undefined way of being, and it's neither a conscious decision nor an inborn truth of biology, but rather a culturally provided. The purpose of this study is to give some insights into how black community adapts passing into white society as a means of survival and to get rid of the inferiority and racial prejudice of the whites. The subject of passing will be explored in Nella Larsen’s Passing in the light of monoculturalism theory. Larsen’s novel has much to teach individuals today who are torn between a desire for essentialism and a desire for constructionism. It teaches them how adherence and commitment to one’s culture and heritage can save and enable them to cope with racism and prejudice.

The current study deals with one of the categorization theories namely \'prototype theory\' in which the term prototype is defined as the instance that carries the essential features of a concept. The researchers make a questionnaire by applying the adopted theory to a good number of daily used expression, and the participants of the questionnaire are required to select the expression that they think it fits the situation and why they choose it. This study aims at discovering the criteria that form the typical instances. It tries to prove that prototypes are influenced by the social context and some other personal factors. This research also tries to prove that the non-native speaker’s selection of daily expressions does no depend on the appropriateness of the expression in specific context, rather it depends on the expressions that they are familiar with. This research comes with a number of conclusions but the most important ones are that: (1) The differences in the frequencies of the selected choices in the presented questions in this research shows that it is impossible to find an idea or a selection that is agreed upon by all speakers but still there are some choices that get the highest frequencies which represent the prototypical ones compared with the other choices, (2) The factor of familiarity represents the highest factor that affects the selection of prototypical expressions by non-native speakers as they select the expressions that they are familiar with and neglect other possible answers either because they don’t know them or because they avoid committing mistakes through the selection of expressions that are more familiar for them..

Cooperative principle is an important part of Pragmatics. It has been developed by the American philosopher as he wanted to differentiate between the doer, what is said and what is meant. To address this issue, Grice established four maxims in which following them would result in a cooperative communication, as following cooperative principles is a cooperation to cut the differences between what is said and what is meant (speaker and receiver). It is worth mentioning that these cooperative principles are composed of these maxims; quantity, quality, relevance and the maxim of manner. Each one of these maxims has many branches, it could be said that Grice’s maxims support a meaningful communication. However, breaking cooperative principles developed further and it was researched. Research studies were conducted on dialogue, and in this research the importance was given to breaking the maxim of quantity in Kurdish “hayranok” as it is one of communication arts that is said in the form of dialogue. Breaking the maxim of quantity is related to going beyond the quantity of saying and going beyond the necessity of what is common in that saying. In this research, a number of examples has been explained practically.