Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

The study deals with the impact of the erosion process on agricultural lands in Al-Zab district, as it is one of the areas affected by this geomorphic activity according to the variation in surface appearances and the impact of the climate there, especially the element of rain, which had the most prominent impact on this phenomenon and the extent of its impact on agricultural lands, especially in rainy years, which constituted an obstacle to farmers after the deterioration of land due to erosion.
The present study revealed that the soils in the study area were classified into three types: brown soils of deep thickness, brown soils of medium thickness, and red soils of medium thickness.
The results of the classification of soil erosion in the study area according to
the Bergsma classification also showed that there are seven levels of erosion types according to their severity, starting from the first degree to the seventh degree, as the range of light erosion is represented by degrees (first, second, and third) and at a rate of (37%) of the area of the study area, while the moderate erosion range includes grades (fourth and fifth) and its rate reached (35%) of the area, the extent of severe erosion is represented by degrees (sixth and seventh) and its percentage reached (28%) of the total area.

Educational services are considered one of the most important services through which the level of the state is measured, especially in the age of witnessing rapid development. The development of these societies and the construction of their cultural renaissance depend on them. It includes studying the geographical and spatial features of the region through using data of geographic information systems. In order to reach the results of this research, spatial modeling was used in studying and analyzing the distribution of primary schools and monitoring the resulting impact with matching the analysis data with a number of students and their characteristics. It can contribute to form decisions about the types of school buildings and their suitability for the increasing number of students. The needs, opportunities and challenges facing school building planning can be identified through random processes with spatial self-connection and require link modeling goal. The study relied on the systems analysis approach in dealing with geographic data according to the spatial analysis approach. The study concludes that the possibility of distributing schools and the resulting effects that lead to an imbalance according to the population ratio and revealing the nature of this impact.

By analyzing drought and its directions using the Drought Survey Index, it became evident that drought waves in Iraq are intensifying in both frequency and severity. The general trend analysis also indicated that the index (RDI) tends to decrease in its recorded values over time, which signifies an increase in the severity of drought conditions. Furthermore, a model developed to assess drought risks—based on the changes in severity and frequency of drought waves—revealed that the undulating region is more susceptible to drought risks compared to the rest of the study area over the past few decades. This is attributed to the rising frequency and severity of droughts, as well as the deepening of drought conditions, resulting from the northward shift of the rainfall line (300 mm) towards northern Iraq. Consequently, this region has entered a zone characterized by unreliable rainfall typical of semi-humid areas, which is one of the outcomes of global climate change, from which Iraq is not exempt. Additionally, an analysis of two models for the wet (1992-1993) and dry (2009-2010) seasons concerning the vegetation cover index demonstrated that dense and very dense vegetation is more adversely affected than other types of vegetation cover in the study area during periods of drought. This is due to reduced rainfall and increased evapotranspiration resulting from rising temperatures.

It is certain that roads are the links between the facilities of life as a whole .Since the development of methods is extremely important, their efficiency is an important criterion. The research problem stemmed from the need for a standard that determines the actual efficiency of the road. If there is no indicator among the indicators for measuring road efficiency, it measures the actual efficiency of the roads, which means the extent of time wasted on the roads in relation to the speed assigned to it, based on measuring the delay time on the road due to bumps. The check points and the disabled distance, which means the distance in which the vehicle’s speed reaches less than 5 km/hour. The research came to apply the actual efficiency index on the main road (Baghdad - Mosul), explaining what is actual competency? How is it measured? What is the actual efficiency of the methods under study. It was based on a major problem that land transport roads suffer from bumps and cracks that force the driver to stop the vehicle while on the road several times, which increases the time wasted on the road. To know that time, there was a need to find an indicator that measures that time and translates the results according to a standard that determines the actual efficiency of the road. Several secondary problems emerged from it, the most important of which are: What is the actual efficiency of roads (Baghdad - Mosul)? Is there a discrepancy in the actual efficiency of the road between Baghdad and Tikrit, the center of Saladin Governorate, and between Tikrit and Mosul? The research reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which was that the actual efficiency of the road varied, as its rate between Tikrit and Mosul was very high, reaching 90%, compared to the efficiency between Baghdad and Tikrit, where the efficiency reached only 70%.

The era of vertical housing in the city of Mosul is considered relatively recent compared to the developed world, although what was prevalent and still is the horizontal model, and the goal of vertical housing is to limit the urban expansion that most cities are witnessing, especially third world cities, and thus there is an economy in residential lands as well as the services that are provided to these residential stores, and that vertical housing is represented by two types: low-rise vertical housing, which rises to a limit of five floors, and these buildings do not use automatic elevators. The other type is high-rise residential buildings in which there is a need for automatic elevators. The basic designs of all the major cities (Baghdad, Mosul, Basra, Kirkuk) that were prepared in the seventies of the last century gave some attention to vertical housing, as the basic design of the city of Mosul stressed the need for the percentage of residential units of the vertical housing type to be 15% of the total.

Tourism as a productive sector occupies an important position in the economies of many developed countries, due to its effective contribution to national income and national investments, employment of labor and reducing the size of unemployment. The study area of (4736) km2 extends between two latitudes (54 37 35 - 35 36) north and longitude (12 35 42 - 59 32 43) east.
Thus, we can clarify through research the basic role of natural and human geographical foundations and their influential role in sustainable tourism development in Mosul. Based on these variables, Spatial Statistics Tools were relied upon where it gave a visual image aware of the elected tourist places and showed us that Mosul comes in first place in the development processes according to the results shown by the study, and the direction of the sites took the north-south oval direction, which is thus the best sites for the development process and the provision of tourism services, and using the neighborhood link tool The results showed that the pattern of tourist sites is of the clustered type and that the value of Z is -3.38 and the closest ratio of neighborhood link is 0.70, which represents a form of the shapes of the mathematics of the place are secreted by a set of factors called pattern analysis, which represents the sum of the locations of phenomena in the place

The European Union represents a geographical, economic and political unit with multiple geographical characteristics and features. It is an international organization that includes 27 countries on the European continent. After World War II and during the Cold War period, it was necessary to establish the European Union to unify the countries of Western Europe, and to develop multi-dimensional policies, and the process was gradual. The integration of European countries has succeeded since 1957 in imposing itself on economic balances for decades by establishing economic, political, security and cultural unity. The problem of the research was “that the emergence of the Union came about as a result of motives and obstacles, and that the Union faces challenges that affect its future.” The research aims to analyze the institutional structure of the European Union and identify the challenges that it will affect its political and economic future.

The study aims at investigating the city of Zubair and to what extent visual pollution influences its commercial streets. Moreover it endeavors to examine the most important aspects and causes of this pollution, the factors that lead to its occurrence and to what extent it spreads throughout the city. The study concludes that the weak role of the municipal is the main reason of visual pollution. Furthermore there are not any laws that could prevent people from creating visual pollution especially not using colors or designs that are unfit for the city

Studying the agricultural reality is important. The agricultural reality in the Middle Euphrates region may be of great importance because it is surrounded by rapid population growth, so the research reveals that the study of the Euphrates River basin between Al-Shanifiyah and Al-Samawah by examining the quantitative characteristics related to the chemical and physical characteristics and their relationship to agricultural production.
The results of the research revealed that the Euphrates River water suffe from high salinity within the river section between AlShanifiyah and Samawah, and an increase in the concentration of dissolved ions causing salinity in the Euphrates River water was found without treatment with an increase in the river slope.
The Euphrates River water is considered to have severe and increasing problems for some water characteristics according to the classification of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Cities are densely populated centers that offer numerous job opportunities and provide essential education, health, and social services. However, they also serve as focal points for exacerbated issues, such as various forms of pollution and inadequate municipal services. Poor housing conditions, which range from overcrowded accommodations to shantytowns and informal settlements, exemplify the challenges faced by urban residents. Consequently, cities require resources and strategies to address the diverse needs of their communities, along with an administration capable of resolving these issues within the constraints of available material and human resources. It is essential to implement a comprehensive set of mechanisms, procedures, and measures aimed at managing urban phenomena. This includes controlling urban growth, addressing urban challenges, and enhancing the overall quality of life, all of which are vital for achieving sustainable urban development.

The research aims to determine the rate of death cases in Iraq and the environmental performance index for Iraq for the period (2008-2022) and how to find a correlation between them and their type, by deriving the Pearson relationship with regard to the important results: changes in deaths for the population of Iraq for the period (2008-2022), from 7 deaths per 1,000 people up to 4.8 deaths per 1,000 people for the year 2022. The instability of Iraq’s ranking according to environmental performance values for the period (2008-2022), as it was ranked 135th globally out of 149 participating countries, achieving 53.9 points for the year 2008, and its global ranking fell to 169th place, achieving improvement. Only 27.8 points Among 180 countries for the year 2022. Ischemic heart disease was the highest cause compared to the rates of other causes of death for the Iraqi population, as deaths from it accounted for 11% of the total deaths of the Iraqi population for the year 2022. The highest rate of population deaths resulting from the infection of cancerous tumors was recorded for those with a tumor in tracheostomy, which reached 16% of the total mortality rate, and the Pearson correlation coefficient between the general mortality rate and the values of the environmental performance index in Iraq for the period (2008-2022) was (0.41), meaning the relationship is direct (positive).

Water is the most essential resource for human survival, serving as a fundamental element in sustaining life. Its significance is particularly evident in urban development, where it supports a variety of economic, cultural, recreational, and aesthetic activities. It is important to highlight the region's vast potential, which is closely tied to its riverfronts. Consequently, a field study was conducted to assess the current state of the Euphrates River and its banks, aiming to identify the challenges that affect residents' lives and hinder spatial development in accordance with Iraqi legislation and laws. Key issues include pollution and violations that undermine the area's importance, posing serious environmental and health risks. A questionnaire was distributed to gather the opinions of local residents, which will inform development strategies based on scientific principles that align with community needs. To preserve the river and enhance its utility, a series of solutions tailored to the study area were proposed to promote economic activities. The study concludes with findings and recommendations for future action.

The state is responsible for formulating its policies regarding neighboring countries. A weak state often finds itself subordinate to its neighbors, lacking legitimacy and exhibiting minimal political decision-making. Consequently, it is vulnerable to the whims of geographically adjacent nations. In contrast, strong states act as decision-makers, often serving as arenas for the resolution of conflicts involving other countries, as seen in Iraq. These powerful nations become centers for issuing directives that affect their neighboring countries, leaving weaker states with little choice but to comply. The existence of borders creates areas of isolation and separation between countries and peoples, which can have significant economic, social, and psychological repercussions. Borders may hinder social interactions among populations, even when there are shared religious, ethnic, or clan affiliations. As a result, borders frequently become sources of psychological distress for individuals on both sides. Reason: Improved clarity, vocabulary, and technical accuracy while maintaining the original meaning.
The political borders generally appear as horizontal lines on the Earth's surface. However, these borders are vertical in three-dimensional space, extending from the sky down to the Earth's surface. Despite this, the boundaries of sovereign airspace have not yet been clearly defined. Additionally, disputes arise not only over shared mineral resources between countries but also regarding sovereignty over maritime areas and the submerged land beneath them.

The research aimed to:
1- Build a training program for biology teachers according to the dimensions of scientific culture.
2- Know the impact of the program on the teaching performance of biology teachers for the second intermediate grade.
To achieve the research goal, the researcher followed the procedures of the descriptive and experimental approaches. The researcher prepared a training program that included educational objectives and the preparation of accompanying activities and educational tools. The researcher verified its validity by presenting it to a group of experts and arbitrators.
The training program extended from Wednesday 11/15/2023 to Tuesday 11/28/2023, with two sessions, each session lasting an hour and a half. The data were analyzed and processed using the pre- and post-test and the effect size equation (Cohen). The researcher used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (20- SPSS) and the Microsoft Excel program in data processing.
The results of the statistical analysis of the research showed the following:
There is a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the teachers of the experimental group and the teachers who studied using the training program in the pre-application and their average scores in the post-application of the teaching performance observation card in all areas (planning, implementation, personal characteristics, classroom management, use of educational technologies, and in the field of evaluation).
Through the results of the current research, the researcher came up with a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions

This paper addresses the importance of forming a positive self-image of the individual, which in turn contributes to enhancing personal attractiveness, as individuals who enjoy a positive self-image are more confident in themselves and more effective in their interaction with society. The research finds that an attractive personality is related to the individual's lifestyle, behavior, and way of interacting with his environment, and affects his social relationships and his pursuit of self-realization. The research aims to study the concept of "attractive personality" among Tikrit University students, focusing on measuring the level of this trait among students, and knowing the differences between the sexes in this aspect. The research is based on the observation that people, despite their differences and diversity, share some traits with others, and are distinguished by unique individual traits that make them either attractive or not. Personal attractiveness is an important element in the success of individuals in their social relationships, and affects their ability to interact and adapt with others. The number of sample consists of 150 students, where the researcher prepared a tool to measure a positive self-image, following the necessary steps to extract validity and stability. The reliability coefficient of the first tool using the Cronbach's alpha method reached 0.84, which indicates a good level of reliability. After confirming the validity and reliability coefficients of the tools used to measure the research variables, the two scales were applied to the sample members. After collecting the data using the research forms, they were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program.

Holistic thinking and cognitive motivation are the main concepts in the current study. The concept of holistic thinking was interpreted in light of Sternberg’s theory (1993), while cognitive motivation was interpreted in light of Osbell’s theory (1978).
Thinking is described as one of the most complex forms of human behavior, and it is considered one of the most important characteristics that distinguishes man from other creatures. This distinction results from the structure of his brain and its complexity compared to the structure of simple animals.
To achieve the objectives of this research, the researchers adopted two scales, one of which is to measure holistic thinking (Mahmoud 2008), which is based on Sternberg’s theory. The number of its items reached (37) items, and after the discriminant validity procedures, none of the items were deleted, and the reliability of the retest method for holistic thinking was (0.80), and the Cronbach method is (0.83). As for the cognitive motivation scale, it was prepared according to Ausbel’s theory (Al-Tarihi, 2014), and it was relied upon in the current research, as the number of its items reached (49) After discriminating validity procedures, no items were dropped from it. As for reliability The retest method for the cognitive motivation scale is (0.84), while the Cronbach method is (0.85). These two measures were applied to a sample of educational counselors, the number of which was (70) male and female educational counselors, who were chosen by a random stratified method from the Second Rusafa Education Directorate, distributed equally according to a variable. Gender: The current research consists of several objectives:
1. Measuring holistic thinking among educational counselors.
2. Measuring the cognitive motivation of educational counselors.
3. Identifying differences in holistic thinking according to gender (males - females) among educational counselors.
4. Identifying the differences in cognitive motivation according to gender (males - females) among educational counselors.
5. Finding the correlation between holistic thinking and cognitive motivation among educational counselors.
After collecting the data and processing it statistically using the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, and the Pearson correlation coefficient using the statistical package (SPSS). As for the results of the research, the two researchers concluded that the sample members have comprehensive thinking and also enjoy a very high cognitive motivation. Differences in gender between males and females in holistic thinking. The results showed in favor of males, meaning that males are more holistic thinking than females, while differences in cognitive motivation also depend on gender. Males have more cognitive motivation than females. The correlation between the two variables was found to be a correlation. There is a statistically significant difference between holistic thinking and cognitive motivation, meaning that the more comprehensive thinking increases, the cognitive motivation increases among people. The researchers have reached many recommendations and proposals, as mentioned in the current study

The objective of the current research is to assess the level of academic determination among middle school students. To achieve this goal, the researcher employed a descriptive approach and randomly selected a sample of 120 male and female students. The researcher developed the Academic Grit Scale, which comprised 44 items in its final version. The apparent and construct validity of the tool were verified, and its reliability was assessed using two methods. The first method involved retesting, which was conducted with 60 male and female students from Al-Shaheed School. The reliability coefficient obtained was 0.89, indicating high reliability. The second method utilized internal consistency, measured by Cronbach’s alpha, which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.84, a strong indicator of the scale's reliability.

The current research aims to identify the key factors. Moreover, it seeks identifying the various levels of cognitive representation among university students and the levels of conscientiousness and vitality among university students. It tries to show the relationship between cognitive representations of information and the vitality of conscience among university students.
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher developed a cognitive representation scale and adopted a conscience vitality scale. These two scales were administered to a sample of 300 university students, comprising 150 males and 150 females. After completing the standardization procedures for both scales, they were applied to the research sample. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The results indicated that university students exhibit a strong level of cognitive representation and a high sense of conscience vitality, as well as a positive correlation between the two variables. In light of these findings, the researcher formulated a set of recommendations and proposals.

This research aimed to assess the level of psychological stability among students in Arabic Departments at the University of Anbar. The researchers utilized the psychological stability scale developed by Sadiq (2012), which consists of 24 items, after removing certain items to align with the study's objectives. This scale served as the primary tool for data collection. The researchers conducted validity and reliability analyses, and after confirming the internal and external consistency of the scale, they prepared the final version electronically using Google Forms.

The problem of developmental learning difficulties is one of the serious educational problems that in turn leads to the creation of social, psychological and family problems for individuals from an early age, as it hinders their ability to reach their goals and satisfy their needs, and then makes them live in a constant psychological conflict, for example they cannot integrate with their normal peers, and they are not satisfied with life in their limited world as long as they know that there are healthy individuals who mix with them, which makes them feel that they do not belong to others. Then they will tend to isolation and withdrawal. Developmental learning difficulties are lifelong problems that require continuous understanding and assistance from primary school to secondary school and beyond. This problem has a significant impact not only on the classroom and academic achievement but also on children's play and daily activities, as well as their ability to make friends. Therefore, helping these children by diagnosing these difficulties means more than just organizing educational study programs at school. For this reason, the researcher decided to develop a proposed questionnaire to diagnose developmental learning difficulties, through which developmental learning difficulties can be detected among children in the first primary stage compared to their peers from other children in the same special education class. Therefore, the research aimed to (diagnose students who suffer from developmental learning difficulties in the first primary stage). To achieve this, the researcher constructed a questionnaire consisting of (22) items based on a group of Arabic and foreign sources and references. She also extracted the validity and reliability coefficients for the questionnaire paragraphs. After the researcher finished constructing the questionnaire, she applied it by presenting it to the special education teacher at (Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari) School in order to answer the symptoms suffered by two students who suffer from learning difficulties in his class. The research results showed that one of the students was suffering from these symptoms compared to the other student.

The current research aims to identify the level of reciprocal thinking among intermediate school students and to develop an educational program designed to enhance this skill. Additionally, the study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program in fostering reciprocal thinking among these students. In light of this objective, the researcher formulated the following hypothesis: there is no statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-test scores in the development of reciprocal thinking among middle school students. To assess this hypothesis, the researcher created a reciprocal thinking scale consisting of 40 items, and its psychometric properties were validated. The scale was administered to a sample of 24 students, yielding a reliability coefficient of 0.81, which is considered a good percentage. The research produced the following results: ### Reason: The revised text improves clarity and readability by restructuring sentences, enhancing vocabulary, and correcting grammatical errors. It also maintains the original meaning while ensuring technical accuracy.
Preparatory school students often do not engage in interactive thinking. The experimental group demonstrated more interactive thinking than the control group during the educational program lessons.

The current research aims to identify psychological resilience among middle school students and to examine the statistically significant differences in psychological resilience based on gender (males vs. females) and academic branch (scientific vs. literary). In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a psychological resilience scale. The validity and reliability of the scale were verified, and the discriminatory power of the scale items was assessed using the T-Test for two independent samples. The final version of the scale comprised 44 items. Reliability was evaluated using both the retest method and Cronbach's alpha. The scale was administered to a research sample of 300 male and female students from the preparatory stage for the academic year 2023-2024, selected through a stratified random sampling method. The data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS statistical package, with assistance from a statistical expert. The results indicated that preparatory stage students exhibit a high level of psychological resilience. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in psychological resilience based on gender or academic branch among middle school students. In light of these findings, the researcher formulated several recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the magnet poles strategy on the achievement of second-year intermediate school students in Arabic grammar. To achieve this objective, the researchers formulated the null hypothesis:
There are no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the average scores of students in the experimental group, who study using the magnet poles strategy, and the average scores of students in the control group, who study using the traditional method of achievement.
The researchers employed an experimental method with partial control after randomly selecting a sample of students from Amin Allah Intermediate School for Boys in the city of Diwaniyah to conduct their experiment. The research sample comprised 64 second-year middle school students (first semester of the academic year 2023-2024). The researchers developed an achievement test in Arabic, consisting of 44 questions divided into two sections: the first section included 38 multiple-choice questions with four alternatives, while the second section contained six essay questions. The researchers ensured the test's validity and reliability by presenting it to a group of specialists Arabic and its teaching methods.
The researchers obtained the following results: There are statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the average scores of the students in the experimental group, who studied Arabic using the two magnets strategy, and the average scores of the students in the control group, who studied using the traditional method, on the achievement test. These differences favor the experimental group.
The study concluded that the strategy ifnvolving the two magnets aligns with contemporary educational practices and effectively stimulates students' motivation. They recommended adopting the two magnets strategy as one of the modern teaching methodologies. Additionally, the researchers suggested conducting a similar study for other educational levels

The aim of the research is to know the effect of the constructive Whitrick's model on probing thinking in the subject of geography for fifth-grade literary students. In line with the research objectives, the researcher used the experimental method and the experimental design for two independent equal groups. The total sample consisted of (68) students, with (35 students) in the experimental group and (33 students) in the control group. Whitrick's model was used in teaching the experimental group, while the control group was taught in the usual way. After that, a test of probing thinking skills was built consisting of (30) paragraphs in which the two research groups were tested. The statistical program (SPSS) was used to extract the data. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group.

The current study addresses a vital and important topic, which is time management and its relationship to the psychological stability experienced by an important segment of Iraqi society, namely middle school students. The study aimed to identify: the level of time management among middle school students, the level of psychological stability among middle school students, and the nature of the relationship between time management and psychological stability among middle school students. The current research was limited to middle school students in Tikrit Center (males_furniture), for morning studies for the academic year (2022_2023). To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built two scales of time management and adoption and psychological stability. The two scales were applied to a random sample of (400) male and female students. The data were collected and processed statistically using the statistical program (SPSS). The study reached the following results: The degree of exposure of the middle school students sample to time management is high. The level of psychological stability among the research sample is high. There is a strong relationship between time management and psychological stability.© 2024 JTUH, College of Education for Human Sciences, Tikrit University

The current research aims to identify In order to achieve the researcher's goal, the researcher formulated two hypotheses:
1) At the level of significance (0.05), there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students of the two groups of beginners who study according to the theory of successful intelligence and the average scores of the students of the control group who study in the usual way. Method in the progressive test for the development of sustainable thinking.
2) There is a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group taught according to the theory of successful intelligence and the average scores of the students of the control group taught according to the usual method in the achievement test for the development of sustainable thinking.
3) There is no statistical difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of students of the experimental group taught according to the theory of successful intelligence and the average scores of students of the control group taught according to the usual method in the achievement test for the development of sustainable thinking.
The sample consisted of students of Tikrit University for the academic year 2023-2024, and a sample was selected from students of the university / the third stage of the Faculty of Education for Human Sciences, Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences.
It amounted to (40) students, (20) for the experimental group and (20) for the control group, and the two study groups were randomized by several variables, namely: (chronological age, intelligence, prior experiences, and thinking) and it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the two research groups at the significance level (0.05), which means that the two groups are equivalent.
The model was prepared according to a teaching plan for each of the two groups, and the achievement test was prepared, consisting of (30) paragraphs