Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

Interest in ethnicity began since the beginning of the last century, and it has become the axis around which most discussion revolve in the field of social sciences. In fact, studies of the concepts of ethnicity include many conflicts of different nature .without differentiating between the degrees of social distinction between these groups or differentiating between the political regimes that govern this country. The neo- conservatives realized that weakening Iraq to the minimum limits or dividing it can only be done through a sectarian project on the one hand ,and a chauvinian on the other hand. On this basis, they developed the theory of the three components of Iraq: Shiites, Sunnis, and Kurds ,as this theory included the fragmentation of the Arabs of Iraq first, and then Iraq second, by abolishing its Arab identity, and pushing the sectarian project forward in preparation for its consolidation and giving it a legal and realistic constitutional character. this is what actually happened, starting with the composition of the Transitional Governing Council, and ending with the Representative Council, according to the sectarian and racial quota policy .The theory of three components aimed at robbing Iraq of its Arab identity in a simple, automatic and intelligent way ,by detonating blind sectarianism ,which works to disperse Iraq and turn it into sectarian or chauvinistic federations by creating a multi- region with powers and prerogatives that the central government does not have.

Alliances and blocs are a type of political, military and economic alliances that are formed between countries to achieve common goals and protect their interests. Historically, these alliances have played a pivotal role in shaping the international system and directing the paths of conflicts and cooperation between countries. Understanding alliances and blocs gives us a deeper insight into how countries interact with each other in the international arena and the impact of this on global stability and security. These alliances and blocs also represent a powerful tool for enhancing cooperation and achieving common goals. The BRICS countries aspire to end American global leadership, especially Russia, China and other countries that reject unipolarity. They are trying to have a place in the pyramid of international powers. They have worked to unify their efforts to achieve integration in strategic action and activate their role in international affairs and end unipolarity. BRICS has the capabilities that qualify it to reshape the international system, but the differences between some of its members represent a challenge to its future work. Its goals will not be achieved without collective action, as one of the pillars supporting multipolarity with the aim of granting it freedom of movement in international relations is the ultimate goal of BRICS is a political group that uses economic mechanisms to achieve political goals.

The nature and type of the relationship between the President of the Republic and the Parliament depends on the nature and form of the prevailing system of government within the state and the constitutional organization of this system. Looking at the constitutions of countries, we find that each system of government has drawn a specific path for the President of the Republic that differs from the system in place in other countries. If the political system is parliamentary, then we find that most of the affairs of government are managed by the Parliament, not by the President of the Republic. However, if the political system is presidential, then we find that the role of Parliament is reduced and limited to the legislative and supervisory authority. In Iraq, the constitution adopted the parliamentary system as a method of government based on the presence of a President of the Republic, a ministry and a Parliament. The role of the President of the Republic is formal and protocol-based, and is closer to ruling between the authorities than being an actual head of state. The powers of the President of the Republic are determined according to the method of his selection. If the President is elected by the people, then he enjoys broad powers, but if he is elected by the Parliament, this leads to him enjoying few powers. This is what was achieved in Iraq under the text of Article (61) of the Constitution, which stipulated that the President of the Republic be elected by the representatives..

National security is the cornerstone of the vital foundations that are indispensable in building human societies, embodying the will of peoples and striving towards achieving sustainable development, the compass that determines the path of nations’ progress and prosperity. It is a shield that protects individuals and groups from all risks, whether internal or external, and its pillars are established on solid foundations of strong institutions, effective justice, and comprehensive peace. This enables individuals to enjoy a variety of options and immerse themselves in their daily activities without being obstructed by any threat that hinders or leads to the decline or stagnation of the process of creativity and production. Development and security are two sides of the same coin, inseparable from each other, in an integrated relationship in which development is based on the pillar of good governance, to build effective and sustainable national security. Good governance, based on transparency, accountability, and participation, enhances the state’s ability to provide security and strengthens trust between citizens and state institutions, which contributes to building cohesive societies capable of facing challenges. The role of modern technology in enhancing national security through the development of monitoring and surveillance systems, and improving rapid response capabilities to crises and disasters, contributing to building a safe and stable environment that enhances opportunities for development and prosperity; national security is not just protection from threats, but rather an integrated system that contributes to building (free, just, and prosperous) societies that achieve the aspirations of their peoples for a better future.

In the context of Iranian political thought, the issue is more complex and controversial, because Iranian thought is based on religious and ideological foundations. Despite the fact that secular thought in its Western concept is not accepted within contemporary Iranian thought, this is due to it being a human system that is not in harmony with the Iranian environment with its religious foundations. Therefore, what is divine cannot be replaced with what is man-made. However, at the same time, there is no objection to benefiting from intellectual and philosophical foundations. Western secularism and its attempt to apply it in the fields of politics, which led to the existence of political proposals represented in two directions: a direction opposed to Iranian politics and the rule of the clergy and the political system represented by the guardianship of the jurist, the proposal of the secular democratic government, as it adopted secularism in its comprehensive form, and another direction, such as secularism in its partial form, its proposals emerged from the womb of the consensual trend of secularism, such as the religious democratic government that does not harmonize with any society except the religious society, because the best political system for non-religious societies lies in the democratic system based on positive foundations, and therefore any religious government will be undemocratic in Iranian society

The political role of any part of the society, including the Iraqi society, is important because it prepares the citizens for political participation and thus the belief in the peaceful transfer of power and at the same time make them satisfied with the political authority because they are part of it or can be if the usual political requirements are fulfilled in them. Sabian Mandaeans are genuine part of the Iraqi society who lived there from ancient times and participated with other Iraqis in the Building of the state .They hoped that the change in the political system in 2003 would be for the best ,but as a minority they suffered .Although they hoped to be part of the political process they faced obstacles like other minorities in Iraq .From here we try to build our assumption that the political role of the Mandaeans depends on their proportion in the society and the scope open to them for political participation.

Children who engage in armed conflicts in Iraq, whether directly or indirectly, pose a multidimensional threat to national security. Terrorist organizations such as ISIS exploit their psychological and social vulnerability, taking advantage of poverty, ignorance, and lack of opportunities to turn them into tools for executing their violent agendas. These children are not only victims; they are transformed into active participants in carrying out terrorist operations, deepening the security crisis and creating a generation of psychologically damaged youth programmed for violence. More dangerously, if these children are not dealt with properly, they become part of a continuous cycle of violence and terrorism. Besides, societally, they are considered as a permanent threat, which exacerbates social and psychological divisions. Therefore, rehabilitating these children and reintegrating them into society is a top priority. This requires comprehensive programs that include education and psychological and social support and building integrated awareness systems within the communities. Moreover, the role of the government and society in this area is essential, as these challenges are too great for any single country to face alone. They require internal coordination to ensure the sustainability of rehabilitation efforts and prevent the re-recruitment of these children. This issue is not merely about individual rehabilitation.

There are many countries with a regional and international presence that work to compete, balance, and sometimes excel against the Japanese role, namely China, which possesses the elements and mechanisms of competition at the regional and international levels. Japan realizes that the size of the power that China possesses must be confronted with methods and tools of counter-power in order to achieve its national interests in light of regional and international competition, especially in light of political problems and disagreements over many issues, including the historical issue of the practices of the Japanese Empire against China, the issue of the East and South China Seas, the problems of the islands and the exclusive economic zone, determining the point of airspace and the American presence in the region, and Japan following the policy of the United States in some of its dealings with China, and other disagreements. Therefore, given the importance that China enjoys in the Japanese strategic perception, and with the continued competition between the two countries in leading the region and the continuation of existing disagreements, Japan has tried in the twenty-first century to deal with China using various tools in order to achieve its goals.

The research aims primarily to reveal the role assigned to civil society organizations to empower Iraqi women politically after 2003. In light of the growing and increasing role of civil society organizations in Iraq after the change in the internationalization of women's issues and empowering them with all their human rights in all areas of life, especially in the political field in Iraqi society after the democratic transformation through their effective contribution to the movement of change in order to establish a democratic society based on respect for women's human rights, imbued with the principles of gender equality on the one hand, with the term empowerment occupying a prominent position on the agenda of the Iraqi political system after 2003 on the other hand.
Civil society organizations are among the most important channels of popular participation, although they do not engage in direct political activity and do not seek to gain political power. However, the members of these institutions are the most prepared sectors of society to engage in democratic activity. As the most prominent tools of political action channels, civil society institutions cannot be effective in the context of the democratic process without a cultural framework that helps to consolidate the values and principles of democratic practice. There must be real solidarity between civil society institutions on the main issues and cracks that Iraqi women suffer from.

It has become clear that the national security of any country in our contemporary world constitutes a pivotal issue at the top of the pyramid of strategic priorities, according to the characteristics of the performance of the country in the strategic environment and at the regional and international levels. Every country has a comprehensive strategy based on specific areas in which it determines the nature of threats and risks and how to deal with these risks in a way that serves the supreme national interests, and thus guarantees national security in all its dimensions (political, economic, social, military) and makes it the basis for its movement within its society first, and with its regional environment second, and its interactions in the international system third. Therefore, the role of strategy revolves around formulating and achieving the national security of the country. It is the means that enables the country to define its national goals and diagnose opportunities and challenges, which is positively reflected in the effectiveness of the country in the international arena. In addition, strategy is considered an essential element in maintaining the stability of the country and enhancing its security by organizing and directing its resources and forces effectively to deal with security challenges.

This study deals with the political employment of human rights principles within the framework of international cooperation and conflict and the phenomenon of terrorism in the foreign policy strategy of the United States of America, a case study, as there is a relationship between politics and political employment at the theoretical and practical levels. The study aimed to clarify the concept and term of political employment and the concept of international cooperation and conflict and what results from them at the practical level of attempts to politicize the humanitarian principles of human rights due to the exploitation of awareness and community and civil work at the regional and international levels.The importance of this study lies in the fact that it studies the mechanisms and tools of employment that countries have carried out under the name of protecting human rights.

Cyber attacks have become a major threat to cyber security in the arena of contemporary global interactions. And since cyber attacks are global in nature, ensuring cyber security is of great importance at the national, regional and international levels. National cyber security strategies have become more important for any country. And in this The Framework, we find that the United States of America is working to enhance and develop its cyber security strategy in light of the increasing cyber attacks on its security.

The research shows that Western modernity entered the Arab world in the nineteenth century AD, It has multiple meanings, and modernity still faces a problem that prevents its realization in this world. Therefore, Arab thinkers were busy diagnosing this problem and trying to address it, Among them are (Samir Amin, Ali Harb, Hisham Djait), The work is organized into two chapters, in addition to an introduction and a conclusion. The first explains the function of modernity and its development, and the second studies the problem of modernity among Arab thinkers (selected models).

Narrative visions are almost different upon the nature of the new threats that began to blow away the reality of international relations, especially the health threats, which highlighted the inability of governments capabilities to respond unilaterally in light of the humanitarian and material losses caused by the spread of global epidemics. With the escalation of the threat of epidemics and incurable diseases, which have become new threats to national security, security threats are considered a dynamic perception, some of which are internal and related to the possibility of the state's development failure and others that cross continents and borders, such as organized crime, smuggling, terrorism, which includes biological terrorism, for example. This leads to making asymmetric threats to be the first source of international security concern, and here health security is one of the asymmetric elements that threaten international peace and security, which created the need to find reassurances for the concept of security in all its fields, as the concept of health security imposes its place in the list of priorities for the security of countries, which imposes directing the capabilities of countries towards activating the principle of international cooperation to confront the danger of the global epidemic crisis,Health security constitutes a new type of security threat of a non-national intercontinental through the clear overlap between security And health, which has become one of the most prominent concerns of decision-makers in the world and scientists And doctors and specialists in global security affairs.

The cultural factor is considered one of the essential elements that assist researchers in the field of international politics in understanding and analyzing the positions and orientations of states on the global stage. According to the behavioral theory in international relations, a state's behavior is merely an extension of the behavior of individuals within it, especially the decision-makers who belong to that state's society and are influenced by the prevailing culture. Society itself forms a pressing local public opinion on decision-makers, which is naturally influenced by the values, customs, traditions, and prevailing religious and intellectual beliefs that individuals inherit from generation to generation, along with their historical, cultural, and civilizational heritage. This complex whole—within specific geographical boundaries—constitutes what is known as the national culture of the state, which, in turn, contributes to shaping its ideals, national aspirations, and defining the objectives of its foreign policy. The contemporary Iranian political experience is one of the clearest examples that illustrates this idea. Despite the political revolution in 1979, which transformed Iran from a monarchy to an Islamic Republic and established the dominance of ideological religious factors over its foreign policy, the goals of achieving Iran's greatness and elevating its status, based on its historical and civilization heritage, as well as the ambition to revive the glories of its ancient empire, remain constant. These goals include enhancing its regional role and international presence, along with rejecting foreign intervention in its internal affairs and in the affairs of the region within its vital sphere. These principles have been and continue to be integral to the foreign policy of the Iranian state and the strategic mindset of its decision-makers, as they are an inseparable part of the national culture of its society.

China's policy towards the Arab region is based on the principle of partnership and mutual benefit in the first place, and after the events in the region in 2011 and the changes they produced, prompted China to seek to increase its role and influence, especially as it seeks to achieve a global role that would enable it to be a superpower, which prompted it to pursue an active policy in the region. Its diplomatic mediation is represented in resolving regional conflicts and crises, such as its mediation between Iran and Saudi Arabia recently. These roles and mediation seek to build its image as a responsible superpower and a challenge to American hegemony, with the aim of protecting its strategic interests and expanding the circle of its geopolitical influence in the region. This makes us predict transformations in China’s regional position, as its latest endeavors towards the region; he predicted a broad political role.

The political behavior of any country in the regional or international environment is an actual result of its foreign policy, and its success is linked to the role of political decision-makers and their awareness of everything that is happening in the international environment, which may achieve broad gains, most notably acquiring an important position regionally and even internationally, in addition to other advantages, including political, economic and social. This study shows the Sultanate of Oman, which has distinguished itself from the rest of the countries of the region with its positions and orientations towards the events of the region and its controversial and conflicting interactions, through its political behavior that focused on positive neutrality and its employment within the orientations of its foreign policies for more than seven decades and up to the present time towards the crises and issues that have occurred in the region, which in turn have created a state of instability, but the Sultanate of Oman's adherence to its neutral behavior and the use of mediation and dialogue has given it important gains in strengthening its position, and it has become a reliable regional and international party.

The Swiss political system adopts the principle of separation of powers, like other democratic systems. It is a system based on the principles of the council system (the assembly system), and is a system with a special character that differs from other systems of government. Most researchers and constitutional law experts considered it a successful system because it achieved political stability throughout the past period, and the legislative authority represented by the Federal Legislative Body, which is represented by a group of political parties with different class, religious, linguistic and sectarian orientations. This is due to the diversity of Swiss society, which consists of a group of different races and nationalities in terms of class, language and sect. It is the one with influence in the political system and it appoints the Federal Executive Council, which is the mechanism for implementing the federal general policy of a security, sovereign and political nature, in addition to the local executive councils in the Swiss cantons that are entrusted with implementing the local general policy of a service nature. The democracy followed in the Swiss political system is a democracy of consensus between the various parties and societal components .

The relationship between intellectuals and political authority is a subject of constant debate, especially in contemporary Arab political thought. By nature, the intellectual should possess political, social, and cultural awareness and make judgments independently of political authority. The intellectual's duty towards society is to convey their experiences and knowledge to contribute to its development and progress. Ali Harb is one of the most prominent Arab thinkers who has given significant attention to the relationship between intellectuals and authority. He criticized intellectuals, whether in Western or Arab political thought, which still requires critical engagement with the roles and responsibilities of intellectuals. Harb points to the fragility, isolation, and disengagement of intellectuals from leading, enlightening, and advancing society, weakening their discourse under the dominance of several illusions in their thinking. This led Ali Harb to propose an intellectual project through the employment of a deconstructionist approach to rebuild the role of the Arab intellectual.

Artificial intelligence and the new future horizons it opens have a profound impact that has begun to appear on various sectors and major developments in the lives of societies, but it seems that the limits of this impact are extended and cannot be predicted, especially after this intelligence has become one of the tools of the political arena, which witnesses daily activities. numerous; Most notably the presidential and parliamentary elections The American Elections “Artificial intelligence has become a new source of threat to the organization of elections, as it has raised great concerns about the possibility of using this technology to influence policies and rigging elections in terms of spreading misleading information by creating fake audio, video and image files, which leads to a lack of trust and a lack of discernment of facts, which leads to... Undermining the foundations of informed democratic decision-making.

Since the end of the Cold War, the world has witnessed a series of structural changes on which the process of international relations was based during the twentieth century. The environment was one of the most important, dangerous and complex contemporary issues. The subject of the environment and environmental studies began to receive the attention of specialists and public opinion, as it has become, for objective reasons, one of the most transnational issues, and its security represents an important dimension of world peace, national security and human rights, which emerged due to the development of environmental movements in developed countries, especially with the increasing recognition of the threats imposed by environmental change on security, especially human security. Therefore, the research problem that it addresses is based on the existence of a group of human and natural factors that contributed to the exacerbation of the phenomena of environmental pollution and were consequently reflected in the nature of international relations..

The change in the economy of power in the international system to express the ability to employ power at all levels, and when we read American strategic thought through ending the Cold War so far and we share this thought with the comprehensive united vision, towards a push to adopt comprehensive strategic thinking to secure its role and global position, and Iraq represents one of The most important trends in creative direction, plus it progresses through conflict and struggle to achieve ambitious wrestling ، Control has lost influence and position in the international power ladder, and now that Iraq represents a distinct geo-strategic location and an important source of energy, controlling it means controlling global communications and transportation nodes, and taking control of one of the largest strategic stocks of the People’s Energy.

Questioning the head of state in Arab constitutions is a theoretical issue, as it has never happened in the history of Arab countries and under the constitutions in force that the president was tried (before the fall of his regime or the revolution against him) for failing to fulfill his job duties, despite the breadth of powers enjoyed by Arab presidents. Hence, we find that this topic is worthy of study, especially since this topic has not been addressed. It must be noted that the vast majority of Arab constitutions stipulate the responsibility of the president for the crime of high treason, which is a crime that is controversial in its nature and scope, even in countries that have created this crime and questioned the president about it. In the wake of the recent developments expressed by the peoples by changing their presidents, it is necessary to rethink the responsibility of the head of state and to search for how to establish a balance between them and the powers granted to the head of state, given that the people are the source of powers.

Digital media has become an effective diplomatic tool, with Egypt relying on social media platforms and government websites to engage with the international audience, promote its policies, and highlight its regional role. This research discusses three key aspects of how digital media is used to build a positive image of Egypt at the international level. It also examines the impact of digital media on bilateral and regional relations, particularly in the Middle East and Africa, and its role in fostering cooperation in areas such as the economy, security, and culture. Additionally, the study explores the role of digital media in crisis management, enabling Egypt to present its official positions swiftly and effectively during international crises. The research concludes that digital media is an essential tool for enhancing Egypt’s global standing and achieving its foreign policy objectives.

The research deals with the subject of the extremist Islamic movement that appeared on the Somali science after the outbreak of the Somalia civil conflict that followed the fall of Said Barre regime in 1991.these movements contributed to many of the events that the conflict witnessed in the state of Somalia .this conflict .the research focused on the organizations of the Islamic courts and the mujahedeen youth .as they have directly contributed to increasing the intensity operations, especially with the American international intervention and Ethiopian intervention. The emergence of Isla mists as a resistance force to this intervention .these movements were also opposed o most of the transitional governments that resulted from the reconciliation conferences that were held in order to reach a solution to the Somalia civil conflict ,these movements adopted the method of armed action as an expression of their punitive principles based on armed jihad Against everyone who disagreed with their opinion to from this tendency extremism is one of the factors that hindered the peace building process in Somalia.

The Symbolic Violence consider as one of the most important modern concepts in social sciences, which related with western political thoughts. In fact, this kind of violence featured by using deferent means that been used in physical declared violence as symbolic, indication, language and culture. So, if the physical Violence aims to impose the will of the other by using declare force which lead to submit him, the Symbolic violence aims to impose him in way that couldn’t be felt, and this is the main feature that symbolic violence have. The symbolic Violence and the physical violence are participate in the same ideological system, which seek to impose the domination and control the others, but the nature of domination is deferent. Therefore, if the physical violence impose domination by force or power or any declared mean, which be able to effect on the conscious of the others and force them to submit, the symbolic violence aims to make the others submit without conscious and make it obvious and certain even who was been under the action of imposition is involved and practice it on himself and the others.

The voting trend of the Kurdish voter has been inclined towards non-historical parties, especially in the parliamentary elections held in Kurdistan since 2010. However, this trend did not indicate a shift in the voting trend of the Kurdish voter in the general parliamentary elections at the level of Iraq, as the two main parties continued to have the largest share of the Kurdish citizen’s vote in favor of the region’s “national” issue. However, in the first, there was a tangible change in the vote in favor of the new parties as a result of the political, social and economic conditions witnessed by the Kurdistan Region, especially the economic conditions, which witnessed deterioration in the conditions of the Kurdish citizen. While the voting trend was stable and did not affect the level of the general Iraqi parliamentary elections.