journal of Basic Sciences

The goal of the research is to identify the formal thinking of special education teachers, as well as to identify the differences in formal thinking according to the gender variable (male_females), and the descriptive approach was used to suit the purpose of the research, and the formal thinking scale was built by the researchers on According to the scientific steps in building psychological scales, it is (32) paragraphs, and after verifying the sycological properties of the scale, the scale was applied to the research sample, which consisted of (160) special education teachers working in the primary schools of the six directorates of education. (Al-Rusafa and Al-Karkh) for the academic year (2024-2025), the results of the research indicated that special education teachers enjoy a high level of formal thinking, the absence of statistically significant differences in formal thinking between males and females. Recommendations, according to the findings of the research, can benefit from this finding in future research and studies in formal thinking.

The research titled (Parliamentary opposition and its position on the government’s financial policy during the royal era - taxes as a model) deals with the study of the state’s financial policy and the developments that occurred in tax legislation in Iraq, where taxes formed an essential tool for achieving financial resources, creating widespread controversy between the
government and representatives.
The research reviews the most important tax laws that were proposed, such as property tax, land tax, and income tax, in addition to the criticisms directed by representatives of these laws, which often reflect a discrepancy between popular interests and the orientations of the ruling groups.
The research also discusses the impact of these taxes on the economic and
social situation of the Iraqi individual.
Many of the opposition positions of the representatives were not translated into actual steps to ease the burdens on citizens, but rather remained within
the framework of political discourse.
The research concludes that the tax system in Iraq during those periods was not completely fair, which negatively affected economic and social stability.

This study aims at finding out (The Effect of Using one-minute paper strategy in Developing creative thinking Among Seventh-Grade students in Social Subjects(.
To achieve the research objective, three hypotheses were formulated. The researchers used the experimental method in the research and chose the two-group equivalent design with a pre-test and post-test, which requires two groups, one experimental and the other control. The research community consisted of seventh-grade students in the center of Erbil Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). The research sample included (60) students, and was randomly distributed into the experimental group of (30) students, and the control group of (30) students. The experimental group studied according to the one-minute paper strategy, while the control group studied according to the traditional learning strategy.
The equivalence of the experimental and control groups was confirmed in a number of variables (the students’ age, the IQ score, the parents’ education level, the mothers’ education level, and the grades of the sixth-grade social sciences students for the academic year (2022-2023). To achieve the research objective, a creative thinking scale was prepared, with the number of its items in the final form reaching (74) items and its alternatives (agree, hesitant, disagree). Its validity was verified by presenting it to a group of specialized people, and its reliability was confirmed by (Alpha Cronbach). After applying the experimental and pre- and post-tests and processing the results, it was concluded that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in developing creative thinking. Therefore, it is recommended the necessity of adopting the one-minute paper strategy in teaching social sciences to seventh-grade students, and suggested conducting a similar study on other variables such as attitude and self-confidence.

Morphology is one of the most important sciences of Arabic, and Arabic speakers need it most, as it is the scale of Arabic and through it the origins of speech are known from the additions that enter into it, and derivation is not known except through it, and every researcher must be familiar with its general morphological rules and understand them, and in the terminology of morphologists it means the general rule under which partial matters fall, and this rule is based on evidence from the evidence of grammar and morphology. The Lamiyat al-Af’al by Ibn Malik (d. 672 AH) has received many commentaries, among these commentaries is the commentary of al-Tilimsani (d. 871 AH)

The advantage of using the EPM model is that it is considered one of the most appropriate models in diagnosing erosion levels over large areas, through the interaction between the various environmental factors of the region, and its application depends on the coefficient of temperature, rainfall, vegetation, and soil characteristics, in determining the processes causing the risks, after which a model is built. Accurate to measure amounts of water All of these coefficients were integrated into the GIS 10.8 program by adopting specific mathematical formulas to obtain erosion levels in the study area. Therefore, diagnosing erosion levels is extremely important to identify their risks and develop appropriate solutions for them. According to Gavrilovk erosion classifications, the study area falls within four levels (absence Erosion (weak erosion, moderate erosion, generalized erosion) in varying proportions. The study has proven the effectiveness of using modern techniques to calculate the levels of this model .

The aim of the research is to design a teaching strategy supported by evaluative thinking skills and to identify its effect on the lower and higher levels of Bloom's achievement of fourth-grade science students. To verify the effect, one null hypothesis was formulated, and a deliberate sample of fourth-grade science students from Al-Tariq Al-Mudi' Secondary School in Nineveh Governorate was selected for the academic year (2024-2025). Two sections (a) or (b) were randomly selected with (40) students in the experimental group who studied with the teaching strategy supported by evaluative thinking skills and (37) students in the control group who studied in the usual way. The equivalence process was carried out between the students of the two groups in the variables of age, the general average of the third middle grade, the mathematics score for the third middle grade, and the intelligence score. The necessary requirements for the research were also prepared, represented by identifying the scientific material, formulating the behavioral objectives for the specified material, preparing the teaching plans for teaching the experimental and control groups according to the strategy supported by evaluative thinking skills and the usual method. The researchers administered the achievement test in mathematics for the first three semesters that were studied. During the experiment period that was applied in the first semester, it consisted of (20) questions distributed over five varied questions between objective and essay questions with a specific answer. The researchers verified the apparent validity and the difficulty and distinction of its paragraphs, in addition to verifying its stability, which reached (0.841)degrees The experiment continued for a full semester, with four lessons per week, so that the total number of lessons was (40) lessons. Teaching continued from 10/1/2024 to 12/22/2024. After that, the researchers applied the achievement test to the two groups of the research sample after announcing its date a week ago. The researchers used the statistical program SPSS to analyze the research results data, in addition to the Microsoft Excel program. As the second test was used For two independent samples and the Chi-square test to verify the equivalence of the two research sample groups and Cronbach's alpha law and the discrimination coefficient of the test items. After collecting the data and analyzing it statistically, the result showed the existence of a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental and control groups in the achievement test and its lower and higher levels in favor of the students of the experimental group.
In light of these results, the researchers recommended a set of recommendations, including the possibility of teaching mathematics using the steps of the teaching strategy supported by evaluative thinking skills, and presented a set of future proposals for research complementary to this research.

In this research, a number of heterocyclic compounds were prepared, anthracene was reacted with maleic anhydride and dry xylene as solvent to obtain 9,10-dihydro-9,10-[3,4]furananthracene-10, 12-dione, which is the starting material, was reacted with some amino acids (glycine, alanine, valine) in the presence of glacial acetic acid as solvent to obtain compounds (2,3,4) and then they were reacted with orthophenylene diamine to obtain the imidazole ring for compounds (5,6,7). Two moles of furananthracene ketone (1) were reacted with aniline derivatives, para-phenylenediamine and benzidine to obtain compounds (8,9). These compounds were characterised using physical methods by measuring melting point and colour, in addition, the compounds were characterised using IR and 1H-NMR spectra.

The poetic image represents an intellectual stance that deals with poetry as an integrated, multi-dimensional thematic structure, not limited to just one structure, but rather diverse between intertwined structures and ideas. By searching the depth of this internal structure, the process of exploration becomes a means of supporting and building formal consistency that achieves unity. Objectivity in nineties poetry. This formal consistency depends on the level of cohesion and connection between poetic texts, a cohesion that does not appear on the surface. Rather, it appears in the depths of texts. Therefore, searching for themes in the depth of the poetic image means diving into the vision that goes beyond the apparent world, to reach the hidden world and the branches generated within it that reveal the formation of the theme or symbol. Thus, formulating the poetic image goes beyond the superficial meaning to discovering the interwoven themes in the poetic experience, which It reveals the depth of vision and content that characterize nineties poetry.

The Volgian Valley Basin is characterized by a network of dry valleys with seasonal flow that descend from the northwestern part to the southeastern part. The geomorphic hazards of this basin were analyzed by using modern programs and techniques for geographic information systems and remote sensing, to determine the levels of risk degrees in the study area based on the most important natural factors represented by (geological formations and sediments, contour lines (elevation), slope degree, soil types, vegetation cover) in order to show the weight of each of these factors and the degree of its impact, and to build a mathematical model that shows the levels of risk degree, which were divided into three types, represented by the first level in the low - risk areas that occupied an area of (23 km2) and a percentage of (27.4%), while the second level of medium risk occupied the largest area, as it reached (52.9 km2) and a percentage of (62.9%), while the third level of high risk reached the smallest area, which occupied (8.2 km2) and a percentage of (9.7%) of the total basin area. Thus, we conclude that the first and second levels have a percentage of (90.3%) of the total area of the study area is suitable for various human activities such as ( settlement , Agriculture, Transportation

The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of employing Plattner's theory in teaching mathematics and to demonstrate its effect on the achievement of second-grade intermediate female students. To verify this goal, a null hypothesis was formulated. A purposive sample of second-grade intermediate female students from Al-Sham Intermediate School for Girls in Nineveh Governorate was selected for the academic year (2024-5202). The total number of its members was (67) students, distributed into two groups, one of which represents an experimental group consisting of (33) students who studied according to the steps of Platter’s theory and the other a control group consisting of (34) students who studied according to the method The usual, and the equivalence process was conducted between the two research groups in the variables (intelligence, mathematics score and the general average of the first intermediate grade), and the necessary requirements for the research were prepared, represented by determining the scientific material, formulating the behavioral objectives of the specified material, and preparing the teaching plans for teaching the experimental and control groups according to the steps of Platter’s theory and the usual method. The researchers prepared an achievement test consisting in its final form of (20) paragraphs, and the tool was characterized by apparent validity, content and stability, and the difficulty coefficient and discriminatory power of its paragraphs were extracted, and they were all within the acceptable range. The experiment was applied in the first semester of the academic year (2024-5202) at a rate of four lessons per week, so that the total number of lessons was (46) lessons.
After collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using the t-test for two independent samples, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05 α) between the average scores of the achievement test in favor of the students of the experimental group. In light of these results, the researchers came up with a number of conclusions, including: Teaching mathematics according to the steps of Platter’s theory provided an educational environment that maintained continuous focus and attention among female students, which increased the positivity of their role in the classroom, which was reflected in their achievement. According to these results, the researchers formulated a set of recommendations and proposals for future research.

The aim of the current research is to identif
1.Emotional exhaustion among kindergarten teachers.
2.The significance of the difference in emotional exhaustion according to the specialization variable.
3.The significance of the difference in emotional exhaustion depending on the variable length of service.
To achieve the goals, the researcher followed the descriptive approach, and the research population consisted of teachers of government kindergartens, Rusafa Second Education. The research sample amounted to (100) teachers, and they were selected by a simple random method. The research data was processed using statistical methods that are compatible with the nature and objectives of the research. The researcher reached the following results:- 1.Kindergarten teachers have a low level of emotional exhaustion.
2.- There is no statistically significant difference in emotional exhaustion depending on the specialty variable.
3.There is no statistically significant difference in emotional exhaustion depending on the length of service variable.
From the previous results, the researcher came out with some recommendations and proposals.

The study aims to examine climate extremes, a significant topic in climate studies, which has increasingly recured in recent years—particularly the frequent occurrence of heat waves in various countries, especially in Iraq and the Middle East. The study focuses on Wasit Province as a case study to investigate the recurrence of these heat waves. Here, heat waves refer to daily temperatures rising significantly above the general average for consecutive days. These extreme waves have emerged due to various natural and human-induced causes, with global warming—resulting from increased greenhouse gas concentrations—being one factor, in addition to solar cycles, drought waves, and decreased rainfall that have become more pronounced in recent decades. The study utilizes statistical methods to highlight the heat waves observed in the study area during the specified period, relying on data from the Al-Hay Climate Station, one of the oldest stations in Iraq and Wasit , which has recorded temperatures for several decades.
The study showed that the highest average maximum temperatures, indicating the recurrence of heat waves in the study area, were recorded in June, July, August, and September. It also revealed that the most frequent extremes occur in June, marking the beginning of the actual summer, followed by July, then August, and September. The increased recurrence of heat waves in July is due to the initial advancement of thermal systems to Iraq and their actual dominance over the area.

The idea of the research deals with the dialectic of (text, reader, author), that trinity that raised many questions about the relationship that connects them or distances them according to critical thinking, old and modern, and according to the analytical method followed by the critic in the process of analyzing the literary text according to the contextual and textual methods and the impact of that analysis on the recipient who sometimes finds himself confused and disturbed between the hammer of the text and the anvil of the critic.
The research attempts to reveal the mysterious aspects of the theory of (the death of the author) launched by the French critic (Roland Barthes) and put it in the balance of criticism of criticism by reviewing the different opinions raised by that theory between supporters and opponents and between exaggerators and lenient. This study shed light on the theoretical aspect by mentioning the opinions and philosophy on which that theory is based, in addition to the applied aspect and stating the most important negatives and positives that the research has reached, especially in the applied aspect

The current research aims to identify the reality of academic performance among faculty members in history departments at the University of Iraq and its relationship to their achievement motivation.
Wide-ranging original correlational applications for his study, and the current research community consisted of male and female lecturers in the Department of History in the colleges of the University of Iraq (College of Education for Girls, College of Arts, Tarmia College of Education and its three departments, numbering (140) male and female lecturers and their classification according to gender with (60) male lecturers and (80) diverse and varied scientific with (123) doctorates and (50) except for the scientific (from professor - and below), the researcher in all areas of learning the technical research community for his research, as a small number of the community is (140) lecturers And teaching.
In order to achieve the goal of this research, it was necessary to have a research tool. After reviewing previous studies and literature related to academic performance, the researcher did not find a tool that suited the current research community. The researcher built an academic performance scale based on Herzberg's theory (Herzberg, 1970). The scale in its final form consisted of (35) paragraphs distributed over three areas, namely (motivation, skills, work environment). The answer alternatives were (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never).
The scale of achievement motivation was built from (32) paragraphs. The researcher statistically analyzed the paragraphs of the two scales. The researcher reached several results:
1-The research sample possessed academic performance at a level higher than the hypothetical average.
2-There were no statistically significant differences in academic performance among the research sample according to the gender variable (males-females(.
3-There were statistically significant differences according to the variables of the certificate (PhD-Masters) and the title (professor-and below) in academic performance. There was a relationship between academic performance and achievement motivation among teachers.
Through the results reached by the researcher in his current research, he recommends the following:
1-Introducing history department teachers to the importance of academic performance and achievement motivation and its role in carrying out the tasks assigned to them with accuracy and mastery, which contributes to raising their level of performance.
In light of what he has reached in his current research, the researcher proposes conducting studies similar to the current study:
1- Studying the correlation between academic performance and other variables not included in the current study, such as strategic thinking.

Deletion is one of the most important stylistic phenomena that distinguish the Qur’anic text، as it is characterized by condensation and brevity that is consistent with the context and position of speech. One of the most prominent manifestations of deletion in the Holy Qur’an is the deletion of the predicat، and the predicat of him and the direct object، which appears in multiple places and performs precise rhetorical and semantic functions. Deletion in the Holy Qur’an is not a rhetorical vacuum، but rather an artistic and semantic tool that highlights the meaning، deepens the impact، and shows the Qur’anic miracle in its most beautiful form. It is an expression of the ability of the Qur’anic language to convey meanings in unique ways that combine brevity، beauty، and depth ..

The research is concerned with clarifying the multiplicity of grammatical aspects in Arabic grammar and the topics that Ibn Al-Dahan addressed in his book (Explanation of Lessons in Grammar). Whether they are reasons or positions in the multiplicity of grammatical aspects, among the reasons that were mentioned and addressed by the aforementioned scholar is the departure from the usual rule in Arabic grammar. The other reason that leads to the multiplicity of aspects is the reason for the disagreement between grammarians and scholars of the Basra and Kufa schools and between scholars of the same school, as well as the nature of grammatical structures has an effect on the multiplicity of aspects.
As for the positions in which there is multiple, they are positions related to nouns??, the source and positions related to the verb (intransitive and transitive verb)

The current research aims to identify the effect of teaching mathematics using the differential learning model on emotional intelligence among second-grade intermediate female students. The research complex represents second-grade intermediate female students in intermediate and secondary schools for girls affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh. The research sample was intentionally selected from second-grade intermediate female students in Al-Qadisiyah Intermediate School for Girls. The researchers adopted the quasi-experimental approach and the experimental group consisted of (34) students and the control group of (33) students were randomly selected. To achieve the research objective, an emotional intelligence scale consisting of (36) items was prepared and applied to the research sample. The data were then analyzed statistically. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental and control group students in the post-application of the emotional intelligence scale in favor of the experimental group. In light of the results, the necessary recommendations and suggestions were presented

University education is one of the most prominent activities that have an impact on the development of people and the areas surrounding them, especially we note this in Wasit governorate, which sought to spatial development of the study area (Azizia district)
Through the research, the development and development of the Faculty of basic education in Wasit governorate was discussed in the preparation of teachers and the number of students attending the college through the opening of new departments in the college after it included one department (Science Department, Arabic language department, kindergarten department, geography department, history department, Islamic education department), which in turn led to the absorption of more students, we find that after the establishment of the College in 2008/2009, the number of professors was 17 and became 140 teaching, while the number of students was 72 students and now 1047.
The study also concluded that more than half of the students are residents of Wasit governorate, while the teachers are some from Baghdad governorate and the rest from Wasit governorate.
The study proposed to provide internal departments, build more advanced halls and establish a parking garage, even if it was referred for investment, because the area where the college is located includes recreational places near it and equipped with major transport routes that facilitate the process of spatial development.

In the presentation and criticism of this vision or theory represented in the contemporary Iraqi thought of Dr. Ali Al -Wardi through what he wrote from the books and presented it from opinions that were able to search for it and present it in addition to its criticism through the many money directed to this theory

This is one of the important topics that Arab poets have depicted since ancient times. The poetry of battles and armies took on a distinctive character among Andalusian poets, as it accompanied the long conflict that erupted between the Andalusians and the Spanish. Andalusian poetry was replete with poetry about the battles that erupted between the Arab Muslims and the Spanish, in which victory was on the side of the Muslims, as well as descriptions of the strength of the Arab Islamic army that participated in those battles. A group of poets emerged in Andalusian poetry, particularly between 399 and 897, who excelled in their eloquent expressions and exquisite imagery, reflecting the extent of their connection to their homeland and revealing their emotions toward their country—and how could it not, given the issue of the elimination of Muslims? This contributed to enhancing the poetic text with an impressive style that embodied the spirit of sacrifice and struggle, with a clear harmony between the poems. They reflected reality and embodied it in the most beautiful poetic imagery through words and similes. Furthermore, they had a strong tendency to use poetry about battles and wars.

This research aims to study the role of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in enhancing educational strategies in traditional learning environments by analyzing how these technologies can be integrated with conventional teaching methods to improve the learning process. The study explores the concept of blended learning, which combines traditional teaching approaches with the effective use of modern technology, focusing on the potential of AI applications to support both teachers and students.
The study adopts a descriptive analytical methodology to provide a comprehensive view of how AI technologies can be utilized in traditional classrooms, highlighting some of the applications used in this field, such as adaptive learning systems, intelligent assistants, automated assessments, and educational data analysis. The research also emphasizes the benefits of these applications, including improving the learning experience, creating more interactive educational environments, and assisting teachers in designing more personalized curricula that cater to students’ diverse needs.
Additionally, the study discusses the challenges associated with integrating AI into traditional education, such as the need for teacher training, the high cost of some advanced systems, and ethical concerns related to data collection and student privacy protection. Through a review of literature and previous studies, the research presents recommendations that can facilitate the adoption of AI technologies in traditional educational settings.
The study concludes that AI can be an effective tool in developing traditional educational strategies, provided that the appropriate infrastructure is available, sufficient training is given to teachers, and ethical and pedagogical considerations are taken into account. The research recommends a gradual approach to integrating AI applications into traditional education, emphasizing the importance of balancing technology with human efforts to maximize benefits for students.

This research is a serious attempt that launched from Andalusian poetry to study (the colour picture in the poetry of the son of Andalusian Ibn Al-Hadad) describing the colors as a mirror that reflects the poet's imagination and beauty places and his psychological state lies between plaudits and boos and between joy and sadness; In addition, colors contribute to the creation of a visual rhythm of repeat colors and how they are distributed in the poem. The harmony between visual rhythm and poetic text has also improved. The research looked at some poetic texts of Andalusian Ibn Al-Hadad and revealed the aesthetics of the color image in them.
The research included a precursor to the chromatography and two chapters, the first: (tonal woman's image) and the second (tonal man's image), and the research was closed with a conclusion in which some findings were summarized.

This study investigate the advantages of keeping reflective journal writing on cultivating students’ critical thinking and enhancing creativity. Moreover, it evaluated the impact of writing reflective journals on developing students writing skills. Reflective journal enhances creativity, motivation and critical thinking among university students. A mixed method is adapted to investigate the research aims: by using an online Google questionnaire and reflective journal writing as research tools. The participants are from the College of Basic Education/ English department/ Salahaddin University-Erbil .72 male and female students have responded to the online questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of (19 close-ended questions and 10 open-ended questions). The result shows a positive view of students using reflective journal writing in motivating and developing students' critical thinking, which also boosts learners' self-confidence. In contradiction, the result of analyzing the level of reflection of the journals based on Hatton and Smith model indicated that almost all the students remained at the descriptive level. Only 8 students reached the highest level of reflection.

This study included the preparation of two azo dyes from 4-amino-antipyrene, and as a main part, the first dye (A1) was linked to toluene and the second (A2) to aniline, and the two dyes were prepared by diazonium ion, and the removal of these dyes from their aqueous solutions was verified by the adsorption technique on local (Iraqi) clay (collected from the Al-Kadiya area in Mosul city in the northern part of Iraq) using the batch method. The dose of clay used was determined, pH and temperature were studied, and experimental data for the adsorption process were placed in equilibrium in three adsorption equations, which are Freundlich, Langmuir, and Tampkin. The results showed that the equations of the equations are well applicable to the practical history of the study, as shown by the value of the correlation coefficients (R) close to one, and the nature of the studied systems was clarified according to the equation assumption, and the equation constants were estimated. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔGº, ΔHº, ΔSº) indicated that the adsorption of azo dyes on Iraqi clay is an exothermic and spontaneous process, resulting in a more ordered system.

Reading has emerged as a serious concern for first and second language instructors and scholars during the past 10 years. Hence, a number of studies have concentrated on metadiscourse as a significant interactive component that is thought to improve the reading process. This paper has outlined exploratory study to learn more about how metadiscourse affects readers' comprehension. In a short, metadiscourse is seen as an important tool for facilitating communication, highlighting a writer's argument, and developing a connection with the reader. The goal of the current study was to determine the most often used type of metadiscourse markers in 'English for Iraq' textbooks as well as if reading comprehension texts in preparatory stage books contain enough metadiscourse markers. The model adopted for this study is Hyland (2005) taxonomy. Results revealed that the two kinds of metadiscourse markers are presented in the books for the three preparatory level. However, interactive category is the most used typed.