Engineering and Technology Journal

The optimization problems usually need specific techniques to solve, therefore
many approaches and methods were proposed to solved such problems, but there are
many difficulties (limitations) still faced the problem solvers such as how to reach the
solution (or solutions) with high performance and efficiency or with more accuracy
results or with suitable behavior.
Thus the artificial intelligence tools are considered the best tools that can be used to
solve the optimization problems, because the AI tools must decide two important
aims: the problem reduction and the guarantee of solutions which lead to less the
effect of the difficulties (limitations) and give more suitable criteria in performance,
efficiency, and behavior. The swarm intelligent techniques are considered the most
modern AI techniques which contains many approaches that are used to solve
optimization problems with high performance and efficiency and suitable behavior
In this paper a specific study is made to the behavior of the swarm intelligence
techniques and evaluates its performance to solve various problems, then there is a
presentation to a scientific comparative section in which many approaches is
presented that used different swarm intelligence techniques such as Ant Colony
Optimization (ACO), Bees Algorithm (BA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
to solve various optimization problems and them make a comparison among them in
term of behavior and performance. Finally we reach to scientific discussion and
conclusions that distinguish among the presented approaches to prove that the swarm
intelligence techniques success in solving practical, important, and applicable
problems with high performance, efficiency, and special behavior.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the influence of the single butt joint design
of TIG welding on the thermal stresses for carbon steel type St-37. The butt welding
was performed by V angles 30°,45°,60° and 90° and the thermal stresses analysis is
based on the local moving heat flux. The numerical model developed by ANSYS12
software based on solving the three dimensional energy equation, considering moving
heat source and temperature dependent material properties. Temperature and stresses
distributions were obtained function of time. From the results, it is evident that the
joint design has an important role in the welding process, when the edge angle of the
welding region gets bigger, the faults get less due to increase of heat flux in the
welding region. It can be concluded that the specimen with less than 6mm thickness
can be welded without edge angle preparation, due to increase the thermal stresses
when edge angle is evident and higher thermal stresses distribution was at edge angle
60° and lowest thermal stresses distribution was at 90°.

Website phishing is a growing threat on the internet and its effect is devastating
when it comes to phishing financial web sites, such as eBay, official bank accounts or
other critical sources.
It is an easy way to fraud a web site source code and even a whole website
can be totally downloaded using free software packages, clients do not know
for sure if they talk to a genuine or fake websites by counting on what it
looks like and its components.
This paper is proposed to use randomized dyadic dilation wavelet to
enhance the authenticate designated website to the visitor and in the same
time authenticate the visitor to the website. This technique mainly designed
to defeat Man-In-Middle attack which is the main threat source for website
phishing due to the difficulties of getting the transformed image
reconstructed easily

It is a great importance to know asphalt cement viscosity in order to perform
handling, mixing, application processes and asphalt compaction in highway
surfacing.
This paper presents the results of rotational viscosity measurement for different
asphalt cement sources, grades, and different test temperatures. statistical models
were developed to predict the rotational viscosity for any asphalt cement grades that
usually used in pavement work in Iraq and for different test temperatures. in this
study six types of asphalt cement have been used. All the asphalt cement are locally
available and widely employed for the pavement construction in the Iraq. These
asphalt cement are: AC(40-50) from Daurah and Baiji refinery, (AC 60-70) from
Daurah refinery, AC(50-60) from Daurah and Basrah refinery, AC(85-100) from
Daurah refinery.
Also, this paper shows that no change have been observed in rotational
viscosity for asphalt cement blow 100 °C, and it is about 12613 mPa.s

The accuracy of computer codes for turbo-machinery turbulent flow field
calculations relies strongly on the type and behavior of the turbulence model used
in the computations. Analysis of different Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes
Equation (RANS) based turbulence models was applied to predict the flow field in
the linear first stage gas turbine cascade blade. The experimental investigation is
also introduced to validate the accuracy of turbulence models. This was done by
using five linear cascade blades tested in an open jet type low-speed subsonic wind
tunnel. The static pressure distribution was measured at the midspan of cascade
middle blade by using static pressure taps. The numerical results obtained from
different turbulence model simulations is individually reviewed for the correctness
of its predictions and compared with the experimental data in terms of integrated
flow parameters, such as static pressure coefficient distribution on both blade sides.
The results show that RNG k-e turbulence model gave the best prediction of
pressure distribution when compared with the experimental data. Prediction of
standard k-ε and k-ω turbulence models fail to predict accurately the flow field
parameters in cascade passage. Prediction of (k-ε) turbulence model overestimate
the turbulence kinetic energy values, especially in the regions of high velocity at
blade suction side, also not accurately predict the flow separation on the blade
suction side

This research studies the factors effecting on coating produced by electrical arcspraying.
The studied variables are applied voltage, wire feed rate and spraying
distance.In this investigation used wires made from martinsitic stainless steel to coat
the bearing of spherical graphite cast iron. range. The mechanical properties of
coating such as hardness are used.Limited optimal environments by electric arc
spraying to improve wear rate resistance of crank shaft.In the first stage all samples
and metallizing wires were prepared and chemically analyzed. The coating operation
was carried in the second stage. Each group of samples was coated in different way
with variable spraying factor being considered. In the third stage all samples were
tested using pin on ring wear testing machine. The investigation performed in this
work showed that the process variable have a considerable effect on coating quality
,and spraying distance range emerges as the most significant process variables. The
final results showed that the best voltage in this application is between 28-30V, wire
feed rate is 100 mm/s, and best spraying distance is about 12-15cm to get a good
coating with maximum wear resistance

According to the high performance demand of speed control of an induction
motor, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) gives superior behavior over wide range of
speed variation. Fuzzy logic is a robust controller for linear and non-linear system,
even if good mathematical representation of the system is not available. But, adapting
fuzzy controller parameters is very complex and depends on operator experience.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed in this paper as an
optimization technique for adapting centers and width of triangle inputs membership
functions. The ordinary adapting method of FLC is represented too. Meanwhile,
based on the concept of optimization, ways of defining the fitness function of the
PSO including different performance criteria are also illustrated. The complete
mathematical model and simulation of an induction motor and inverter are
represented in this paper. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed PSOFL
speed controller realizes a good dynamic behavior of the I.M with very good
speed tracking

The aim of this study is the effect of salt, acid and base solutions on bending
behavior of CDs reinforced epoxy. Epoxy resin matrix is reinforced with weight
fraction 15, 30&45 % chopped chips CDs waste. The experimental results indicate
that the composites materials have higher flexural stiffness than the matrix material
where the young modulus of epoxy is improved from 2.6GPa for matrix to 3.936 GPa
reinforced with 45% CDs that is 60% increasing, due to CDs were more contact
which have high flexural stiffness. The test solutions chosen were 10 % NaCl,
NaOH & H2SO4. The results indicate that the 45% CDs reinforced epoxy chosen is
good chemical resistant to NaCl and NaOH whereas flexural stiffness changes are
relatively for each examination time, while the maximum flexural stiffness occurred
in H2SO4 solution was approximately -10% for 8 week due to epoxy is less resistant
to sulfuric acid

The non-destructive testing (NDT) industry is reviewed, the major techniques
being described and current development directions and challenges identified. One
of the most common techniques (ferroscan) is explained briefly below.
Ferroscan is a non-destructive measuring method based on the generation and
detection of electromagnetic fields in conductive materials. In concrete structures,
the strength of this induced field depends on the diameter and the cover of the
reinforcement. The techniques has been shown to find location and orientation of
reinforcement bars, stirrup, or other metal pipe, in the concrete, measure thickness
of concrete cover over reinforcement bar, and to determine the bar diameter.
In this paper Ferroscan FS 10, a portable detection, was used for measuring and
mapping system which provides an immediate liquid crystal image of the
reinforcement within a survey area which include reinforcement concrete beam
(1000*200*120)mm.
The great advantage of measurements with ferroscan, compared to existing
detection systems, is that the measurements can be carried out far quicker and more
accurately, accurate mapping out of reinforcement and verification of
reinforcement in old building.

Speech recognition based on visual information such as the lip shape and its
movement is referred to as lip reading. The visual features are derived according to
the frame rate of the video sequence. The proposed work adopted in this paper based
upon the lower part of human face to extract the speaker sound relevant features
accurately and robustly from the inner edge of lips, using biometric to verify a
person's identity by drawing their relevant physiological or behavioral characteristics
curves. Lips contain a large volume of unique features. The results are promising and
offer a good reaction (even with reducing the number of tested frames). The
recognition rate with only audio: 86% - 100%, with only visual: 73% - 100%, and
with both (audio - visual) recognition rate is: 92% - 100%.

A fungal strain of Aspergillus oryzae was used for the production of alpha amylase
by solid state fermentation from agro-industrial waste. Enzyme production was
growth associated and maximum activity (8.23 U/ml) were obtained after 120h when
incubated at 30°C on wheat bran with initial moisture content 60%; initial medium
pH = 5 . Enzyme activity increased when the solid medium was supplemented with
additional nitrogen source (sodium Nitrate).

This work shows the results obtained from experimental investigations of the
augmentation of turbulent flow heat transfer in a horizontal tube by means of twisted
tape inserts. Six types of twisted types used with total length of 1200mm and
diameter of 50mm are considered for experimentation as follows: normal twisted tape
regularly spaced twisted tape, triangular-cut twisted tape, rectangular-cut twisted tape,
semicircular-cut twisted tape, and drilled twisted tape. The range of Reynolds number
extends from 4500 to 23500. Correlations for Nusselt number, friction factor, and
enhancement efficiency are developed for each type of twisted tape inserts from the
obtained results. It is observed that the enhancement of heat transfer increases as the
type of twisted tape changes from one to six, respectively.

This paper reports on diagnostic parameters for pedestrian traffic safety problems
using the Traffic Conflict Analysis Technique (TCT), particularly for pedestrian
crossings at urban unsignalized intersections. The method of study is based on the
U.S. FHWA-Federal Highway Administration guides for vehicular and pedestrian
conflicts, applied using data collected from pedestrian crossings of several types
observed in 4 critical unsignalized intersections in Baghdad city all of them located
on the CBD area and experiencing high vehicular and high pedestrians volumes.
Regression analyses is performed to relate hourly pedestrian conflict to (hourly traffic
conflict, hourly pedestrian volume, average pedestrian walking speed) as well as
hourly pedestrian conflict/ approach to (average spot speed, average pedestrian delay
and approach width). HCM 2000 manual are adopt to determine the average
pedestrian delay. Specific categories of countermeasures in geometric characteristics
are suggested to improve pedestrian safety.
A developed model shows that, an extra increase of hourly pedestrian conflict can be
represented by positive exponential model trend in relation with hourly pedestrian
volume, hourly traffic volume, average spot speed and average pedestrian delay with
coefficient of correlation range between 0.824–0.949, as well as a developed model
shows that, an extra decrease of pedestrian conflict can be represented by negative
exponential model trend in relation with average pedestrian walking speed with
coefficient of correlation 0.921, on the other hand, it is found that, an increase of
pedestrian conflict can be represented by positive linear model trend in relation with
approach width with coefficient of correlation 0.837.In addition it is found that the
higher coefficient of correlation 0.943 well get it when pedestrian conflict related
with the hourly pedestrian volume and average pedestrian delay convened from all
studied parameters (average spot speed, approach width, hourly traffic
volume, average walking speed, average pedestrian delay and exit stop line).

A solar chimney is a hot air channel attached to a circular translucent
roof opens at the periphery. The roof and the ground below it form an air
collector. It enhances natural ventilation by employing air temperature
difference between channal inlet and outlet. An experimental work was
carried out for a designed and fabricated prototype solar chimney, in
Baghdad-Iraq’s autumn weather 2009. The chimney’s tower hight was 4 m
and the solar collector diameter was 6 m. A maximum air temperature
differance attained was 22ºC at mid day through the solar chimney.
The study shows that Iraqi weathers are suitable for this system.
Maximum heat transfer coeffecient (h) was 31.83 W/m2K, maximum air
volume flow rate achieved was 0.065 m3/s, and maximum air velocity at
the chimney outlet acquired was 2.309 m/s. Empirical equation that relates
Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers was obtained.

From gas phase and by glow-discharge method Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
Charged Coupled devices have been deposited. A detailed practical study has been
carried out. The most important parameter , the transfer efficiency , was found to depend
strongly upon the device gate number and the clock frequency. The best efficiency
achieved was 97.7% and that was at frequency of 250 Hz

In this research, a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with wavelength (1064nm )
and (532 nm) and pulse duration (100 ns) for different energies [250 mJ,500 mJ,750
mJ,1000 mJ ] and spot size (1.5mm) was used.
Laser surface treatment is the most important way in industrial application
because of its ability to improve the surface properties of metal and alloys.
The alloys used were [Al-Cu-Si], [Al-Si-Mg] and [AL-Zn-Mg].The essential aim
for this work includes study the effect of laser parameters on aluminum alloys. In
laser surface engineering the mirohardness and wear tests will be studied after laser
treatment.
The effect of laser parameters includes:
1- The effect of the pulsed Nd: YAG laser energy.
2- The effect of the number of shots (pulse).

Flue gas desulfurization process has been studied using granular activated carbon
in bubbling fluidized bed reactor. For the sake of comparison, fixed bed configuration
has been also studied at the same operating conditions. The effect of temperature 30 ≤
T ≤ 80 oC, inlet SO2 concentration 500 ≤ Co ≤ 2000 ppm, and flue gas flow rate 2.5 ≤
Q ≤ 30 ℓ/min were investigated. The results showed that the SO2 removal efficiency
increases with increasing reaction temperature up to 80 oC. Also, it was noted that the
removal efficiency decreases with increasing the inlet SO2 concentration within the
range of temperatures studied. The effect of flue gas flow rate on the desulfurization
activity was in two ways; an increase in the removal efficiency with increasing gas
flow rate was observed below flow rate = 7.5 ℓ/min, while a decrease in the
efficiency was observed upon any increment in the gas flow rate beyond the 7.5
ℓ/min. The results of fluidized bed reactor were used to obtain an empirical
correlation and the experimental results were well correlated with the proposed form
with a correlation coefficient, (R) =0.989. A reaction rate equation was proposed for
the oxidative desulfurization and the activation energy was obtained using differential
analysis of integral reactor technique. The resulted value of apparent activation
energy was 2.981 kJ/mol.

Aiming to reduce waiting time and to get optimum investment for material and
human resource .The queuing lines principle is introduced, the mathematical models
required are given, and its applications are discussed.
The queuing lines procedure is applied in the general establishment for manufacturing
of ready made clothes in Mousl , the data collection and statistical tests are used to
choose the mathematical model suitable for a certain workshop . The results for such
a model showed that there are better operation results with less time and more
organized processing.

To Study the possibility of producing self compacting concrete (SCC), 10% by
weight of cement of metakaoline and silica fume were used and carbon fiber with two
volume fraction (0.1%, 0.5%) and two fiber lengths (6mm, 12mm) were add . the
effect of these variables on most properties of SCC containing fibers has been
studied.
Test results show that concrete mixes containing metakaoline and silica fume
required higher superplastizer content to 9% and 10% by weight of cement compared
with 8% by weight of cement for mixes without Pozzolanic materials to maintain the
self compatibility of mixes .
A significant improvement was observed in the mechanical properties of mixes
including compressive and splitting tensile strength, Moduls of rupture, static
Modulus of elastisity, and impact resistance. the improvment percentage at 28 days

Added different percentages of iron slag ,which can be considered solid waste
plants as well as iron and bauxite clays to Iraq Portland cement to improve its
properties. 3- 15 wt % of slag added to the cement and 2-10 wt % of bauxite
added to the slag accumulating .
The obtained results showed that ,the compressive and impact strength after 28
days from the date of preparation of samples has increased with the increase in the
percentages of slag content until (9%) , and then decrease their by increasing Slag
contents while in case , slag and bauxite were used to gother , we noted that , the
compressive and impact strength were decreased by increasing slag and bauxite
percentages