Engineering and Technology Journal

This work focuses on studying the addition effect of the prepared HA powder as
a filler material before and after the calcination process with different volume
fractions (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15) vol% to the unsaturated polyester resin matrix.
Many mechanical and physical tests were used to determine the properties of the
prepared composite material which involved tensile strength, the modulus of
elasticity, the elongation percentage at break, compression strength, compression
modulus, bending strength, impact strength, fracture toughness, hardness and water
absorption percentage. For the prepared HA powder, the Ca/P ratio was increased
after the calcination process from 2.45 to 2.51. X- ray diffraction patterns for the
prepared HA powder before and after the calcination process revealed an increase
in the HA peak intensity after the calcination process. Secondary phases also
appeared after the calcination process like (α- Ca3(PO4)2 ) and (β- Ca2P2O7). For the
prepared composite material with both groups of HA filler particles, the results had
shown that the mechanical properties which included: tensile strength, modulus of
elasticity, compression strength, compression modulus, bending strength, fracture
toughness and hardness have been increased with increasing volume fraction of
HA filler particles and reached their maximum value at (7.5 vol%). Furthermore,
the increasing in volume fraction revealed a decreasing in the evaluated properties.
Both the elongation percentage at the break point and the impact strength
decreased with increasing volume fraction of HA filler particles. The water
absorption percentage as a physical property for the prepared composite material
showed an increase with increasing volume fraction of HA filler particles. The
improvement of unsaturated polyester resin with calcined HA filler particles had
shown greater values for the fore-mentioned properties than the improvement of
unsaturated polyester resin with uncalcined HA filler particles.

A new multivariate multi site MV.MS.Reg model is developed in this
research depended on regression analysis mixed with Auto regressive multisite
Matalas model (AMMM)and used for water demand forecasting .This developed
model was applied to Kerkuk city as a case study for long term forecasting of
water demand for different types such as domestic demand,industrial,commercial
and public demand.This was done by dividing the city into four sites and
dividing the total water demand in each site into three types of
demand(domestic,industrial with commercial and public demand) .Each type of
water demand in each site was analyzed by multivariate regression base then the
cross correlation between this type of demand for the four sites were included in
the model using multi site Matalas model.Many explanatory variables were
concluded to be most effective factors affecting different types of demands such
as monthly temperature,monthly evaporation ,number of residential units
,number of industrial and commercial units and number of public units which
were forecasted successfully using Stochastic weather generation (SWG)
method.

In many of the digital image processing applications, observed image is
modeled to be corrupted by different types of noise that result in a noisy version.
Hence image denoising is an important problem that aims to find an estimate
version from noisy image that is as close to the original image as possible. In this
paper, introduces firstly was applied method of computing one and twodimensional
framelet transform .The applying method reduces heavily processing
time for decomposition of image keeping or overcoming the quality of
reconstructed images. In addition, it cuts heavily the memory demands .Also, the
inverse procedures of all the above transform for multi- dimensional cases
verified. Secondly, many techniques are proposed for denoising of gray scale and
color image. A new threshold method is proposed and compared with the other
thresholding methods. For hard thresholding, PSNR gives (13.548) value while
the PSNR was increased in the proposed soft thresholding, it gives (14.1734)
PSNR value when the noise variance is (20). Some of the above denoising
schemes are tested on Peppers image to find its effect on denoising application.
The noisy version with SNR is equal to (11.9373 dB), the denoising image using
WT with SNR is equal to (17.4661 dB), the denoising image using SWT with
SNR is equal to (18.1459 dB), the denoising image using WPT with SNR is equal
to (19.3640 dB), the denoising image using FT with SNR is equal to (21.9138
dB). Finally the denoising image for color image using FT with SNR is equal to
(27.3443 dB).

Imperfect transmission of block-coded images often causes lost blocks.
These blocks may contain very important information of image. In this
paper, an efficient method of error concealment scheme is proposed for
restoring lost blocks and lines in medical images that are transmitted over
error prone network such as the internet and wireless networks. It adopted
the idea of data hiding that can be implemented in the DCT domain. The
algorithm determines the most important information in each block of
original image and rotated one by 900 clockwise and embeds this information
into another block that is not adjacent to it, since adjacent blocks have high
probability to be lost at the same time. Simulation results show that the
visual quality and the PSNR evaluation of a reconstructed image are
significantly improved using the proposed scheme with respect to other
techniques

This paper is concerned with determining material parameters for
incompressible isotropic hyperelastic strain–energy functions. A systematic
procedure analysis is implemented based on the use of least squares optimization
method for fitting incompressible isotropic hyperelastic constitutive laws to
experimental data from the classical experiments of Treloar [3] on natural rubber.
Two phenomenological constitutive models are used to fit the experimental data
of natural rubber, these are Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden models. The material
parameters using Mooney-Rivlin are obtained using the linear least squares
method, while for Ogden model the material coefficients are nonlinear,
consequently the nonlinear least squares approach has been used. In this work the
nonlinear least squares method with trusted region TD have been used using
MATLAB Ver. 7 to find these coefficients. The comparison shows that the present
mathematical formulations are correct and valid for modeling rubbery materials.
Also it was found that Mooney-Rivlin model is suitable when the deformation is
not to exceed 100%, while Ogden model is more appropriate when deformation
exceed 100%. In addition, as the degree of non-linearity in material behaviour
increases more material coefficients are required

The aim of this work is to optimize gray scale image clustering using two
traditional methods, these are thresholding technique and genetic algorithm (GA).
The clustering optimization is achieved by applying three features (gray value,
distance, gray connection) based thresholding technique and genetic algorithm. In
this work clustering optimization includes segmenting the image to find regions
that represent objects or meaningful parts of objects depending on the above
mentioned three features which base on gray value of image and two standard
mathematical theories these are chessboard distance and breshenham's algorithm.
There are many recent researches in this subject some of them depending on gray
value feature to clustering images, but in this research depended on three features
which is making the clustering operation more accuracy

Most steganography methods suffer from many problems that effect on
their efficiency and performance. Some of these are the capacity of cover media,
the distortion of cover media, and etc. In this paper we are proposed a new method
to hide audio file (WAV format) in image (BMP format) that overcomes most of
these problems. Also the proposed method aims to meet most the requirements of
any steganography system (like capacity, security and undetectability). It depends
on finding the similarity between the embedded data blocks and others in the
cover-image. It can be used as a powerful tool to get a high capacity data
embedding and a less distortion stego-image, where the PSNR for the stego-image
is large.

In some applications, the aluminum alloy 2024 T4 may be subjected to an
interaction of fatigue and creep effects at high temperature. This paper investigates
the effect of this interaction by studying the effect of constant amplitude fatigue
(CAF) and creep separately, and then fatigue-creep interaction is introduced by
testing the alloy under constant amplitude with some holding time periods through
the test at high temperature (150 oC). The results showed that the life time of the
alloy decreases due to fatigue-creep interaction as compared to creep alone in
about 77%, and in about 80% as compared with fatigue alone. This is a result of
accumulated fatigue damage superimposed on creep damage. Creep allows more
free spaces for fatigue cracks paths that accelerate failure. A theoretical model to
calculate the time to failure due to fatigue-creep interaction has been proposed.
This theoretical interaction model predicts very close time to failure values to the
experimental results.

Masonry is a well proven building material possessing excellent properties in
terms of appearance, durability and cost in comparison with alternatives.
However, the quality of the masonry in a building depends on the materials used,
and hence all masonry materials must conform to certain minimum standards. The
basic components of masonry are block, brick and mortar, the latter being in itself
a composite of cement, lime and sand.
Two types of masonry units (brick and concrete block) were used to construct the
prism and some of them were grouted by concrete. The uniaxial compressive
strength test was done and stress-strain behavior has been obtained. Using linear
regression analysis, a simple empirical equation has been proposed for obtaining
the compressive strength for masonry that can be used in the analysis and design
procedures.

This paper considers a proposed algorithm for computation of the inverse
kinematics(IK) model of the human arm. This algorithm introduces a new IK method
suitable for reaching tasks performed by autonomous and interactive virtual humans.
The basic problem is to pose the character in such a way that arm hand reaches the
target ( position and orientation ) in space. The algorithm is composed of two phases.
The first phase is the limitation of real task which concerning the human arm
movement and the second phase presents the analytical solution for inverse kinematics
problem (IKP) by trigonometric relations and algebraic solution according to
limitation of joints. This algorithm is simulated by using MATLAB Ver. R2008a, and
satisfied results are obtained, that explains the ability of the proposed algorithm to
solve the inverse kinematics problem for real human arm.

Optical flow estimation is still one of the key problems in computer vision.
When estimating the displacement field between two images, it is applied as soon
as correspondences between pixels are needed. The choice of the transform is an
important tool in optical flow estimation. So in this paper curvelet transform is
proposed to estimate the optical flow. it is found that the proposed algorithm is
much better than most recently previous work based on multiwavelet. This is
because curvelet transform can be efficient in finding estimates along curves

The appearance of digital media (Information and communication), in the
twentieth century and its development during the twenty first century has made
noticeable achievements and has clearly inflected our way of life activities. The
change from normal activities to digital activities, especially with increased use of
the international information network (the internet) suggested a new logic and

Preparation of antigen from Br.melitensis strain Rev1 was done by using
ultrasonication, Column chromatography used to analysis of protein component of
antigen; four peaks on chromatography were observed.
Electrophoresis techniques used for characterization of antigen, different in
molecular weight (M.W) protein bands were showed in electrophoresis ranged
between 478630-123060 Dalton.
A group of guinea pigs was infected experimentally with virulent strain of
Brucella abortus & Brucella melitensis.Peak that obtained by chromatography
were used to indicate Brucella infection with the 2 virulent strains (Brucella
abortus & Brucella melitensis).
The best result obtained by using peak two which have the protein concentration
364.2 μg/ml a comparative study was done using a kit prepared by Synbiotics
Company and the result was positive in Brucella abortus infection and negative in
Brucella melitensis infection

Study depending on using of multi media filter consists of activated carbon,
ceramic, sand in order to treatment wastewater of Nineveh Drugs Industry which
contained of many amount of chemicals .Raw effluents passed through filters to
found the efficiency removal of pollutions .Many tests had done for more than 20
samples such as ;pH, E.C, COD, T.S, S.S , T.H, Ca-H, PO4,NO3, pb, Cu, Zn , Cd,
Ca, Mg .The highest and lowest value of organic load value of the waste have
been chosen for treatment at rate 5 and 10 m/hr .Comparison carried out between
(Activated carbon-sand) filter and(ceramic –sand) filter in order to finding the
most effective of removal .The results showed that filter(activated carbon –sand) is
more effective than filter (ceramic-sand).Removal efficiency on to (activated

The present study deals with the effect of addition cerium in the corrosion –
fraction wear behavior of with added (0.25%) cerium element. The solution used;
salt solution ( 3%Wt.NaCl ) by weight , acidic solution (3%Vol.HCl ) by volume

The weather in Iraq is hot in summer and cold in winter. Therefore , the
thermal insulation is of the main problems facing the engineers working in
building and housing sector
The paper presents an experimental investigation, It includes preparation of
several concrete mixes using lightweight aggregate (siporex and porcelinite &
suwdast ) to obtain light weight concrete of two densities ranging from (350-880
kg/m3), which provides a good thermal insulation. Based on the analysis of
experimental results several graphs and Tables have been prepared and presented
which can be used in the mix design of similar siporex concrete of densities from
(350-880 kg/m3) . The physical properties of siporex concrete , have been found
which included density (765-822kg/m3) , compressive strength (1.51-2.2 N/mm2)
& (2.8-3.7 N/mm2) ,thermal conductivity ( 0.19-0.39 W/M.K) for the two groups
respectively.

In this one of the work a hybrid composites materials were prepared which
consist polymer blend – Phenol formaldehyde – Novolac type and epoxy resins
reinforced by silica, alumina powder and asbestos fibers with two volume
fractions (30%, 40%), six hybrids prepared. Bending test was done in order to
determine the Young's modulus in different temperatures and different chemical
solutions. the result show that Young's modulus decreases with increasing
temperatures and with increasing the immersion times in different chemical
solutions , and the result show that the samples H6 (Volume fraction 40%) gives
high values of young modulus while the samples H1 (Volume fraction 30%) gives
low values of young modulus

The objective of this paper is to study gating system design effect onAl-5%Mg
alloy Microstructure Measurement (By Jeffrece's Method) and freezing range,
two sand mould were made with different gating systems Practicality (in Runner
length & Runner depth) to study the effect on freezing ratio & Microstructure, a
VBA Program was bulid because Most of result are stored in Microsoft Excel
2007Spread Sheet in which Calculation of Grain size were performed for many
specimens ,Results shown that the gating system with runner length 2.5 cm and
taper sprue gave better results than gating system with a 4cm runner's length and
cylindrical sprue