Damo Journal of Sports Sciences

research aims:
1-Preparing educational exercises using small circles aimed at learning. Some grabs stand for the free wrestlers.
2- Learn the effect of educational exercises by using small circuits in some grabs to stand up for Al Hurra wrestlers.
The research hypothesis: -
1 - Educational exercises using small circles have a positive effect on some grabs.
The experimental method was used and the research sample was chosen from Al-Adhamiya Sports Club wrestlers aged (10-12) years.
The results produced by the tests demonstrated the validity of the educational curriculum used in the research, and its effectiveness in influencing learning the muscat under study. It was recommended to include exercises according to the small-sized circles in the wrestling game as a training or educational method within the vocabulary of the training or educational unit.

The aim of the research was to analyze the administrative factors affecting the quality of sports marketing in the Iraqi Professional League. The research areas were from the human field: members of the administrative bodies of sports clubs for the Professional Football League in Iraq. And the time frame: 10-12-2024 to 6-2-2025. Spatial scope: Headquarters of sports clubs participating in the Professional Football League. The researchers limited their research community to members of the administrative bodies of sports clubs for the Professional Football League in Iraq, where the number of members of the administrative bodies reached (166) distributed among the sports clubs for the Professional Football League and participating in the league for the 2023/2024 season. The researcher adopted a percentage of (100%) and a comprehensive sample enumeration method, where (166) members of the administrative bodies of sports clubs for the Professional Football League in Iraq were approved. They recommended that the administrations of sports clubs must have the ability to devise the correct plans in the process of selling stadium entry tickets in the correct manner. It is important for the club administration to benefit from sports expertise as consultants to provide advice on some matters related to sports clubs. There must be public motivation by the administrations of sports clubs, which helps in attending matches on an ongoing basis. It is important to have motivating public competitions inside the stadium (financial) that help attract fans to the stadium.

The strategy of differentiated instruction is considered one of the fundamental pillars in modern education, aiming to meet the diverse needs and requirements of students. This strategy embodies the concept of integration between teaching and learning, tailoring educational content to suit individual students, thereby enhancing their understanding and motivating them to achieve their maximum potential. The emphasis on using the strategy of differentiated instruction is growing in the field of artistic gymnastics, where it addresses individual differences among students and caters to them accordingly.
The research problem revolves around the challenging nature of gymnastics skills that require high concentration, considering the significant individual differences among students. The researcher decided to address this issue by implementing the strategy of differentiated instruction in the process of teaching skills through intelligence tests. The research community consisted of second-stage students at the University of Al-Qadisiyah/Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science for the academic year 2022-2023. The research sample included 18 students divided into control and experimental groups, with the control group following the teacher's curriculum and the experimental group following the researcher's curriculum.

The importance of research is to develop a rehabilitative program that includes repeated injuries to the cruciate ligament injury to the knee joint, which works to strengthen flexibility in gymnastics players, and helps the research to prepare a rehabilitative approach to rehabilitate flexibility in the knee joint for athletes with cruciate ligament injuries for the gymnastics event, knowing the effect of the rehabilitative approach to rehabilitate bending in the knee joint with the cruciate ligament. For gymnastics players.
The researcher used the experimental method to suit the research method, and the research sample was 11 players with anterior cruciate ligament injuries. In addition to that, homogeneity and equivalence were violated, and the study concluded that the prepared program showed a clear improvement in motor range for the benefit of the second group, and that the rehabilitation program provided technology (such as electrical stimulation) and provided psychological support and follow-up for a period of 6-12 months after their return to sports.

The importance of the research emerged in an attempt to attract everything related to the success of this type of shooting, whether at the level of training or at the level of selecting players in terms of their anthropometric measurements, and the corresponding mechanical principles in a manner consistent with the requirements of the game, so the researcher decided to identify the extent of the relationship between anthropometric measurements and some of the kinematic indicators and the extent of their relationship to the accuracy of shooting from the free throw in basketball, and to put the results of this study at the disposal of those in charge of the training process.
The research problem is summarized by asking the following question:
- What is the relationship between some body measurements and some biokinematic variables of the throwing arm and the accuracy of shooting the free throw in junior basketball?
The researcher used the following measurements: Special measurements (arm lengths): included arm length, homers length, forearm length Special measurements (arm circumferences): included homers circumference, forearm circumference. Player-specific indicators at the moment of shooting: included the elbow angle, homers angle for the throwing arm. The researcher also used kinematic variables: Ball-specific indicators at the moment of shooting: included the ball's height point, ball launch angle.
The researcher concluded that there is a significant correlation and a high percentage between the body variables of the throwing arm and some biokinematic variables and the accuracy of shooting the free throw.

This study aimed to know the relationship between organizational excellence and administrative empowerment of sports activity departments in the central region from the point of view of technical supervisors, as well as to identify the problems and obstacles facing technical supervisors in the central region.
The research community was identified from technical supervisors in sports activity departments in the central region in Iraq, which includes (Baghdad, Anbar, Salah al-Din, Diyala and Kut). The number of the research community reached (187) technical supervisors distributed over five governorates. The number of valid questionnaires reached (187) questionnaires, which represents (100%) of the research community.
The researchers concluded that there is a correlation between organizational excellence and administrative empowerment, and that the success of this relationship depends on the efficiency and performance of the managers of the sports and scouting activity departments with the technical supervisors, and the integration of their experiences and work to improve and develop the infrastructure of the sports and scouting activity departments. The researchers recommended holding training and educational courses and workshops that contribute to developing and strengthening the administrative and technical work aspect, as well as working to provide the necessary financial allocations within the sports and scouting activity departments and giving importance and continuous support from the Ministry of Education and the Activity Directorate to the technical supervisor for his ability to advance the reality of the sports and scouting activity departments.

The research aims to identify the effect of simultaneous training and magnesium lactate on lactic endurance and complex offensive skills for under-19 football players.
The researcher adopted the experimental method with the design of two equivalent experimental groups with a pre- and post-test as a basis for implementation, due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem.
The researcher deliberately identified the research community as football players represented by Karbala Sports Club, aged under (19 years), numbering (23) players for the training season (2023-2024). The research sample was selected at (14) players. The training included (24) training units, and the training took (8) weeks to implement, at (3) training units per week. Each training unit included (4) exercises. The researcher used the training method of simultaneous training, which stipulates giving successive training in the same training unit between aerobic and anaerobic training. The researchers concluded: The effect of magnesium lactate has a great impact in preventing cramps and injuries due to the high muscle tone that occurs to players, as it is a recovery supplement. Simultaneous training has a positive effect on developing complex offensive skills.

Attitudes are among the main topics studied by social psychology and are learned evaluative responses to topics, events and other stimuli. When we study the attitudes of an academic scientific segment of the elite on a very important topic, which is the topic of sports, physical fitness, sports games and physical culture, knowing that we must expect that these university students have a cognitive component at least or a negative component mostly towards sports and physical fitness and their health, physical, psychological and social benefits.
The research problem is limited to the fact that most private college students avoid practicing morning sports exercises or physical fitness exercises in the gym or through open playgrounds spread in most scientific or human colleges during daily attendance, and this has clearly affected their level of physical, health and psychological fitness. The aim of the research was to design a scale for the attitudes of university students in private colleges in Karbala towards sports and physical fitness and to study the attitude of private university students in Karbala towards sports and physical fitness. As for the human field, it was (500) students from private colleges in Karbala. The researcher used the descriptive method because it is the appropriate method in addressing the research problem in terms of designing the scale and using the survey method for a questionnaire. The research sample was (500) university students from scientific and human colleges of private colleges in Karbala, where the number of male students was (350) and the number of female students was (150) female university students. The researcher concluded that a standardized scale was designed for attitudes towards sports and physical fitness for students. Private colleges include (60) paragraphs (34) positive paragraphs and (26) negative paragraphs through which the attitudes of university students in private colleges towards sports and physical fitness can be diagnosed.
The degree of the scale of students' attitudes towards sports and physical fitness in the private colleges included in the examination appeared at (189.8), which represents a moderate attitude towards sports and physical fitness by the examined research sample.

Through this study, the researchers present a review of the most important recent research and studies in the field of artificial intelligence applications in the sports field. Today, we cannot imagine a sports industry without artificial intelligence.
We will review the most important areas in which artificial intelligence is used in sports and how important it is, and we will review many examples and applications that have been tried in sporting events. An example of this is
FIFA announced the goal-line technology (GLT) at the 2012 World Cup in Japan to help referees determine the goal. Tour De France previously collaborated with NTT Data Dimension to integrate machine learning, which enabled them to predict various events in cycling.
Also The NBA is using technology at its best They were the first to launch a Facebook chatbot Live on social media The first game of the NBA Finals . These are just a few of the use cases where sports AI is preparing the world for revolution In this study we will explore innovative applications of how AI is revolutionizing the sports industry, improving the fan experience and the field of sports marketing.

The research addressed the learning process using the Flexible Groups Strategy to enhance the performance of the volleyball skills of serving and receiving among the female students in the sample. Based on the researcher’s experience as a university instructor, it was observed that there are challenges and difficulties in the educational process, particularly in learning volleyball skills. These challenges are linked to the use of conventional methods that impact the educational process, which often fail to provide sufficient excitement and motivation for learning, neglect individual differences among students, and do not encourage students to employ mental strategies and logical thinking. Therefore, the researcher employed the Flexible Groups Strategy to enhance the learning process and accuracy in performing the skills of serving and receiving in volleyball. This strategy aimed to address some of the deficiencies in skill acquisition and helped resolve the educational challenges. A comparison was made between the Flexible Groups Strategy and the traditional command method for teaching the stages of serving and receiving performance among the sample of female students.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of a training program based on the super set system in developing special strength among bodybuilding athletes. The research hypothesis stated that the training program according to the super set system positively affects the development of special strength in the research sample. The study was conducted in the future Club in Baghdad, and the researcher employed an experimental method suitable for the nature of the research. The sample was intentionally selected and consisted of 18 bodybuilding athletes, aged between 18 and 20 years, who underwent a single experimental group system. The researcher used specific muscular strength tests to collect data. The experimental program was designed for 10 weeks, with 3 training sessions per week, and each training session lasted 30 minutes. After completing the pre-tests...

Today, educational and training sports institutions rely on scientific facts to develop their training and educational programs based on coordinated information (plans and curricula) based on the laws of various physical and human sciences. This has helped their employees, including coaches and players, manage their affairs, solve their problems, and organize their activities. Sound scientific planning for crisis management and mitigating their psychological effects requires developing a scale that can identify the level of psychological security and reassurance, and another scale that can identify self-acceptance and self-compassion, to establish the relationship between these two dimensions among football players in advanced sports clubs. This then leads to cooperation among those in charge of these clubs to find appropriate solutions. The research aims to identify the level of psychological security and self-acceptance and self-compassion among the research sample. The researcher concluded that the scales for feeling secure and self-acceptance and self-compatibility were able to measure the intended psychological variables. The level of psychological security among Iraqi Premier League football players was average. The level of self-acceptance and self-compatibility among Iraqi Premier League football players was average.

This study aimed to explore the challenges related to executive administrative requirements that hinder the implementation of the Asian Licensing Law from the perspective of members of the administrative body, and to determine the extent to which members of the administrative bodies of clubs are aware of meeting the executive administrative requirements for implementing the Asian Licensing Law. The research community and sample for the current study were determined to be (100) administrative body members, representing (10) sports clubs. The number of valid questionnaires returned for the study was (100), representing (100%) of the research community. The (Strategic Planning Scale According to the Asian Licensing System) by researcher Hassan Talal Khalaf (2018) was used, and it consisted of 10 statements applied to the Iraqi environment. Based on the responses of the respondents, the researchers concluded that members of the administrative bodies of clubs participating in the Iraqi Premier League should possess accumulated experience and be highly competent, enabling them to formulate future plans for club development in accordance with the standards set forth in the Asian license, meet executive administrative requirements, and achieve financial independence. The researchers recommended the establishment of development programs that work to achieve the club's goals within the executive administrative requirements. They also recommended the need for high-level coordination with the Iraqi Football Association to ensure the implementation of unified development programs and the provision of financial allocations to improve and develop infrastructure within the requirements of the Asian license.

Modern playing methods have varied and diversified, resulting in differences in individual and collective defensive and offensive plans. These tactics require a high and distinct level of skill performance during more complex situations that require speed, accuracy, struggle, and continuous movement throughout the match, with maximum efficiency for all players. Therefore, the primary concern of coaches during attacks should be to try to reach the opposing team's goal with the least possible effort and at the greatest possible speed, in order to score the greatest number of goals. The current research aims to:
• Develop a training curriculum using compound skill performances for U19 youth soccer players for the research sample.
• To identify the impact of the training curriculum using complex skill performances on the skill performance level of the youth soccer players in the research sample. The researcher used the experimental method using a single-group design with a pre- and post-test method. The research sample consisted of (18) youth players from the Diyala Sports Club. The results obtained revealed statistically significant differences in the complex skill performances and skill performance levels, in favor of the post-test. The researcher attributes this development to the training curriculum applied to the research sample. The researcher concluded:
• There were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test measurements in the skill performance level, in favor of the post-tests. There were also clear improvement rates for the research sample members.
• The training curriculum had a positive impact on the skill performance level for all basic skills applied in the training curriculum.

The research aims to identify:
- The differences between the average values of a number of biomechanical variables for the strength and throwing positions at the main stage in the two methods of throwing the shut pot backward slide and rotation for the sample.
The researcher used the descriptive approach with the comparison method to suit the objectives and nature of the research. The researcher chose an elite group of the best throwers for the Nineveh Governorate team for the sports season (2022-2023) in the shut pot throwing activity. In the restricted intentional method, who are proficient in throwing the shut pot in both methods, backward slide and rotation, and its structure was (4) throwers as a sample for the research , The sample was homogenized using a coefficient of variation of 30% in the statistical parameters under study . The researcher gave the research sample (throwers) (3) attempts according to the regulations of the international law of the event after they had sufficient warm-up for each throwing method separately for the gliding method and the rotation method. The best attempt in terms of technique and achievement (throwing distance) was chosen for both methods and subjected to kinetic analysis using the (AutoCAD2009) program for the purpose of arriving at the values of the biomechanical research variables under study
The researcher concluded :
- The shorter the transition time between the two positions (force and throw positions) at the main stage of throwing the shut pot, the higher the speed of performance until reaching the throwing and throwing stage for both methods according to the research results and in favor of the rotation method.
- The rotation method by throwing the shut pot showed a greater linear momentum (amount of motion) of the body than the backward sliding method due to the direct relationship between speed and mass.

This study aims to examine the effect of special exercises on certain kinematic variables and targeted performance phases for youth discus throwers. A set of exercises was designed based on scientific principles and biomechanical analysis of the thrower's movement, with the goal of improving technical performance efficiency and increasing throwing distance.
These exercises were applied to a sample of youth discus throwers, and several kinematic variables were measured, including angular velocity, support time, center of mass trajectory, and body angles during execution. The results showed a significant improvement in these variables, positively reflecting on the athletes' performance levels.
The study recommends integrating these special exercises into training programs for youth discus throwers, as they play an effective role in enhancing performance and achieving better competition results.

The necessity of developing and building basic basketball skills for first-year physical education and sports science students and adopting scientific methods in developing the educational curriculum. The research problem lies in the lack of use of modern methods in teaching and developing offensive basketball skills for first-year students, which has created a situation inconsistent with the nature of the development witnessed by the game in its physical, skill, and tactical aspects. The research aims to determine the effect of using the dual method on developing some offensive basketball skills among first-year students – Physical Education and Sports Science – Ahl al-Bayt University – Physical Education and Sports Science. It also aims to develop exercises using the dual method to develop some offensive basketball skills for first-year students – Ahl al-Bayt University – Physical Education and Sports Science. The research methodology used is the experimental method. The research sample was selected from the first-year students at Ahl al-Bayt University - Physical Education. The total sample was (20) students, divided into (two experimental groups and a control group), with (10) students per group. This chapter also included the exploratory experiment and the selected tests (the shooting from a fixed position test).
In light of the research objectives and the results of the statistical treatments, the researcher reached the following conclusions: There were significant statistical differences between the results of the two tests (pre- and post-tests), in favor of the post-test for the experimental and control groups. There were significant statistical differences between the results of the post-tests for the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group.

Through the researcher’s acquaintance with scientific research and studies, he noticed that it rarely dealt with the process of returning the serve. Likewise, through the researcher following the game and practicing it, he noticed the lack of interest of teachers in training their players to return the serve and focusing their training on the performance of the serve, since the serve is an effective weapon through which it is possible to take a direct point with less. effort of the player, It is natural to pay attention to this, but it is better if the player practices a good serve while being able to return such a serve as well, then integration will be achieved in the training process. From what was mentioned, the researcher found a great necessity in studying this case scientifically and developing applicable solutions through the use of A generative learning strategy for the process of returning the serve in light of preparing physical and skill exercises that contribute to improving the student’s ability to return the serve. The aim of the research is to:

1- Preparing an educational curriculum using the generative learning strategy to perform the return of serve in tennis for the research sample.
2- Knowing the effect of the educational curriculum using the generative learning strategy to perform the return of serve in tennis for the research sample.
The most important conclusions were:

1- The use of a generative learning strategy has proven effective in developing the accuracy of returning the upper spin serve better in the post-test than it was in the pre-test.
2- Using the generative learning strategy significantly increased the speed of returning the upper spin serve in the post-test compared to the pre-test.
3- The student’s skill performance improved significantly in his ability to direct a fast ball to a specific place far away from the opponent.

The importance of the study is evident in finding a new (proposed) test through which the most accurate results can be obtained in evaluating the most important defensive skills and placing this test in the hands of workers, specialists and experts in the field of testing and training in sports institutions and clubs as central and sub-unions throughout the country. The researchers conducted an experiment on some of these tests (previous tests) that depend on the evaluation of arbitrators and (new (proposed) tests that depend on time as a real and objective criterion for it, and through analyzing many matches for the game of Kabaddi to know the most important defensive skills used frequently in these matches and at a very high rate ranging between (90-100%) in these matches. Therefore, the researchers decided to prepare and design new tests for the most important defensive skills in the game of Kabaddi, in line with the modernity of the tests as an evaluation and training on them and the high ability to master these skills to reach the best level of skill, and to obtain more accurate results in a shorter time, The study objectives were to design tests for the most important defensive skills in the game of Kabaddi, and to compare the results of previous tests and the proposed tests in measuring the most important defensive skills in the game of Kabaddi. As for the hypotheses, there was a discrepancy between the previous tests and the proposed new tests for the most important defensive skills in the game of Kabaddi. The previous tests and the proposed tests have the ability to distinguish between the testers in measuring the most important defensive skills in the game of Kabaddi, and the best are the new (proposed) tests due to the nature of the similar work in the course of the game. The research community included the youth players and applicants to the Al-Daghara Sports Club for the year (2025), numbering (60) players,The test was conducted on a sample of (50) players representing a percentage of the research community (%83.333), while (10) players did not undergo this test for reasons beyond their control, such as illness and other occupations. The researchers conducted homogeneity in the variables (height, weight, age, and training age) because they are considered variables that have a direct or indirect impact on the most important defensive skills in the game of Kabaddi. All field procedures were implemented, including tests and measurements, through which the necessary data was obtained, and then appropriate statistics were conducted, tabulated, analyzed, discussed, and appropriate conclusions and recommendations were made from the achieved results.

A study of the mechanics of motor performance according to body angles for biokinematic variables using modern analytical devices for the stages of javelin throw performance and achievement is conducted to obtain figures and statistics that demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of performance from the beginning of the stage until achievement. Through these readings and statistics, coaches have a clear picture to work on correcting and improving numerical achievement. The research aims to identify the values of the bio kinematic variables for the stages of javelin throw performance and achievement, and to identify the nature of the correlation between the bio kinematic launch variables and javelin throw achievement. The researcher used the descriptive approach using correlational relations. To suit this study, and as it is most appropriate to the nature of the problem, the research community was defined as youth javelin throwers from Iraqi clubs for the third round of the Iraqi Clubs and Institutions Athletics Championship for the sports season (2022-2023), numbering (9) players. The research sample numbered (6) players, representing (66.67%) of the research community. Exploratory experiments and achievement tests were conducted, and the data were statistically processed. The researcher reached the following conclusions:
1- The mechanics of motor performance according to body angles through the studied variables indicate the effectiveness of these variables in achievement.

The importance of the research lies in the researcher's attempt to use parachute training according to the law of obstructive force to develop muscle endurance and some biokinematic variables that constitute an important core of the technical performance of the volleyball smash skill. This is in addition to achieving accuracy in performance by developing leg muscle endurance to reach the highest possible height to hit the ball, thus achieving optimal performance in volleyball. The research problem was based on monitoring developments in volleyball in general, and the development of the smash skill in particular at the global, Arab, and local levels, given its impact on deciding the outcome of a match. Through the researcher's observations, he noted that the technical level of this skill does not align with the developments taking place. There is a significant weakness and fluctuation in the level of performance accuracy among young players. The research objectives are to prepare parachute resistance training according to the law of hindering force to develop muscle endurance, some biokinematic variables, and the accuracy of the smash serve in youth volleyball. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups: control and experimental. The researcher deliberately defined the research community, which is the players of the specialized volleyball center in Al-Shatra district in Dhi Qar Governorate (youth category), aged (16-18) years, totaling (18) players. One of the most important conclusions is the development of the accuracy level of the smash serve skill among the research sample members, based on the differences that appeared in the results of the post-test in favor of the experimental group.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of single-stroke exercises on improving unilateral arm strength and the performance of female national team kayakers in the 200-meter event. An experimental approach was applied to a sample of 8 athletes, with a specialized 8-week training program (3 sessions per week). Pre- and post-tests included measurements of pulling/pushing strength for each arm and 200-meter sprint time. The results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pre- and post-tests, with improvements in arm strength (right arm: 32 to 35 kg in pulling; left arm: 21 to 26 kg in pushing) and race time (51.4 to 49.4 seconds). The exercises also enhanced muscular balance and reduced injury risks. The study recommends integrating these exercises into training programs, emphasizing individualized plans and periodic assessments.

The study aimed to identify the effect of interval training on the development of some functional variables in tennis players. The researcher used an experimental approach appropriate to the nature of the existing problem and used a sample of (16) players using a deliberate approach. Additionally, he used several methods, tools, and tests, the most important of which was the use of high-intensity interval training. After conducting the tests and obtaining the results, they were statistically processed. In light of this, the researcher concluded that systolic and diastolic blood pressure are significantly affected by the use of the exercises prepared by the researcher. The researcher recommends adopting the high-intensity interval training method when training tennis players

The problem with this research lies in the lack of a scale for administrative behavior based on the variables of academic specialization and field experience in sports club management. The objectives of this research are to construct a scale for administrative behavior and measure it to identify differences in the administrative behavior of sports club presidents in Karbala Governorate according to the variables of academic specialization, field experience, and experience.
In the second chapter, the researcher used a descriptive survey approach. The research sample, which was intentionally selected from club presidents in Karbala Governorate across various sports, totaling (12) individuals representing (12) clubs in the governorate, was then examined. The scope of the scale was identified, and its phrases were formulated and defined through expert consultation. The researcher conducted a factor analysis using a two-sample method, using the statistical package (SPSS). This statistical procedure resulted in obtaining four factors that were interpreted for the phrases that comprise them. Thus, the scale finally included (20) phrases that included three domains: (personal domain, social domain, and professional domain). As for the conclusions, it was noted through measuring administrative behavior that there is a weakness in the personal, social, or professional domain among the heads of Karbala clubs in managing sports clubs in general, and the emergence of different viewpoints regarding the administrative behavior of heads of sports clubs according to the region in the personal, social, and professional domains.

The current research aims to identify the reality of the outstanding performance of directors of departments in the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports from the perspective of their employees. The human resource field consisted of employees in the departments of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports. The research was applied to departments in the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports. The researcher identified his research community through a comprehensive census of all employees in the departments, totaling (496), distributed across (10) departments of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, representing a percentage of (50%) of the original research community. The research sample consisted of (248) employees. The researcher recommended that managers of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports encourage employees to think creatively (outside the box) in order to perform their work properly. The directors of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports must be highly competent to serve as good role models for their employees. Highly precise controls and standards must be applied when hiring employees, based on qualifications, academic achievement, and the extent of their soft skills in dealing with others.

The research aims to shed light on these issues and provide recommendations that will enhance the role of organizational values in developing administrative and educational performance within educational institutions, thus contributing to achieving educational goals more effectively. The research areas were from the point of view of the scouting division and stages officials in the General Directorates of Education in Iraq, for the period from 11/20/2024 to 2/4/2025 in the Directorate of Scouting Sports Activities in the General Directorates of Education in Iraq. The researcher adopted a percentage of (100%) and a comprehensive sample enumeration method, where (140) division and stage officials were approved, distributed among (20) education directorates affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Education, and who are continuing in official working hours for the year (2023/2024). The researcher recommended that the goals set by the directorates for the scouting stages should be clear and understood with great precision in order to achieve them correctly. The division and stage officials should work to set the correct path for the wooden badge holders through this to clarify the goals that must be implemented. Work to create a positive atmosphere in order to consolidate and improve the relationship between the division and stage officials and the wooden badge holders in the correct manner.

The study aimed to: identify the effect of the Coscroft Model on learning the positions of covering in defense and counterattacking for soccer players, and to identify the superiority of the effect between the Coscroft Model and the mechanism used in learning the positions of covering in defense and counterattacking for soccer players in the post-tests.
The researchers used the experimental method by designing two equivalent experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests, to suit the objectives and format of the study. The research community was defined as players from specialized schools in Karbala under the age of 17, numbering (50) players, and the research sample was (30) players. They used the statistical package (SPSS) to process the data.
In light of the results reached by the researchers in this study, and the subsequent interpretations, the following conclusions were reached: The Coscroft model and the mechanism followed by the coach had a positive impact on the superiority and level of the experimental group players in learning the defensive coverage positions and intercepting the ball from the opponent. The experimental group had a greater advantage over the control group as a result of the impact of the Coscroft model on learning the defensive coverage positions and intercepting the ball from the opponent.

New training methods are used to develop certain physical abilities and variables. One of these methods is repetition-intensity wave training. The concept of these exercises focuses on dividing the distances during training and then setting a wave-intensity for the same repetition according to specific distances for the runner, or setting an intensity for one repetition and a different intensity for another. Therefore, when preparing a training program for runners, the training objective should be to develop the components and focus on developing the variables that lead to increased performance by utilizing these exercises. The recovery process must also be taken into account. Therefore, the importance of this research lies in identifying the data, statistics, and information within these exercises to determine their impact on the CPK and LDH enzymes and the performance of 400m freestyle runners under the age of 20. The researchers concluded that some training methods should be added to raise the performance of runners, through the training concept of undulating training in repetition intensity, while abandoning traditional training methods that raise training levels, but not to the required level that simulates the numerical performance of the 400m freestyle event. Therefore, the researchers decided to prepare training sessions and standardized training loads to develop the CPK and LDH enzymes and achieve the 400m. They studied this case in detail to serve the training process in the field of athletics in general and the 400m freestyle event in particular. The objectives of the research were to develop exercises, include them in training sessions, and identify the effect of these exercises on the CPK and LDH enzymes and performance of 400-meter runners. The research hypotheses are that there is a positive effect of high-repetition wave training on the CPK and LDH enzymes and performance in the 400-meter race.
The researchers used the experimental approach by designing two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests and measurements. The research population was determined by runners from Karbala Governorate clubs under the age of 20 in the 400-meter freestyle event, totaling 18 runners from eight clubs.
The research conclusions and recommendations were that there was a significant effect between the experimental group and the control group on the CPK and LDH enzymes and performance of 400-meter runners, in favor of the experimental group. The researchers recommend applying high-repetition wave training to other enzymes, new events, and different categories.

The large number of practical lessons, the burdens placed on students, and the lack of attention to muscle strengthening, warm-up operations, and other things are not limited to factors that lead to the occurrence of such injuries. The research aims to prepare intensive exercises using rubber ropes to rehabilitate the connective thigh muscles affected by second-degree tear among students of the College of Physical Education. and Sports Sciences - University of Baghdad and to identify its impact. The research assumes the presence of statistically significant differences, and that the research problem imposed on the researchers to use the experimental method, by designing a single experimental group with tests (pre-, inter- and post-tests) to suit the nature of the problem. As for the sample, they were selected intentionally and numbered (6) from students with a second degree tear in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad, and in various academic levels for the period between (01/12/2023) and (02/29/2024). The program was also used. (SPSS) to process the data statistically, and according to the results collected, they concluded that intensive exercises using rubber ropes had positive effects on the variables of the study within a short period, and they recommended using these exercises as guidance for rehabilitating those injured in sports and other injuries.

This study examined job justice among physical education teachers, measuring the level of job justice. Management is the umbrella term encompassing organization and job justice. Management designs the organizational structure and determines procedures and policies that ensure job justice. Effective organization contributes to achieving job justice by defining responsibilities and authorities, clarifying procedures, and providing effective communication channels. The importance of this study lies in its understanding of the most important concepts of justice among employees in an interconnected and integrated organization, which is considered one of the most important factors for the success of organizations in the modern era. Organizations must focus on developing and effectively applying these concepts to achieve their goals and remain competitive among employees. This includes fulfilling desires, working diligently, avoiding job performance leakage, and completing the required work to achieve the desired and established goals. The research aims to:
1-Design and construct a job justice scale for physical education teachers in Dhi Qar Governorate.
2-Measure the level of job justice among physical education teachers in Dhi Qar Governorate.
The researcher used a descriptive survey approach due to its suitability for the nature of the current study. The nature of the phenomenon and the established objectives require the researcher to choose an appropriate approach.
The research sample was intentionally selected, comprising (400) physical education teachers in Dhi Qar Governorate, representing 100% of the sample. The researcher selected samples from the research community in accordance with the main steps to solve the research problem, such as the exploratory sample, the construction sample, and the main application sample.
The researcher concluded that the application sample achieved a good level.

The study aims to identify the effect of concurrent training on lactic endurance and agility in under-19 soccer players.
The researchers adopted an experimental approach with a two-group equivalent design with pre-test and post-test as the basis for implementation, due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The researcher deliberately identified the research community as football players from Karbala Sports Club, aged under (19 years), totaling (23) players for the 2023-2024 training season. The training included (24) training sessions. The duration of the training sessions ranged from (30-40 minutes) with the main part of the training session lasting from (85-90 minutes). The researcher observed the principle of undulation in the training load. Magnesium lactate was administered twice daily according to medical advice. The intensity of the exercises ranged from (60%-100%) of the maximum load the player could tolerate. The researchers concluded that magnesium lactate has a significant impact on preventing cramps and injuries resulting from high muscle tension in players, as it is a recovery supplement. Synchronized training has a positive impact on developing agility.

The research problem crystallized in light of the limited use of ballistic exercises in developing the explosive strength of the arm and leg muscles responsible for developing the skill of backhand smashing. The research objectives were limited to identifying the effect of ballistic exercises on developing the explosive strength of the arms and legs and the accuracy of backhand smashing for the Ahl al-Bayt University student volleyball team. The research also aimed to identify the difference in the effect of ballistic exercises and the curriculum used in developing the explosive strength of the arms and legs and the accuracy of backhand smashing for the Ahl al-Bayt University student volleyball team. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the experimental method using two equivalent groups, appropriate to the nature of the problem. The research sample, its equivalency procedures, and data collection methods were also included. (Research tools) represented by the questionnaire and tests used in the research work. The most important conclusions reached by the researcher are that ballistic exercises significantly impacted the development of explosive strength in the arms and legs of the experimental group that used these exercises, making their performance better than the control group. The positive effect of ballistic exercises on developing explosive strength in the arms and legs and the accuracy of the backhand smash in volleyball was evident. Several recommendations were made, including: It is important to include ballistic exercises in educational and training curricula due to their impact on developing explosive strength and the skill of the backhand smash in volleyball. A comparative study was conducted between ballistic exercises and weight training, and a mixed method of both, to determine the superior effect of these methods on developing explosive strength and the accuracy of the smash skill.

Through the researcher's observation and analysis of numerous basketball matches in Iraq and interviews with numerous coaches of local and popular teams, he indicated a weakness and inaccuracy in mastering the long-range shooting skill. The researcher attributes one of the reasons for this fluctuation to the lack of use of modern technological media, which led to this situation, which the researcher found worthy of study. Therefore, the research problem was embodied in studying the possibility of using technological media in learning, and its role in helping learners learn the accuracy of long-range shooting by jumping in basketball. Through the development of technological media for learning, the researcher found that there was a pressing need for something to be scientifically changed to contribute to the development of the educational process. The research aims to: Develop an educational program using technological media to develop the accuracy of long-range shooting by jumping with a basketball, and to determine the impact of an educational program using technological media on developing the accuracy of long-range shooting by jumping with a basketball. The researcher concluded that the use of multimedia technology contributed effectively to learning the technical performance of the long-range shooting skill in basketball for players aged 16-17 years.

prepare exercises using the alternating training method to develop performance endurance and some basic skills for indoor soccer players, and to identify the effect of the alternating training method to develop performance endurance and some basic skills for the individuals in the research sample.
To achieve the goal, the researcher used the experimental method with a pre- and post-test to suit it with the research problem. The research population consisted of players from Baghdad clubs participating in the Iraqi Premier Futsal League for the season (2023 - 2024), which numbered (6) clubs, as the sample was chosen intentionally, and they were club players. (Science and Technology), numbering (20) players (12) players were chosen to represent the main experiment sample after randomly excluding (4) players as a survey sample, as well as excluding (3) goalkeepers. Thus, the sample will represent (18.18%) of the research population, The researcher conducted the pre- and post-test for individuals. The research sample, and appropriate statistical treatments were conducte), The researcher concluded that the training curriculum prepared in an alternating training style with matches and relaxation and calm-down exercises has proven effective in developing performance endurance and some basic skills in futsal football, and that the development of performance endurance has an impact in developing some basic skills in futsal football.
The researcher recommends making sure to use the training curriculum using the alternating training method to develop performance endurance and some basic skills in indoor football, as well as making sure to take into account the use of other training methods that make the player more interesting and effective as a result of the diversity in training, and adopting the training curriculum used in the alternating training method in indoor football.

The research problem revolved around the possibility of achieving high performance figures. Here lies the great importance of using modern scientific methods and means in training, in order to develop the players' abilities and elevate them to the highest levels of athletic performance. The researchers used interval training and repetition training using (varied) wave intensities, diversifying the methods and techniques used, as well as using psychophysiological programs (psychological skills .
The research sample was selected from weightlifters with special needs in the Holy Karbala Paralympic Committee. (7) players were chosen to represent the sample intentionally. The procedures for preparing the exercises were: (Physical-Psychological) according to some physical and psychophysiological variables with high and medium weights and intensities, and diversifying between them using the official bar. The researcher used the single-group experimental method with pre- and post-tests. The researcher found differences in the development rates between the pre- and post-tests of the research group in the psychophysical program and some physical and psychophysiological variables, and the performance of the bench press lift for players with special needs.

Basketball is a team sport that has begun to develop significantly locally and globally. This requires a good referee capable of handling and interpreting these situations. This requires the use of various sciences and linking them to the game of basketball, including the science of testing and measurement, due to its effective role in evaluating and developing referees. Refereeing is the process of assessing situations and events based on a set of rules that must be relied upon. It is an essential process for ensuring the organization of matches and the effective application of rules to make fair decisions in matches.
The objectives of the research were: To identify the performance level of Iraqi Professional Basketball League referees. To identify the relationship between selective visual attention and periphery of vision and the performance of Iraqi Professional Basketball League referees. To identify the contribution of visual selective attention and peripheral vision to the performance of Iraqi Professional Basketball League referees.
A descriptive survey approach was used to suit the nature of the research. The research sample was the referees of the Iraqi Professional Basketball League for the 2024/2025 season. Tests of visual selective attention and peripheral vision were used using the Rehacom cognitive system. After presenting, analyzing, and discussing the data, a set of conclusions were reached, including that there is a significant relationship between the performance of basketball league referees and visual selective attention and peripheral vision.
There is a contribution of the variables under study (visual selective attention and peripheral vision) to the performance of professional basketball league referees. Visual selective attention and peripheral vision had a direct and clear effect on the performance of Iraqi Professional Basketball League referees.

Through the progress achieved in learning defensive handball movements and to ensure obtaining the best level and approaching the ideal form of performance and in order to reach the desired goal, it has become our duty to choose appropriate educational programs using hologram technology and effective in order to teach female students and develop them for the better. The research aims to identify the effect of an educational curriculum according to Hologram technology in learning some defensive handball movements for female students. The research hypothesis was that there were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental and control groups in defensive handball movements for female students in favor of the experimental group. The researcher selected the research community intentionally, which are female students of Yarmouk School / Al-Rusafa II / Baghdad for the fifth grade of middle school for the academic year 2023-2024. By drawing lots, the choice fell on Section (A), numbering (34), and they were divided into two sections randomly by drawing lots into two groups. The researcher reached the following conclusions: The use of hologram technology in the educational curriculum showed a noticeable improvement in defensive handball movements and overall performance compared to traditional training. Technology Holograms enhance motor learning and contribute to improving students' self-confidence by providing an interactive and immersive training environment.

The importance of the research came to emphasize the importance of motor learning and its correct and logical theories and its role in learning skill performance with foil as it helps the learner to advance the skill aspect, as well as helps us in building an educated and creative generation in performance in the future during various tournaments and competitions. Raising the level of learning for skill performance in foil requires us to develop exercises that are purposeful and based on scientific foundations, including motor learning theories, as each theory achieves the goals set in its construction and helps to learn an aspect of the idea for which this theory was developed. This is considered the research problem that was discovered through the researcher's modest experience in motor learning and fencing, that learning skill performance in foil does not rise to the level of ambition, which is due to the lack of use of the appropriate learning theory in education. This is what made the researcher investigate the facts of the closed theory in learning and its role in learning basic skills in foil. The most important objectives of the research were: Identifying the effect of closed circuit educational exercises in teaching basic offensive skills in foil for beginners. - The research sample included: Third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Basra. The most important conclusions were reached: Educational exercises according to the closed circuit theory have a major role in the process of learning some basic offensive skills in foil due to its successful scientific characteristics. The researcher recommended: adopting educational exercises according to the closed circuit theory, due to its major role in the process of learning some offensive skills with foil, and due to its successful scientific characteristics.

This study aims to explore the impact of the harmonious comprehensive learning strategy on developing certain coordinative abilities and the performance of basic basketball skills among fifth-year preparatory female students. The researcher emphasized the importance of sports in students' lives, highlighting their role in enhancing physical fitness, mental health, and social interaction. Basketball, as a team sport, requires diverse coordinative skills such as motor estimation, quick response, and effort exertion, alongside basic skills like passing, dribbling, and shooting .The research problem arose from the observed difficulty among students in acquiring basic basketball skills, which negatively affected their self-confidence and active participation in sports activities. To address these challenges, the researcher proposed the use of the harmonious comprehensive learning strategy .The experimental method, employing two equivalent groups, was adopted. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of the harmonious comprehensive learning strategy in developing coordinative abilities such as motor estimation and quick response and in improving the performance of basic skills like dribbling, passing, and shooting. This underscores the success of implementing this strategy in achieving educational and athletic objectives.

The research aimed to prepare anaerobic exercises according to the method of repetitive training for runners 100 meters freestyle as well as to identify the physical variables, and the achievement of the research sample, and also to identify the impact of exercises in some physical variables and the completion of running (100) m free between the test (pre-post) for the research sample, As for the hypothesis of the research, the researcher imposed that there are statistically significant differences between the two tests (pre-post) of the group (experimental) in some physical variables and achievement, The researcher used the experimental approach by designing the two equivalent groups with a pre- and post-test to suit the nature of the research problem, and the research community was identified as the arena and field runners for the 100-meter event in Maysan Governorate for the 2023 sports season, which numbered (6) runners who compete in the championships held by the Iraqi Athletics Federation, They were taken in full in a comprehensive inventory manner, as the researcher divided them into two groups by (3) runners for the control group (3) hostile to the experimental group and the process of distributing them in a random way, The most important conclusions of the study has concluded the researcher that the use of anaerobic exercises in the training curricula for speed events have an effective role in improving achievement, the researcher has recommended the use of anaerobic exercises according to the method of repetitive training because of the effective impact of these exercises in the development of physical abilities and then achievement.

The current research aimed to identify the extent of strategic orientation in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad and the correlation between research variables. The study was conducted on a sample of (220) college instructors, representing (80%) of the original population. A scale (strategic orientation) was constructed by identifying (4) main areas distributed among them (28) paragraphs. The questionnaire was selected as a tool to set the scale requirements in the research format and distributed to an application sample of (90) instructors, representing (40.9%) of the sample as a whole. The data were then processed through the (SPSS) system according to the statistical requirements of the research to achieve the research objectives. The results revealed the presence of strategic orientation in a practical way through the sample's responses according to the research paragraphs. The most important The conclusions are that strategic orientation is one of the driving forces for competition and excellence with other specialized colleges and the sustainability of its success. The college's orientation is to understand the requirements and desires of the labor market, which aligns with the academic subjects and develops strategic objectives. It recommended investing in positive relationships with stakeholders and how to benefit from their ideas and aspirations and employ them in consolidating the college's future outcomes. It also emphasized the need for knowledge communication and scientific partnerships with similar colleges locally and internationally to enhance the college's scientific, technical, and administrative efficiency and capacity within the strategic orientation for future goals.

The research aims to develop a scale of school engagement among physical education teachers in the center of Diwaniyah Governorate. The research problem lies in the following question: What is the role of developing school engagement among physical education teachers in the center of Diwaniyah Governorate? The researcher identified the research community and sample, which are all physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in the center of Diwaniyah Governorate, who are regular for the academic year (2024-2025), and their number is (420) male and female teachers, by consulting with the Planning Division in the General Directorate of Education in Diwaniyah. The sample for the scale was (200) male and female teachers, and the exploratory sample was (20) male and female teachers, and they were selected using the random stratified method. Conclusions: School interaction is at a good level among male and female physical education teachers in the center of Diwaniyah Governorate, and there is good interest from the schools of the center of Diwaniyah Governorate in what helps to increase school interaction among male and female physical education teachers. There is a preference for the variables of certificate and experience among physical education teachers in the center of Diwaniyah Governorate. Recommendations: Paying attention to school interaction among physical education teachers in the center of Diwaniyah Governorate, holding seminars and training workshops for physical education teachers because of their benefit in developing school interaction and classroom activities in physical education lessons, activating the role of physical education teachers and students through Collecting ideas, questions, and inquiries during the physical education lesson using statistical methods. The data obtained was processed using the statistical package (SPSS) and the Excel program.

Studying the history and development of sports and understanding their achievements is of great importance, as they are considered a means of advancing societies. Sports are also a measure of a nation's cultural level. University sports are of great importance in providing teams and national teams with a wealth of youthful potential. Numerous tournaments are held at the university level for all sports, in which university students participate to compete with each other in a spirit of high culture, with the goal of entertaining students. Volleyball is a long-standing sport in Iraq, particularly among university students. In this research, the researcher explored the results of the University of Baghdad team through its participation in Iraqi university championships (for students) and archived data for the period from 1999 to 2024. He also analyzed, analyzed, and discussed these participations. The nature of the research required the researcher to use the historical method, or what is known as the documentary method, drawing on the historical development of these participations in university championships. As for the methods of collecting information, the researcher relied on written sources (books and magazines) and the World Wide Web (the Internet). He also relied on personal interviews with pioneers of the game in Iraq (such as the university team coach and player). The most important results reached by the researcher are that many of the participations of the University of Baghdad student volleyball team in university championships are not documented, and therefore several advanced positions were achieved without documenting them. As for the recommendations, the researcher recommended the need to pay attention to documenting university championships on a regular basis, as well as creating a special registry for them and recording the names of the players participating in these championships.

It is necessary to track the progress of the players in order to complement their physical, skill, psychological, tactical and functional capabilities by relying on tests as one of the important indicators of the game of football, and identifying the level of performance of the players in the basic skills of any game indicates the general level of the team and knowing what it has reached and what remains to be achieved, This is what the researcher wants to achieve for the players of the Specialized Center for Talented Football in Baghdad, aged 13-15 years in Baghdad, The study aimed to identify the level of performance of some basic skills for the players of the National Center for Talented Football in Baghdad. To achieve this, the study was conducted on a sample of (28) players from the Specialized Center for Talented Football in Baghdad, The exploratory experiment was conducted on (4) players, and after completing the experiment, they were returned to the study. The researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) to process the data. The basic skills and their tests were also identified after presenting them to a group of experts, The researcher concluded and applied the tests and obtained results. The researcher converted them to standard levels and determined the percentages for each level of skills and concluded that the sample was at an average level or above, which shows the impact of the training units applied at the center on the research sample, The need to adopt an evaluation of the performance of the players of the Specialized Center for Talented Football Care in all Iraqi centers.

The importance of this research lies in raising the functional level of soccer players, particularly their maximum anaerobic capacity, which is required for certain attacks and ball launches, handling, and scoring. This is achieved through exercises implemented within the Slam Training Circuit, which is appropriate for this type of soccer training. The research problem was: The level of execution of basic offensive skills at the required speed does not meet the desired level, especially given the weak maximum anaerobic capacity necessary to perform these skills. This indicates that the exercises designed and the training circuit used may not meet the required high load level. Therefore, experimenting with a small Slam Training Circuit may achieve the goal and address the problem by raising maximum anaerobic capacity, which enhances the level of offensive skill performance. The main objectives of the research were to identify the effect of exercises according to the impact training circuit on developing maximum anaerobic capacity and some basic offensive skills in youth soccer. The researcher used the experimental method, and the research sample was the Al-Minaa Sports Club youth soccer players. After implementing the circuit, the most important conclusions were reached: The exercises implemented according to the impact training circuit achieved the goals of sports training in developing maximum anaerobic capacity and some basic offensive skills in youth soccer. It was recommended that the exercises implemented according to the impact training circuit be adopted because they achieved the goals of sports training in developing maximum anaerobic capacity and some basic offensive skills in youth soccer.

The importance of raising performance and achieving results in basketball is evident through the use of appropriate training that simulates playing situations and builds appropriate motor skills that enhance skill performance, especially Sakio training, which has proven successful in many sports and plays a role in building the athletic base, namely the junior category. Building this age group helps lay the correct foundation for sports training. The research problem was the reasons for the weakness in skill level and the achievement of the desired accomplishments, which revealed that motor skills play an effective role in achieving results. Furthermore, the failure to use appropriate training that helps develop and enhance these skills may not achieve the training goal. Therefore, the use of Sakio training may address the research problem by specializing in a quarter of the motor skills level and skill performance of junior basketball players. The main objectives of the research were to identify the effect of Sakio training on developing some of the offensive motor and skill abilities of junior basketball players. An experimental approach was used, and the research community was the Basra Governorate Education Team. After implementing Sakio training, the most important conclusions were reached: Sakio training is one of the successful exercises in developing some of the offensive motor and skill abilities of junior basketball players. It was recommended that Sakio training be adopted as one of the successful exercises in developing some of the offensive motor and skill abilities of junior basketball players.

The importance of this research lies in highlighting the role of relative strength exercises in improving the biomechanical performance of the free kick skill in soccer. By understanding the effect of these exercises on biokinetic indicators and muscle coordination, the accuracy of free kick execution can be improved and players' effectiveness in matches increased. The research results may also provide more specialized training strategies that contribute to improving players' technical performance and enhancing their ability to execute individual skills more efficiently. The research problem was summarized in the effect of relative strength exercises on improving specialized motor aspects such as free kicks. This remains an insufficiently explored topic. Furthermore, many players and coaches face challenges in identifying the types of exercises that effectively contribute to enhancing muscle strength without negatively impacting motor coordination or speed. The researchers selected the research population and sample, which are the players of the Sumer Sports Club. The fourth chapter included a presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results, while the fifth chapter included the most important conclusions and recommendations. The researchers concluded the importance of relative strength in improving the accuracy of free kicks. The study showed that relative strength exercises play a vital role in improving the accuracy of free kicks by strengthening the muscles responsible for rapid motor movement. It was also shown that improving relative strength positively impacts motor coordination between different parts of the body during the kick. By improving muscle strength and balance, the player is able to execute the kick with greater freedom, which increases the effectiveness of overall performance. The most important recommendations made by the researchers are the inclusion of relative strength exercises in training programs. It is recommended that relative strength exercises be included periodically in training programs for soccer players, especially those who specialize in shooting skills, such as the free kick. This type of exercise helps enhance muscle strength without negatively impacting motor coordination or speed.