Dijlah Journal

The research aims to shed light on the audit procedures adopted according to the international standards ISA 402 and ISAE 3402 and the extent of the integrity of the design and application, in addition to stating the relationship of correlation and influence between the international standards ISA 402 and ISAE 3402 in enhancing audit procedures. The researchers tried to answer the question raised by the research problem, which is \\"Is there a correlation between the international standards ISA 402 and ISAE 3402 in enhancing audit procedures?\\" The researchers completed the practical aspect by designing a questionnaire form numbering (68) distributed to a number of auditors of the bodies working in the Ministry of Health and affiliated to the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau in order to know the extent of the correlation and influence between the two international standards.
It was reached to design audit procedures specific to auditing service institutions and to be present in every audit process represented by planning, analysis, collecting evidence and expressing an opinion. As it became clear through the results of the tests for analyzing the relationship of correlation and influence between the two international standards ISA 402 and ISAE 3402 and enhancing the audit process, there is a strong relationship of correlation and influence between meeting the requirements of the two standards and enhancing the audit procedures. As for the recommendations, the most prominent was ensuring commitment to applying the two international standards due to their relationship of correlation and influence in enhancing the audit process. And the necessity of updating and renewing work methods on an ongoing basis by communicating with the latest developments in the field of electronic work through conferences and training courses.

This research aims to reveal the role of health spending in economic welfare in Iraq for the period (2004-2022). To achieve this goal, the descriptive and inductive theoretical method was used, in addition to the quantitative method that includes a package of modern standard tests, based on the hypothesis that there is a relative impact of health spending on economic welfare in Iraq and that the increase in health spending did not contribute significantly to addressing the deterioration of the health level in Iraqi society, The research showed the existence of a direct and positive relationship between health spending and economic welfare, as well as between public spending and economic welfare in the short and long term, in accordance with the economic theory, as economic welfare was represented by the average per capita share of the product, as well as the existence of a direct and positive relationship between economic welfare (represented by the gross domestic product) and health spending.

The research aimed to clarify the role of strategic leadership in terms of its concept and characteristics from a conceptual perspective, as well as to explore competitive objectives, their types, and the main principles associated with them. Furthermore, it sought to explain the relationship between strategic leadership and competitive objectives. To achieve the research objective, a questionnaire was designed and a purposive sample was selected from employees whose job ranks ranged from department managers, heads of sections, and division heads at the General Company for Electrical Industries. A total of 30 forms were distributed, and all 30 were retrieved.
The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which was that the company possesses good attraction tools, which positively reflected on attracting customers. This is considered one of the means of achieving competitive objectives. It also appeared that the company encourages creative competition among work teams, which, in turn, enhances creativity and strengthens the company’s competitive objectives. The research recommended that the company\\'s management focus on documenting customer-related information, as this positively impacts customer retention. It also emphasized the need to adopt and encourage creativity, especially among work teams, given its significant importance in developing the organization\\'s work and maintaining its market and competitive position.

The research seeks to shed light on the role of internal audit in detecting cases of fraud and misleading accounting information in the financial statements, as the researcher tested the main research hypothesis which states (there is a relationship between the performance of internal audit and the accounting system in detecting misleading accounting information in the financial statements) The research hypothesis was proven by relying on the auditor’s report for the companies in the research sample for the period (2021, 2022) For the final accounts, where the research reached a set of conclusions, the accounting information is the final version that is presented through the financial statements and reports, which must have the main and secondary characteristics. The most important recommendations were the need to pay attention to the financial statements because they are the primary source of accounting information that appears in the lists. Finance

The current study aims to know the extent of the impact of organizational change in the re-engineering of human resources in the Oil Products Distribution Company, as it is an important company for the country and provides its services to all citizens directly or indirectly. The descriptive analytical approach was used using the questionnaire tool and personal interviews to collect data from the research sample of 179 employees. The program (SPSS V.25) was used to calculate a set of statistical methods such as (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skewness and flatness test, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient), and the most important conclusions reached by the researchers were that the company is interested in making organizational change on an ongoing basis. This is evident from the set of large and continuous changes that the company has made since its establishment in the nineties until now, to keep pace with changes in the external environment to reduce errors in work and speed up the completion of internal work and transactions with internal and external bodies and entities, which are represented by purchasing - receiving - storing - transporting - distributing and selling petroleum products of all kinds, and the company is obligated to adopt organizational change in general as it is responsible for providing petroleum products to all sectors and individuals of society and contributing in a way It is a major supporter of the Iraqi national economy in the field of the oil sector, and the administration adopts, when making these changes, the re-engineering of human resources, due to its importance in raising the value and capacity of human resources, by training them, rehabilitating them and raising their value to accomplish their work efficiently and effectively.

The research aims to know and measure the role of interactive marketing in its dimensions (interaction, trust, communication, rapid response, service quality) in achieving citizenship behavior in its dimensions (exercising a functional role, defense and commitment, providing advice, sportsmanship, social support), if the research field is represented in the sports sector and the research community is the members of the Sports Clubs Fans Association, which amounted to (114) members, and a sample of (88) members was selected based on the (Thompson) equation and clarifying the relationship between the research variables. Seven main hypotheses were formulated to test the relationship of correlation and influence. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach in completing the research and analyzing the data. The statistical program (Spss.v.24) and (Amos.v,24) were used. Among the statistical methods used are (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, multiple linear regression, structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis (Cronbach, sAipha). According to the results obtained, the researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that interactive marketing, including It includes (interaction, communication, trust and speed of response) to improve the quality of sports service, which creates a sense of belonging and satisfaction, so that the public possesses citizenship behavior through defending and committing to clubs, practicing a functional role and social support. As for the most important recommendations that the researcher emphasized, the administration should invest in mechanisms and apply approaches provided by interactive marketing, such as increasing communication, trust, speed of response and interaction, which enables it to enhance the citizen behavior of the customer, which results in social support practices, a functional role and defending the club by the public.

Creating the appropriate investment environment that helps attract foreign and domestic capital is not an easy task for any country. However, it is a very important and necessary factor for attracting investments within the country. This refers to the sum of the political, economic, social, security, legal, and administrative conditions and circumstances that form the framework within which the investment process revolves. These elements are usually intertwined and interconnected, influencing and being influenced by each other. Together, they form the investment environment, which positively or negatively affects the chances of success of investment projects. Consequently, the economic environment becomes either stimulating and attractive to capital or repelling it. The investment environment, with its components and elements, can either be attractive to investment, meaning it includes factors that attract foreign investment, or it can be investment-repellent, meaning it includes numerous obstacles and restrictions that lead to the reluctance and flight of foreign investment from the host country. The investment environment in Iraq consists of several elements, the most important of which are the legislation regulating the investment process, the financial and monetary sector, and the prevailing financial, economic, and tax policies in the country. These are either factors that attract or repel investment, as we will explain. Accordingly, we will address the research topic through a two-part research plan. In the first, we explain the concept and elements of the investment environment, followed by the reality of the investment environment and its impact on attracting investment, as follows:
Section One: The concept of the investment environment and its elements.
Section Two: The reality of the investment environment in Iraq and its impact on attracting foreign direct investment.

Poverty is one of the most significant social and economic issues facing societies globally, especially in the Arab world. This phenomenon has negative impacts on individuals and society, contributing to the spread of social ills such as disease and ignorance, which in turn hinders the achievement of economic and social development goals. Addressing poverty and mitigating its severity pose a major challenge for governments striving to improve the living standards of the poorest segments and promote social growth and advancement.
The delay in development in the Arab world has contributed to economic and intellectual decline, leading to a fragile social fabric and the spread of negative ideologies among the youth. Combatting poverty requires a comprehensive approach, beginning with educational reform and improvement of legislative systems. Many Arab initiatives and conferences have emphasized the importance of developing an integrated plan for economic and social cooperation aimed at implementing successful policies to combat poverty, achieve social development, and uphold human dignity, stability, and social solidarity.

Protecting digital heritage is a significant challenge facing the international community. However, efforts at the international, regional, and national levels show promising progress in this field. Achieving this goal requires a strong political commitment, substantial financial investments, and close cooperation among various stakeholders. The digital age has witnessed a rapid evolution in the production and exchange of digital information, leading to new challenges in preserving digital cultural heritage. Digital heritage, encompassing a wide range of digital materials with cultural and historical value, is vulnerable to loss and damage due to technological changes, cyber-attacks, and obsolescence.

This study is based on the difficulties related to conducting inspection in light of cybercrimes, given the importance of inspection that touches on the rights of individuals, their personal freedoms and their private lives, which may become vulnerable to violation in the event of applying traditional rules that are not at all compatible with the non-material nature of cybercrimes. Cybercrimes raise challenges regarding the appropriate legal framework for conducting inspections carried out by the investigative authorities charged with investigating crimes according to the difference in their circumstances from traditional crimes, especially since the Iraqi legislator has not yet created a law for cybercrimes, as most countries have done, despite its ratification of the Arab Convention to Combat Information Technology Crimes.

Oil is the backbone of contemporary life, as interest in it has increased after entering many modern industries, and this is what made oil countries invest in this product, and with the great potential of major foreign companies, countries, especially developing countries, began to sign contracts for oil production. However, the problem began to become clear after the conclusion of these contracts and what their nature is. Each party wishes to give a nature to this contract that suits him in order to guarantee his rights. The jurisprudence goes to three directions to explain the nature of this contract, so the first direction goes to make it an administrative contract in which the state is the sovereign and the upper hand, and as a result, the internal judiciary is the faction in the dispute. Another trend is to make it a contract within the framework of private law, and it is possible to agree on a mechanism for resolving the dispute, often by arbitration. We see that this contract is of a special nature, and it has characteristics from the general law and from the private law.

Local governments in Iraq face multiple and complex political, social and economic challenges that affect their stability and the level of achieving development and providing services to citizens. The most important of these challenges are constitutional and legal challenges, including the overlapping of powers between the local authority and the regions, which leads to a defect in the implementation of decisions. The economic and social obstacles are represented by administrative and financial corruption, lack of transparency, and weak planning and project management. To get rid of these obstacles and confront them, it is necessary to adopt comprehensive strategies aimed at strengthening the financial, administrative and institutional capabilities of local authorities, in addition to enhancing transparency, combating corruption, enhancing cooperation between community groups, and encouraging community participation to overcome the obstacles of local governments.

The journey of the Lebanese Senate began in 1925, with the representative council entrusted with drafting a Lebanese constitution. On December 10, 1925, this council formed a 13-member committee that addressed a series of questions about the nature of the anticipated constitutional system to prominent figures and bodies representing various segments of the Lebanese population (heads of religious sects, senior civil servants, judges, lawyers' and doctors' unions, chambers of commerce, the press, etc.). Indeed, the committee's rapporteur, Chebel Damous, prepared a report on the responses the committee received, presenting the results of the survey, including those related to the Senate. A review of the report reveals that 125 out of 132 respondents, in their responses to the second question, believed that Parliament should consist of two chambers, as this would ensure proper representation and legislative work.

The people\'s right to participate in the management of public affairs is a fundamental necessity. Genuine and credible elections remain the most convincing and effective way for people to participate in governance, to make their voices heard, to enable citizens to express their will, and to help build and consolidate sustainable democracies. Successful democracies depend on the existence of genuine democratic institutions that stem from the aspirations of the masses and cannot be bypassed in order to achieve transparency and credibility. All of this depends on the achievement and existence of a conscious and high political culture among voters, because a conscious political culture enables the masses to demand their legitimate rights, and in return, they fulfill their duties and responsibilities, starting with their duty to their country, which is to participate in elections to ensure the success of the political process and to establish sound democratic practice, which will lead to the building and establishment of solid democratic institutions.
The electoral turnout rate is an important indicator for measuring the awareness and political culture of voters, alongside other indicators such as trust between citizens and political elites, the index of justice, equality, and freedom, the index of political and societal stability, and other indicators.

It was the beginning of the study of human capabilities to look into outer space in the year 1957, which was later known as the “First Space Age,” and the end of which is marked by the conclusion of the Cold War, as the strategy of militarizing outer space emerged as a glimpse of the development and capabilities of humans in this field. In addition to that, we participate and support the military institutions of various countries of the world.

The international environment has also become a state of a new space race, as the major powers competing for the structure of the international system are trying to strengthen their power resources. In this race, the United States of America seeks to maintain advanced positions and strengthen its position in the face of rising powers, while Russia is trying to maintain its space power. Inherited from the Soviet Union and its focus on counterbalancing Western pressures and exploiting the West's increasing dependence on outer space.
The international environment has also become a state of a new space race, as the major powers competing for the structure of the international system are trying to strengthen their power resources. In this race, the United States of America seeks to maintain advanced positions and strengthen its position in the face of rising powers, while Russia is trying to maintain its space power. Inherited from the Soviet Union and its focus on counterbalancing Western pressures and exploiting the West's increasing dependence on outer space.

This study seeks to explore the role of information technology in enhancing the economies of developing countries by examining selected models such as India and Kenya The study demonstrates how digital technologies can contribute to improving productivity, facilitating e-commerce and enhancing financial services However developing countries face technical economic and political challenges such as weak technological infrastructure lack of technical skills and unsupportive government policies The study presents strategies to enhance the use of information technology such as developing digital infrastructure enhancing technical education and public-private partnerships.

The events of October, when the Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) launched Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa in 2023 on the Gaza Envelope settlements, were a security turning point in the Red Sea region and on maritime traffic for international commercial ships when the Ansar Allah movement linked maritime security and maritime security in the Red Sea region to a ceasefire and the entry of aid to the Palestinian people in Gaza, and what resulted from the Israeli war, where the Ansar Allah movement launched attacks on international commercial ships, especially those belonging to the Israeli occupation state or Israeli entities or other countries that have relations with the Israeli occupation.
The Houthi attacks on trade in the Red Sea region affected international trade and maritime traffic because many shipping companies changed the course of their ships and took other routes without passing through Africa, especially the Cape of Good Hope route, as this route is distinguished by the long distance, as well as the increased cost of transportation and the longer time for sea voyages for commercial ships. This will create economic effects, including delaying the arrival of goods and energy necessary for consumer countries. Therefore, the Houthi attacks in the Red Sea region affected countries as a result of the decline in navigation and the passage of commercial ships. Therefore, Egypt was directly affected due to the low revenues of the Suez Canal. In addition, European countries are more affected by the security issue in the Red Sea region. Therefore, most European commercial ships sail through the Suez Canal, which connects the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and is close to Europe.

Nowadays, Art is not just for enjoyment rather it becomes goods (commodity), consuming and trade for political and economical issues. Along with this contemporary art, there is a desire to manipulate tastes and a movement towards controlling others to accept the changes in the future. This tends to merge the individuals and societies taste of different cultures due to the convergence of consumer tastes around the world by the pragmatic philosophy.
This article sheds light on the value and role of how art is manipulating others to control tastes for political and economic issues in the time of capitalism and the competition for world domination.
The research consists of four parts, the first is the general framework including the research problem, its importance, objectives, and identify the terms. The second one tackles the theoretical framework and the role of art manipulating the artistic tastes. While the third part is the procedures of the study, the samples and analyzing the data. Results and conclusion are in the fourth part.
The study finds out that:
• The artistic testes is shifting towards globalization through the artists’ use of contemporary artistic styles. It reveals that artists are heading towards the dominance of global taste.
• The artistic works at the American Center represent an attraction point for others because it achieved a model for international artistic taste.

This research is concerned with studying (the aesthetics of the products of ancient Persian civilization and their reflection in Persian-Islamic photography). It is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to explaining the problem of the research, its importance and need for it, the goal of the research and its limits, and defining the most important terms contained in it.
The research problem dealt with the aesthetics of the products of ancient Persian civilization and their reflection in Persian-Islamic painting, which had a wide resonance in the movement of society, its customs, its traditions, and its culture, so it could reflect patterns of manifestations represented in those miniatures, so that art would be a description of essence, myth, and religion (activities of the spirit). Everything related to the inner spiritual existence that nations and peoples across generations are proud of. The research problem was determined by answering the following question: The aesthetics of the products of the ancient Persian civilization and their reflection in Persian-Islamic photography. The first chapter also includes the research objective: revealing the artistic references of the ancient Persian civilization that distinguished Persian-Islamic photography. The first chapter also included the limits of the research and its most important terms. While the theoretical framework included the second chapter and previous studies, the second chapter dealt with two sections: the first dealt with the artistic legacy of ancient Persian civilization, and the second section dealt with the schools of Islamic photography represented by Persian Islamic miniatures in particular. The third chapter was concerned with the research procedures: including the research community and the selection of its sample of (3) artistic Persian miniatures as the research sample. The fourth chapter included the results of the research, conclusions, recommendations and proposals. Among the most important findings reached by the researcher: The Persian miniatures, especially those executed by the artist Kamal al-Din Behzad, expressed a message that expressed the ideas, values and ideals of courage and heroism that characterized the Persian kings and made them a focus of boasting for control and influence. Through the wars they fought, heroism and courage, taken from the characteristics of ancient Persian civilization, emerged in the entire research sample. This is what the research came up with, based on recommendations, proposals, Arabic and Persian sources, and a summary in English.

Studying the musical and lyrical reality in Iraq during the twentieth century witnessed new innovations and different experiences. These innovations included the production of lyrical colors and pieces of music that were influenced by digital technology. Perhaps the emergence of many innovations, their rapid development and their continued progress over time, led to a different outcome in musical art, including the audio recording device, which has become an important turning point in the course of human life throughout its history.
The research consisted of an introduction in which I emphasized that music is not far from the technological development that has touched all sciences and enters into the most minute daily details of contemporary man. Then, the research problem was stated through the main question that the researcher came up with: Is there a relationship between the use of modern technology and its clear impact on the music industry? The theoretical framework also included the main title: Mechanisms for employing modern technology in the music industry. The subtitles "The great development in music recording devices" and "Contemporary programs developed for musical notation" and "The impact of technology on the modern music industry". After that, we came out with the indicators of the theoretical framework, and then the results, conclusions, recommendations and proposals. Finally, the research references and sources will be fixed.

Consider in this study the issue of reality and imagination, which played an important role in the works of the artist Salvador Dali, which the artist combined reality with imagination, a new image. The truth is that the visual artist is not obliged to record reality as it is, as is the reason for photography, the camera. Art is farther and deeper than limiting knowledge to Simulation only. Was the artist Salvador Dali's goal really to falsify reality by employing imagination in artistic work? What is the aesthetic function of imagination in the artistic image? What is the evocative role of imagination in the work of Salvador Dali?

Abstract
This research is concerned with studying (the structural system of the morphology of Ottoman ceramics), which includes four chapters. The first chapter contains the research problem, which is defined by the following question: What is the role of the structural system as an influential act in the morphology of Ottoman ceramics? The importance of the research and the need for it came from the fact that it benefits those interested in the field of plastic art in general and potters in particular, by explaining morphology as an aesthetic value reflected in its effect on ceramic work. The need for this research stems from the fact that it represents an attempt by the researcher to fill the void that exists in this important area of ​​artistic formation because The topic needs to be enriched with this field of research, in order to achieve the desired results. The aim of the study can be: (identifying the structural pattern of the morphology of Ottoman ceramics), The research was limited to studying the products of Ottoman ceramics executed with various colored oxides on the surfaces of these products. The second chapter contained the theoretical framework, which included two sections: the first topic: morphology and the structural pattern of composition between elements and foundations, and the second section was concerned with studying: morphological approaches to products. The fourth chapter included Research results and conclusions, then recommendations and proposals.

Abstract : - From music you can know the level of peoples or countries as the great Chinese philosopher Confucius says \"If you want to know how much of a country is civic and civilized, you will listen to that country\'s music.\" Here lies the essential role of music, which is the main part of the rest of the arts and expressions of culture. It is known that every civilization has its own and distinct art, especially the Rafidain Valley, the cradle of civilizations and arts, all its time periods and transformations to the Abbasid era in which the arts thrived of all kinds So here the researcher identified the problem of research and formulated it in the following question? What role did Iraqi women play in music, and what influenced women\'s voices on Iraqi song? The researcher was then exposed to the research\'s objective and importance and the definition of terminology in chapter In the second chapter, the researcher spoke about the nature of Iraqi women and Iraqi society. The second research talked about Iraqi women\'s occupations in music, with mention of previous studies and the main results of the theoretical framework In chapter III, the researcher adopted the analytical descriptive curriculum and analyzed a series of songs by Iraqi female artists In chapter IV, the researcher produced conclusions and conclusions. In turn, she wrote proposals and recommendations with reference to sources and references .

Research summary:
The research addressed the topic (Infographic trend in ancient Iraqi art), in which the research problem was determined by answering the following question:) How can the arts with written and pictorial addition in ancient Iraq be considered as infographic works according to modern standards? ), As for the second chapter, it included the theoretical framework that contained three topics: The first included the concept of infographics, while the second topic included the aesthetic applications of infographics, and the third topic was concerned with the feature of documenting the art of infographics in ancient Iraqi civilization, while the third chapter was concerned with the research procedures, and the fourth chapter contained the results and conclusions.
Keywords: (Infographics).

This research aims to reveal the reality of the street network in the city of Madinah by relying on two criteria: the morphological criterion and the functional criterion. The street network in this area suffers from traffic problems, some of which are related to the technical condition of the street, and the other part occurred as a result of the change in the function of residential streets to commercial streets. This functional change and the conversion of buildings contributes in one way or another to the occurrence of traffic jams, due to the narrow width of the street, in addition to the drivers stopping their vehicles on both sides of the sidewalks of these streets, which disrupts traffic and increases the aggravation of traffic jams.

Prof. Ahmed Jassim Mohammed Alhassan & Assistant Lecturer Naba Karim Ahmed
Faculty of Education for Girls, University of BasraThe research aims to detect changes in the frequency and duration of the stay of the centers of the upper subtropical high at the pressure level of 500 hectopascals over Iraq for the period 1973-2023 as a result of climate change, as the analysis of weather maps for the aforementioned level showed an increase in the rates of frequency and the number of days that the centers remain for the months of their appearance over Iraq, as witnessed. The months of relocation, especially May and October, have an increase in frequency and days of survival, and all of these changes are the result of increased Hadley cell activity. and its expansion to the north of the subtropical latitudes as a result of climate change. It was also shown that there was an increase in the potential heights of the centers of the upper subtropical high for all the months discussed in the research paper. This is due to temperature changes with altitude as a result of climate change and thus an increase in the thickness of the atmospheric high at the 500 level. Hectopascal.

The study aims to identify the characteristics of water erosion in the Wadi Shabu Rasur basin in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The research problem centers on knowing the geomorphological effects resulting from water erosion in the study area, and the possibility of building a mathematical model to calculate the volume of water erosion and its geomorphological effects in the basin, which has an area of (469,018) km2. , located south of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, based on the (Gavrilovic) model, which relies on many indicators in its construction, namely (rock structure, rate and degree of slope, density of vegetation, rain and temperature), which relied on satellite data (Landsat-8) for the year (2023). Four levels of water erosion were identified in the study area, with the average potential water erosion coefficient (Z) between (0.01 - 1.0). Light erosion ranked first, then very light erosion, medium erosion ranked third, and finally, and the least, the area of severe erosion. The study also identified four types of geomorphological effects associated with water erosion in the study area. These effects are linked to the terrain and slope characteristics represented by the risks of movement of rock materials. They were classified into two types of movements. The first type represents rapid movement represented by rock falls, rock slides, collapses, and the flow of materials. Clay, while the second type includes the slow movement of materials represented by rock creep and soil creep, and the second type of effects is represented by morpho-climatic effects, as this age is one of the most important reasons for the emergence of risks in the region as a result of the activity of weathering and water erosion processes, in addition to the geomorphological effects resulting from the merging of layers that have been He mentioned and classified them into three levels of risk, as low-risk lands occupied the highest percentage of the area of the study area, amounting to (53.66%), followed by medium-risk lands, about (27.92%), and finally, very dangerous lands, amounting to .(18.43%)

The research aims to distribute livestock animals according to their types in Al-Haritha district, distributed according to the agricultural provinces of (42) provinces for the year 2023. The study area has (26,467) heads, and buffalo have the highest number, reaching (16,815) heads, with a percentage of (63.5%) of the total livestock animals in Al-Haritha District, followed by cows (6838) heads, representing (25.8%), then sheep (2793) heads, (10.3%), and finally goats (75) heads, (0.3%). Al-Khora District topped the highest number of livestock animals. It constituted 17.1% (of the total livestock animals in Al-Haritha District.

The study included the disclosure of the potential of rural development in the Al-Siba region, because it has an important and significant impact on the development of the sustainable development process in order to achieve society and increase production and development and increase job opportunities for a productive countryside, suitable for the size of the population and their distribution to estimate their need for basic services and with a view to achieving sustainable rural development on Short and long term in rural areas

The reality of using modern teaching strategies by teachers of the Open Educational College, Al-Karkh Center
Summary of the research
The aim of the research is to identify. The descriptive approach was used, and the tool was a questionnaire to collect information. The research tool consisted of two axes, the first to identify teaching strategies, and the second to identify the basic obstacles. The research sample consisted of (40) male and female student teachers at the Open Educational College, Al-Karkh Center, who were selected intentionally from the college’s classes for the four years. After applying the questionnaire, the following results were obtained:
The story strategy and the dialogue and discussion strategy are the most used by teachers, according to the questionnaire. In contrast, I use the direct experience strategy to make the student in the primary stage interact with the thing to be taught as it happens in reality.
The most important obstacle that prevents the use of modern strategies for primary school students is the lack of use of an assistant teacher in the classroom, which leads to the inability to tolerate modern strategies.

The media plays a pivotal role in combating violent extremism by spreading awareness and providing accurate and neutral information about such acts. Social media in particular contribute to promoting discussions on issues of extremism and provide platforms for raising awareness of the dangers of extremist ideas. However, these platforms can also be an arena for the spread of extremism, which requires the development of effective strategies to monitor content and combat extremist propaganda. Methods of confrontation include promoting positive content, educating users, and cooperation between governments and technology companies to stop the spread of extremist ideas. The media, especially social media, are a double-edged sword in combating violent extremism. On the one hand, these media provide wide opportunities to spread awareness messages and confront extremist ideologies through effective media campaigns targeting young people and groups most vulnerable to violent extremism. Media can enhance the role of civil society and encourage dialogue between different cultures, which contributes to reducing polarization and extremism of opinions. On the other hand, these platforms face major challenges as they are exploited by extremist groups to spread hate propaganda and recruitment. Therefore, confrontation requires enhancing cooperation between state institutions to confront them by providing awareness-raising alternatives that focus on the values of tolerance and moderation. Modern media technology constitutes one of the most important aspects of communication dominance at the international level. Therefore, media discourse is one of the factors that play an important role in shaping the mental image of a person, given that the media is one of the most important sources of the flow of symbols and the basic component of the image expressing the world in the human mind. The media embodies the goals set by the parties responsible for the media message. One of the most important phenomena that preoccupy humanity at the present time is the phenomenon of terrorism and violence. The use of information about current events towards specific goals in favor of a certain party takes the situation out of the media track and into psychological warfare or propaganda and then media terrorism, which was used as one of the aspects of gathering capabilities and embodying them in rhetorical symbols sent through visual media. Media imperialism - the use of the power of the media to impose values and customs as a culture imported across borders - and opposing thought has formed one of the basic axes of modern media discourse.

This study was conducted in a nursery in Sharqat District for the 2023-2024 season to investigate the effect of humic acid addition methods (without addition, adding acid to the soil, and spraying it on the plant) on the yield of various fava bean varieties (local, Dutch, Spanish, and French). The results showed:
The acid addition treatment significantly affected yield traits, including the number of pods per plant, seed weight (g), seed yield per plant, and biological yield, with increases of 60%, 74.24%, 15.62%, and 14.85%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The French variety outperformed the local variety in pod count by 60% compared to the local variety, while the local variety outperformed in seed weight by 74.24% compared to the French variety. It also outperformed in seed yield and biological yield by 42.86% and 42.86% respectively compared to the Dutch variety. The same variety with and without acid also outperformed with the highest number of pods plant-1, reaching 8.0 pods plant-1, with an increase of 60% compared to the local variety with and without acid, which produced the lowest number of pods, which was 5 pods plant-1. The local variety to which acid was added outperformed with the highest weight per seed, which was 1.17g, compared to the French variety not treated with acid, whose seed weight was 0.65g. The same variety also outperformed in seed yield plant-1 and biological yield, with an increase of 69.13 and 36.59% compared to the Dutch and Spanish varieties.

The Islamic conquests movement was considered a historical phenomenon like other movements witnessed by peoples. Historians differed in determining its motives and motivations. Some considered it to be economic factors and the Arabs’ desire to enjoy the wealth of the neighboring regions that they were familiar with due to their trade with the Levant, Iraq, and Persia. Others saw it as a solution to many of the internal economic and political problems that befell the Arabs, represented by directing the Arabs’ energy towards the love of fighting, especially after the wars of apostasy and the elimination of apostates, which resulted in the emergence of military forces and the killing of large numbers of apostates.

Objectives: This research aims to introduce the concept of custom, its conditions and rules, and to identify the role of custom in maintaining civil peace and social control.
Methodology: The researcher relied on the descriptive approach, which is one of the anthropological methods, and some tools such as interviews, participant observation, informants, and a questionnaire. The sample consisted of two categories, a special category for citizens interested in this topic, and its number reached 100 individuals. While the second category consisted of sheikhs and notables, and their number reached 20 individuals.
Results: We concluded the role of tribal custom in promoting civil peace in society, in addition to considering it a means of social control. The results were consistent with the objectives that were set.
Conclusion: The topic of our research revolves around the role of tribal custom in promoting civil peace and social control, and that Iraqi society in general and gray society in particular is dominated by social cohesion derived from inherited customs and traditions, and among these customs is the tribal custom that solves many problems by adhering to it despite what exists. Of the lapses between the groups of society as a means of control and achieving peace in light of the circumstances that the governorate experienced.

The current research examines cognitive capability as an independent variable, used to activate tourism organizational excellence, represented by the dependent variable across a number of Iraqi organizations in Baghdad. The research sample consisted of 80 individuals, including department managers, division heads, and employees. The study aimed, in light of the research problem, to diagnose and analyze the interrelationships between the research variables. A questionnaire was prepared for this purpose, and the data was analyzed using SPSS. The main findings of the study revealed a positive and significant correlation between cognitive capability and tourism organizational excellence. This relationship highlights the major role that cognitive capability plays in tourism organizational excellence through the formulation of correct plans and decision-making, as explained by the analysis results. The study concluded with several key findings, including that the objectives of cognitive capability within organizations are reflected in their strategic and operational goals. These objectives aim to provide key indicators for removing all barriers and working on restructuring to assist in development and change, in order to meet the environmental demands of all kinds, achieve appropriate revenues for organizations, and ensure employee satisfaction and increased loyalty.

The current research tests artificial intelligence techniques as the independent variable in achieving security in international tourist airports as the dependent variable, specifically at Baghdad International Airport. The sample consisted of 39 individuals, including department managers, section heads, and employees. To achieve the research objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was employed for data collection and hypothesis testing, utilizing a questionnaire with 24 items. The data were analyzed using various statistical methods, including standard deviation, mean, and correlation coefficients. Analysis via SPSS revealed a statistically significant effect of artificial intelligence techniques on achieving security in international tourist airports. The study concluded with several recommendations, including the necessity of exchanging security experiences in combating tourism-related crimes at both national and regional/international levels.

The paper presents a comprehensive overview of comparative study in applied linguistics, and a comparison between Arabic and English. The comparative method examines the teaching of modern languages by comparing two languages from different linguistic families, specifically Arabic and English.
This study focuses on identifying similarities and differences between these two languages for educational purposes. By understanding these distinctions, we can predict potential problems and errors that learners may encounter due to the differences in the linguistic systems of Arabic and English.
Knowing the similarities and differences between ( SL) the language from which the translation was made and (RL) the language into which it was made enables students to avoid mistakes when studying the Arabic language.
By highlighting the similarities and differences, this study aims to elucidate the errors that learners might make as a result of these linguistic disparities. This will avail the English-speaking Arabic learners, especially those in translation programs, as it helps them avoid mistakes arising from the differences in the two languages' systems.
Furthermore, understanding the similarities and differences between the source language (Arabic) and the target language (English) equips students with the knowledge to minimize errors during their study of the Arabic language.

Adverbial clauses represent a significant subject in English grammar, and mastering them –on the part of English learners- needs a high concentration on the use, functions, as well as the semantic role of this type of clauses. EFL learners may face some difficulties when dealing with adverbial clauses, especially when required to identify some types and functions of these clauses. Thus, this study is an attempt to investigate those difficulties that are faced by EFL students at university level. The researchers will first present a thorough discussion of adverbial clauses, then they go on to make tests for a sample of university students in order to find out to what extent students are able to use and recognize adverbial clauses.

This study aims to probe the attitudinal meaning and functions of intonation in Moslui Arabic, a dialect that is spoken in the Iraqi city of Mosul. Notwithstanding the crucial role of intonation in conveying pragmatic meanings and the growing concern for Arabic prosody [26], little attention has been paid to the attitudinal functions of intonation in Moslui Arabic so far. To fill in this gap, the present study explores the intonation types and prosodic characteristics that Moslui Arabic speakers use to convey various emotional, attitudinal, and pragmatic meanings. Thus, the study incorporates a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches to the examination of a corpus of data collected through an elicited speech paradigm with 120 native speakers of Moslui Arabic. Interviews, conversations and role-plays were used to ensure the corpus offered a variety of intonation patterns and attitudinal functions. Analysis of the acoustic aspects of the data was performed with Praat software for pitch contours, pitch accents, and boundary tones. Dominatory annotations of the data focused on the types and locations of attitudinal features, while pragmatically focused annotations sought to both identify and classify such features in context according to speaker meaning. Results of the investigation indicate that different intonation patterns have been systematically paired with different kinds of attitude in Moslui Arabic. The rising pitch contour was strongly associated not only with questions and uncertainty, but also with politeness; the falling pitch contour was invariably more linked to statements and certainty along with assertiveness. These were the rising-falling and falling-rising pitch contours which were argued to serve additional, subtler attitudinal functions such as emphasis, contrast, sarcasm, and reservation. The results, in general, show the critical impact of prosodic factors (i.e., pitch range, speech rate and loudness) on encoding the attitudinal uses by intonation in Moslui Arabic. In addition, the paper highlights important sociolinguistic differences in the realization of intonation patterns among different groups of speakers and communicative contexts. An analysis showed that gender-specific differences were present with regard to polite tone, and assertive intonation, while use of age-appropriate forms of emotional and sarcastic tones. Different uses of information-structuring and interpersonal intonation patterns were found to vary systematically with situational context.

Writing is a complex and multi-faceted skill, particularly for learners of English as a foreign language. This is why this study focuses on exploring how peer feedback can improve the writing performance of EFL students, not in their overall writing proficiency and self-efficacy. This study employs a mixed-method research design to investigate the effect of peer feedback on EFL university students' writing performance and self-efficacy. The primary instrument for data collection will be a survey based on a modified version of the Bandura Self-Efficacy Scale for the qualitative part and a test for the quantitative part. The results proved that all self-efficacy measures and peer feedback experiences are categorized as Moderate, indicating that the students possess a reasonable level of confidence in their writing abilities and experiences with peer feedback.

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture/Tikrit University, while the field experiment was conducted in the Department of Crop Protection/Ministry of Agriculture, located in Baghdad Governorate/Abu Ghraib District. The results showed that there is a clear and significant superiority in the use of hydrogel in all the studied characteristics, in addition to the noticeable superiority of the treatment of organic copper, Trichoderm harzianum fungus, and the fungicide Beltanol in increasing growth and productivity standards, whether these treatments were individual or synergistic. It became clear that the percentage of leaf area, plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, and yield weight under the conditions of using hydrogel for the triple treatment (biological fungus + T.h element Cu + Beltanol pesticide) reached (39.43 cm), (77.8 cm), (59.2 units/spad), (330.66 g), respectively, compared to the treatment of the pathogenic fungus only in the presence of hydrogel, which reached (19.26 cm), (43 cm), (26 units/spade), (164.3 g) respectively, while in the conditions of not using the hydrogel, the triple treatment rate (biofungual + T.h element Cu + pesticide platanols) for leaf area, plant height, leaf chlorophyll content and yield weight were (35.76 cm), (72.6 cm), (58.8 units/spade), (309.3 g) respectively compared to the treatment of the pathogenic fungus without using the hydrogel, which reached (18.33 cm), (36.1 cm), (23.7 units/spade) (112 g) respectively. While the results of estimating the effectiveness of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme showed the superiority of the treatment (pathogenic fungus M.ph + fungus + T.h element Cu + pesticide Botanol) without adding hydrogel, as the enzyme effectiveness reached (1.47 units/g wet weight) compared to the treatment of pathogenic fungus, which reached (1.08 units/g wet weight), as were the results of estimating the effectiveness of the same enzyme for the treatment (pathogenic fungus M.ph + fungus + T.h element Cu + pesticide Botanol) but with the addition of hydrogel, as the enzyme effectiveness reached (0.87 units/g wet weight) compared to the treatment of pathogenic fungus, which reached (0.74 units/g wet weight(

use as food for humans and livestock and for multiple medical uses. In addition to using the oil extracted from its seeds, which is of high quality.
These crops are infected with many plant diseases that cause crop losses. One of the most common diseases and pests that affect vegetable crops and limit the success of their cultivation is the cucurbit fruit fly, Dacus ciliates, which infects farmers’ fields and causes them significant yield losses.
The study included four chemical pesticides to determine the most effective pesticide that can eliminate this fly for the purpose of distributing it throughout the governorate and getting rid of the fly that is widespread in the governorate in a large way.