Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The MODFLOW model is applied to evaluate groundwater availability and predict water levels in response to increasing pumping. A transient simulation of groundwater regime for Umm Er Radhuma unconfined aquifer using a mathematical model that assumes an initial draft rate condition of 250 m3 / day per well increasing herein gradually by adding 50 wells a year has revealed an aquifer head loss reaches up to 5.4m which may cause dryness in the upper part of the aquifer in the year 2017 at certain locations, especially, in the west and the north west side. The model grid consist of (43) columns and (43) rows and the cell dimension are 2500 by 2500 m; the total number of active cells within the study area are (530) cells. A steady-state model was developed on the basis of average groundwater heads for a 10 years period (1979 through 1988). The transient simulations were conducted using monthly averages for recharge and discharge from pumping data of the drilled wells. Good agreement was found between measured and calculated hydraulic heads at the aquifer during different time steps and time series of water levels in the domain. The percent of discrepancy was 0.68%.

An experiment was conducted during 2008 growing season at agricultural field, Al-Kefil, Babylon Governorate, Iraq. The objective of this investigation was to improve the head performance of lettuce grown on soils supplemented by 0, 40, and 60 m2/h with spraying humus at rates of 0, 1.5, and 3m/l. Results showed that spraying lettuce plants by 3ml/L humus was the superior. It exceeded 0 and 1.5 m/L rates by 13.2 and 15.4% in marketable fresh weight of head, respectively. Soil supplemented with 60 m2/h of sheep manure resulted in the best marketable head fresh weight. It exceeded these of 0 and 40 m2/h rates by 112 and 25%, respectively. Plants lettuce grown on soil supplemented with 60 m3/h of sheep manure and sprayed by3 m/L humus was the best. It gave the highest fresh weight of marketable head (1294 g).

An experiment was conducted in Musiab – progect lands \ Babylon Goverment during the spring season of 2010 on watermelon plant var. ''Charleston gray'' to study effect of nitrogen and calcium spraying and their interaction in characteristics of growth and production . This experiment include two factors , first – spraying nitrogen at four concentration (0 , 2000 , 4000 , 6000 ) mg N\L(N0, N2 , N4 , N6 ) as urea (46% N) , the second – spraying calcium at four concentration also (0 , 100 , 200 , 300 ) mg Ca \ L (Ca0 , Ca1 , Ca2 , Ca3 ) as calcium chelated (9% Ca) by using factorial experiment (4x4 ) with three replicates , An randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) was used Results showed that average of plant length , number of branches , number of branches, number of leaves , leaf area , total chlorophyll , dry mater were the highest at the interaction of nitrogen and calcium (N6Ca3) that were (431.09 cm , 8.10 branch \ plant , 1522.62 leaf , 4.99m2\plant, 153.13 mg \ 100 gm , 384.51 gm for plant respectirely , while 317.24 cm , 6.31 branch \ plant , 761.22 leaf , 2.66m2 \plant , 91.67mg \100gm and 237.39 gm \plant respectively in control The interaction treatment (N4Ca3) gave the highest increased in character of length , diameter and fruit weight from another treatments were 39.36cm , 18.37cm , 4.88 kg\ plant respectively , with the largest number of fruit at the interaction of (N0Ca3) were 1.45 fruit \ plant , and the highest production of plant at (N6Ca3) were 30.17 ton \h. while they were 19.05 ton \h. in control treatment ..

An experiment pots was conducted in green house of Department of biology – College of education /Ibn-AL-Haitham University of Baghdad during growing season of 2009 – 2010 , to study the interaction effect of GA3 at different concentration ( 0, 25, 50 and 100) ppm and three levels of urea fertilizer ( 0.25 , 0.50 , 1.00) g/pot that equal ( 83.33 , 166.66 and 333.32) kg/ hectare on some yield components of fenugreek plant ( Indian Varity ) , Number of flower , Number of pods , Number of seeds / pod , Weight of seeds / pod and the weight of seeds in the plant , Results revealed a significant increase in values of studied characteristics at (25) ppm GA3 and (0.50) g/pot level of fertilizer .

Two experiments were conducted in Yousfiah,which is forty five kilometers from south east Baghdad during fall seasons of 2005 and 2006 to find out the effect of foliar spray of unigreen fertilizer at two dates (the completion of 10 leaves and completion of 14 leaves) and four conc. (0, 12.5,25 and 37.5 gm \ 20 liters water) on grain yield and it's components of corn in a factorial experiment in RCBD with 3 replications, Results showed that the 2nd date with 37.5 gm/ 20 liter water gave the highest mean values of grain no./ Ear (473.31 and 483.26) weight of 100 grain (26.11 and 26.24gm) yield / plant (123.45 and 124.61gm) and grain yield (8.23 and 8.30) ton / ha. The control treatment on the other hand resulted in lowest mean values of the abovementioned parameters. This study showed that foliar spray with 37.5 gm/ 20 liters water mean values when plants have 10 leaves and spray was repeated at 14 leaves were completed accomplished better results regarding the characteristics studied.

The antifungal properties of Ethanolic extract for leaves of Callistemon rugulosis was carried out on selective phytopathogen fungi Aspergillus niger which isolated from Allium cepa .
Determination of activity was done on mycelial inhibition and spore germination by different concentrations of this extract (0.5 , 1.25 , 2.5 and 5 mg/ml ) maximum inhibition ( 78.8% ) was obtained by concentration ( 5 mg / ml ) compared with control treatment have 0 % and the less percentage of the spore germination was ( 13.2 % ) at conc. ( 5 mg / ml ) of the extract compared with control treatment the spores reached maximum germination ( 78.2 % ) . Itُs evidence from the results there is direct correlation when concentration of extract increased the percentage of mycellial inhibition increase but there is reverse correlation when conc. of extract increased the percentage of spore germination decreased

A filed experiment was conducted at Mishkab Rice Research Station at Al-Najaf Governorate during summer of 2009 season, to investigate the effect of nitrogen levels (0,60,120,180)kg N/ha on quality of some characters to four Rice genotypes(Anbbar-33,Yassamen,China5 and T85).
The lagout of the experiment is a split-plot in a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications.Nitrogen levels were the main plots while, genotypes were the sub-plots. Analysis of variance and their means were compared according to least significant differences( L.S.D.) at 5% probaility level .
The following results were obtained :
Nitrogen level 180 kg/ha gave the maximum percentage of the head rice(64.40%),protin(6.78%) and total milling percentage (65.88%). compared with the 0 kg(62.17%)
Yassamen genotype was superior in trwament giving the maximum percentage total milling (65.60%)due head rice and gave the lower values of chalky seeds percentage compared with China5 gave minimum total milling percentage (61.57%)

A field experiment was conducted at AL Sanyah / ALQadissiyah Governorate during autumn season of 2009, with aim of studying the effect of insecticides application methods (Control , Diazinon, Actara and Trigard ) and Irrigation spray. After month of planting in experiment factorial R.C.B.D.
The results showed that the Actara application has significant effect on the plant height, leaf area ,the percentage of lowest infection, weight of 300 seed and grain yield / plant. The average was (125.66) cm,(4827) cm2, (7.43%),(86.13) gm and (113.03) gm/planet
The results also showed that the application method also has significant effect on the percentage of the infection during the harvesting time. The interaction between the insecticides and the method of application caused signification variation on the leaf area/ plant, plant yield and the lowest percentage of infection of corn stem borer.

The Agricultural sector in the most developing and developed countries which contribute largely to provision the Agricultural and foods products and also the mediating savings of many transformation industries which had a role to provision the jobs opportunities for many of the society classes . Moreover which has an important role to provision foreign currency for the final of great part of economic development plans and programs . The economic reality in Iraq has been a slight role in realizing the objectives mention above and the suffer from food problem that is represented by increase number of population more than Agricultural production rate and decrease of the water resources, technique failure were used in agriculture sector, weakness of laborers forces in agricultural performance,and negative emigration from the rural to the city.This study was depend on hypothesis of economic knowledge that deals with have many factors effecting on growth of Agricultural production in Iraq within period (1980 – 2003 ).The data of this study was collected and were analyzed by using smallest squares method and then chose the liner familiarity as optimal reconciliation of equation with according to the economic knowledge's.The results observation that there were a significant effect ( p≤ 0.05).Four variables which were (to make fortune , farm area, mechanic technology , Agriculture laborer force ) , Moreover, the results of this study was indicated that there were no significant effect on the Agricultural utilization because the negative reflects of wars and investment economic in Iraq.In addition,the utilization exchanges were constricted on many builds negliance of Agricultural products projects that leads to fall the utilization in Iraq at the bottom projects and at the built sat the bottom.

The experiment was conducted in Al-Hindya horticultural station \ Kerbela during 2008 to 2009 growth season to find out the effect of local orange scion treatment with 100 mg \l NAA and 75 mg\l BA and (100 mg\l NAA +75 mg\ l BA ) and control ,and the influence of foliar nutrient solution (Marvel ) in the growth of local orange budded seedling .sour orange was used as rootstock by using RCBD design with three replicates . Budding was carried out on 25\9\2008 wherease , spraying of foliar nutrient solution (Marvel ) started on 20\4\2009 for three sprays .
The results are summarized as follow :-
1- The treatment (100 mg\l NAA + 75 mg \ l BA ) showed significant increased in most studied characters .
2- A reduction in leaf content of N,P,K and Fe by BA and BA+NAA treatments .
3- The foliar spray with the nutrient solution resulted in significant increase of the means of all studied the vegetative and roots characters and the leaf content of N,P,K, and Fe compared with the control treatment .

For the production of probiotic butter with a content of low cholesterol wasgood for sick and healthy people, starter for lactic acid bacteria therapeutic Lactobacillus casei was added to pasteurized cream which was prepared for the manufacture of butter at the beginning of the process of aging at 15º C, two different time 24 and 48 hours which it was treatments T1 and T2, respectively. Result reveled that their was no significant differences in the chemical composition for butter of treatments T1 and T2 compared with treatment C butter with respect to % for fat, protein and moisture mean while cholesterol was obtained a clear reduction in the value of treatments T1 and T2 butter compared with control butter and rate were 220.60, 70.17, 86.10 mg / 100 g for treatments C and T1 and T2, respectively, indicating that there were a decrease in the initial value of cholesterol content 70 and 62% for treatments T1, T2, respectively, and this decline continued slowly during periods of storage later. It also examined some chemical properties of the butter, such as the degree of acidity of fat Acid Degree Value (ADV) after manufacturing directly and during storage at refrigerator temperature (1± 5) ºC results revealed that butter of treatment T1 showed lowest degree value in development of ADV along the storage period which its 6 weeks, followed in terms of importance treatment T2 butter while butter treatment C is becoming refused in the second week of storage. The same applies to the peroxide number Peroxide Value (PV) their was not a clear developing in the values of PV for butter of treatments T1 and T2 while their was clear developing in the butter of treatment C, the Proteolysis which it was expressed by the value of amino acid tyrosine was at least in treatment T1 butter followed by treatment T2 butter and above in treatment C butter, and the values of compound diacetyl reached 0.40, 0.69, 0.53 micrograms / g after processing directly in the butter of treatments C, and T1 and T2, respectively. In terms of numbers of probiotic bacteria it were within the ranges allowed by the (107–106) cell / g throughout all the storage period and the number of each of coliform bacteria and the molds and yeasts were within the allowable ranges identified by the Standard Specification for butter based in Iraq. The sensory evaluation results showed that butter for treatment T1 take highest degree in terms of color , flavor, taste and texture than the butter of the other treatments along storage period as well as maintaining the highest shelf life

A field experiment was conducted at the research field station of Department of Field Crop . Faculty of Agriculture , University of Babylon which was located in Abigarag state 10Km west northern of Babylon government in a silt clay soil in spring season of 2009 , the purpose of the experiment to study the effects of alternate furrow irrigation on growth and yield of sunflower . Three treatments were layout in completely randomize block design with three replicates . The treatments were conventional furrow irrigation ( control ), fixed Alternate furrow irrigation which mean to irrigated one furrow from two adjacent and exchange alternate furrow irrigation which mean exchange the closing one of the adjacent furrow for each irrigation .
The results indicate that there was no different between furrow irrigation treatments in number of day of flowering , stem diameter , head diameter leaf area and leaf area index .
Exchange alternate furrow irrigation was not differ from the control in seed weight and seed yield . The surprising result that the water use efficiency was exceeded by 37 % than control with reduction 38 % in water use .

An experiment was conducted in Horticulture and Forestry Agricultural department Najaf during the season of 2009-2010. to study the effect of California wonder organic waste and spraying with boron and sucrose on growth and yield of sweet pepper grown in plastic house. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replications.
Treatment means were compared by using of Duncan's Multiple Rars Test (DMRT) at the probability level of 0.05.
Results showed that the average of plant hight, leaves number, percentage of fruit set, fruits number, plant yield, total yield, and percentage of vit.C in fruit. were highest at the interaction addition of cattle manure and spraying Boron + sucrose together it reached 88.04cm, 471.7 leaf/plant, 63.13%, 25.193 fruit/plant, 2.12 kg, 2374.4 Kg/p.h. and 60.88 respectively. Followed by the interaction of corn cobs and spraying Boron + sucrose together.
Whereas control treatment gave the lowest means for the above characters reached.

A pot experiment was conducted at the lath – house at the College of Agriculture Universityof Baghdad during 2009-2010 winter season,usingsterilizilied loamy sand texture soil . to study effect of bacterial bio-fertilization (Azotobacter chroococcum) , Organic and Mineral onquantity of absorbent nutrient elements and quality of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using the cultivar IPA-99, two treatments (inoculation and non- inoculation ) with Azotobacter chroococcum ,four levels of organic fertilizer (0,0.75 , 1.5,2.25 tons.ha-1) and three levels of mineral fertilizers (Urea, Triple super phosphate, Potassium sulfate)(0,50%,100%)of the recommended lavel of fertilizers with three replication. including 72 experimental units accordance randomized complete block design (RCBD). results showed that addition of bacterial bio-fertilizer increased quantity absorbent for nutrient elements and quality of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) significant increased of proten and carbohydrate with percentage (13.5%,16.9%) and Quantity absorbent for NPK with percentage (40.8%,28.5%,42.4%) respectively . showed from this study in the wheat grain inoculation with bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum that improved plant growth and wheat quality.

The present study was carried out to investigate the rate at contamination of seven leafy vegetables with intestinal parasites, The leafy vegetable were collected from different places (cultures of sahala region – shopes of vegetables and the local market of Kufa city ) .A total of (396) leaf vegetable samples were collected the period January and December 2010 in microbiology labrotary at agriculture college - Kufa university. The samples were examined in the laboratory after washing them in physiological saline and then examining the sediment by sedimentation and floatation method . Result of the present study showed that (81) out of (396) samples 20.5% contained parasitic stages in the plant ,was found to be 41.5% in Leek , 30.8% in Radish , 24.7% in Lettuce , 22.6% in Garden gress , 10.4% in Parsley , 9.5% in Celery and 6.3% in Mint . The parasites which detected in vegetable was cyst of Entamoeba Coli 23.7% , egg of Ascaris 20.7% , cyst of Giardia lamblia 17.8% , egg of Ancylostoma spp. 12.6% , egg of Fasciola spp. 11.1% , egg of Hymenolepis nana 7.4% , Stronglyloides spp. 3.0% , Oocyst of Toxoplasma gondii 2.2% and egg of Enterobious vermicularis 1.5%. The results indicated a significant seasonal varintion (P>0.05)with highest prevalence in Summer 31.6% followed in descending order by Spring 16.2% , Autumn 12.9% and Winter 7.9% .

This research was based on international information about bird breeding . latest comprehensive programmer were also utilized in this study in groups of one male and two females . The investigation started with 30 Female and 15 male .
Results show that the payback period of capital was 2.3 year . Whereas the return of investment capital reached 0.46 and the rate of dollar return was 1.49 with out discount prices and reached about one dollar at discount price 60% .The internal rate of return (I.R.R) reached about 66.15 at the same discount price .
On the other hand sensitivity analysis was calculated by increasing of costs and decreasing the return of the 15 percent . the pay back period reached about four years the I.R.R became 0.27 and the net present worth reached about 79567 dollars at the discount price 20% whereas the rate of return of dollar was one dollar . These parameters are indicated that this project is feasible and with high profitability and to be done for welfare of the national economy and the increase of mass production of the bird .

Training courses are considered to be one of the active sources which are full of information , knowledge, and skills by which the information of the agricultural instructors can be increased. Also, the agricultural instructors can be fed, via the Agricultural Guide Body, with knowledge and skills in their work with rural women.the research included sample size (20) agricultural instruclors.It appears via the research that all the agricultural instructors (100%) consider the training courses to be very beneficial. Such training courses may increase their experience. Also, (70%) of them prefer specialized agricultural training courses.It is found that there is a significant relation between the attitudes of agricultural instructors towards training courses and the participation in the training courses.
It is noticed that there is no significant relation between attitude of agricultural instructors towards training courses and each of the following :
1.The ages of the agricultural instructors
2-educational background of agricultural instructors,
3.The period of service of the agricultural instructors at theunits of theguidance of rural women and at the guidance center
4-the responsibility of agricultural instructors at the guidance center or at the units of the guidance of rural women in the directorate of babil agriculture.

This study was conducted on some soils in different regions from Iraq, according to previous studies in soil survey and classification.
The aim was to classify the soils numerically, representing a different physiographic units using the morphological characteristics of soils as well as physical and chemical characteristics and to compare the results with those of USDA system.
Sixteen sites were elected in the following areas: Anbar, Mosul, Arbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Diyala. The soil individuals were classified numerically, using the method of Ward proposed by Ward (1963) to reduce the sum of squares of differences from each individual (group) to the center of the group. The results pointed out that two soil individuals of Diyala were compatible due to the greater homogeneity in some morphological characteristics used in numerical taxonomy such as type of structure of B horizon , thickness of horizons A, B, thickness of soil solum, Hue, Value, and Chroma. It was noted harmony in some chemical characteristics of the organic matter content, pH reaction and cation exchange capacity. Also it was indicated the Agreement in the physical characteristics of the values of bulk density and content of clay and silt.These soil individuals were classified according to USDA system to subgroup Typic Calciargids. The similarity indices of the soil individuals within the areas under study were as follows: similarity index between soil individuals of Diyala equal to 0.966; similarity index between soil individuals of Arbil and Mosul equal to 0.907; and similarity index between soil individuals of Sulaymaniyah equal to 0.818.
The results confirmed the validity of the use of morphological (semi_quantitative), with the physical and chemical characteristics in the numerical taxonomy of soils and compatibility with the USDA system.

Aseries of laborotory experiments were conducted to reveal the synergistic effect of some plant oils namely Sesamum indica and Linum usitatissimum on thePyrethroid insecticide(Icon)against adults of Callosobruchus maculates(F.)The results showed that percentages of killing were siynificantly increased with increasing concenterations of the pesticide when used alon or when used as a mixture with oil of(Seasamin indica)or(Linum usitatissimum).LC50 was also calculated for both Insectiside and the mixture of insecticide and oils.It was found that the LC50 sincreased for (0.6)when pesticide alone was used to(0.5) and (0.4) when apesticide was mixed at rate of 1:1 with (Seasamin indica)or(Linum usitatissimum).The results also showed that Seasamin oil was more effective than Linum oil when mixed with the pesticide.
The number of eggs laid by Callosobruchus maculates adults treated with either pesticide or the mixture of pesticide and oils, were signiticantly reduced,too.

The research aimed to study the effect of different concentration of proplis ,blac seed and Plant cinnamon alcoholic extracts (1.00,5.00 and 10.00)%. active of R.solani growth inhibition, and comparing with it.
Resuit showed the used of alcoholic extract to 70% from propolis ,black seed and plant cinnamon to perform of inhibition growth fungi to different concentration ,
The result showed to (10)% concentration to propolis alcoholic extract to high inhibition reached (57.29)% . where to prove of of propolis to high ability in growth hibition to fungi pathogen with diamiters average( 3.63) cm.compired with control treatment (8.50 ) cm. while was lower inhibition efficacy alcoholic extract of black seed and plant cinnamon of grath fungi to (10.00)% to dimeter avarge ( 5.30, 5.00) cm respecitivey.