Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

The first two experiments were carried out, a field experiment during the seasons 2020-2021
and 2021-2022 at the Field Crop Department Research Station - College of Agriculture - University
of Tikrit. The experiment included 108 experimental units, and each experimental unit contained
three lines of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Bush seeds were sown between the planted lines. The
experiment was applied in a complete randomized block design with three sectors and three factors, which are the spraying agent without pesticide and half the recommended amount of 0.25
L/ha and the whole recommended amount of 0.5 L/ha, and the spraying date of the pesticide at
the germination stage of the bushes, the stage of vegetative growth, the stage of flowering, and
the type of bush targeted in the experiment (Baker’s Bush). Malva rotundifolia), watercress (Eruca
sativa) and fuguela (Raphanus raphanistrum). The results of the statistical analysis of the characteristics of the wheat crop showed a significant superiority in the comparison treatment (without
pesticide) and without weeding, the highest percentage of germination for the different stages of
growth and for the first and second seasons, as well as in the characteristics of the height of the
wheat plant, the number of total tillers, effective tillers, and the leaf area of the flag leaf for the
first and second seasons

This study involved collecting plants from various regions in Al-Anbar Province, focusing on four species belonging to the Brassicaceae family. These species are Rhamphospermum nigrum, Diplotaxis harra, Brassica deflexa, and
Lepidium draba. The study aimed to examine the morphological and physiological characteristics of these species.
The findings indicated that these characteristics play a significant role in distinguishing and isolating different species within the family.
The results showed that the leaf surfaces of these species contain non-glandular trichomes of various shapes
and sizes. Additionally, it was found that the epidermal cells of the leaves in all studied species have a wavy shape.
The study also noted that there are significant differences in the morphological characteristics of the leaf trichomes
and the anatomical structure of the leaf tissues.
For example, the two species D. harra and R. nigrum showed similar trichome shapes, while L. draba and B. deflexa exhibited unique trichome shapes. Anatomical studies revealed that the mesophyll tissue in L. draba consists of
two distinct layers, a palisade layer, and a spongy layer, while the other species, except for R. nigrum, contain mesophyll tissue in the form of a spongy layer only.
Furthermore, the study concluded that the morphological and anatomical features of the leaf structure are significant in distinguishing between the studied species, especially R. nigrum and B. deflexa. The findings also suggested that these features are essential for the taxonomic classification and morphological description of these species

This study was designed to know the effect of different doses of nicotine and nitrosamine on male white rats and their offspring. The doses were used to induce oxidative stress in males and determine their effect on fertility and some biochemical and
histological parameters, and then to know some biochemical parameters and Malformations in the embryos of healthy female white
rats mated with dosed males. The study was conducted at the beginning of May (1/5/2024) in the animal house of the College of
Veterinary Medicine / Tikrit University. The study included 30 males whose ages ranged between (14-16) weeks and their weights
between (170-180 grams). Male rats were randomly distributed into five groups, 6 animals per group: the first group was the control,
while the second and third groups were oral administration with a single nicotine dose of 10 mg/kg and double nicotine dose of 20
mg/kg, respectively, for 30 days. The group Fourth and fifth, dosed with a single nitrosamine dose of 5 mg/kg and double nitrosamine
dose of 10 mg/kg for three consecutive days each week for 4 weeks. After the end of the dosing period, 4 males from each group were
dissected and two males were left to mate with healthy females. Blood was obtained by cardiac stab and the testicles were taken to
know the histological changes resulting from direct dosing of the males. As for the second axis of the experiment, 25 adult females
were taken and distributed into five groups, each group containing 5 females. The healthy females were mated with two males that
were dosed with different concentrations of nicotine and nitrosamine in the aforementioned groups. After mating and observing
the vaginal plug indicating the completion of mating and the beginning of pregnancy, the mated females were marked with ear tags
bearing a specific number and the animal number and mating date were recorded in the note book log After completing the natural gestation period of 21 days, the females were dissected one day before birth, and blood and fetuses were taken for biochemical
tests and study of the morphological abnormalities of the fetuses. The results of the current study showed that treating male rats
with nicotine and nitrosamine at different concentrations led to a significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in the oxidative stress parameters
of healthy males and females, in malondialdehyde (MDA) and the level of oxidative stress of DNA (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine) (8-
OHdG), except for the nitrosamine group of 10 mg/kg for mated females, in which no significant change was shown compared to
the control group, in addition to a significant decrease in the concentration of antioxidants for males and pregnant females, in the
concentration of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase. Oxide dismutase (SOD) levels in mated
females, except for the 10 mg/kg nitrosamine group, did not show significant changes compared to the control group. A decrease
was also found in the concentration of male hormones, including testosterone, sperm-stimulating hormone (SSH), and interstitial
cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH). Histological changes were also found in the testes. Abnormalities were found in the fetuses of females that were mated with males dosed with different doses of nicotine and nitrosamine. However, no pregnancy was observed in
the 10 mg/kg double nitrosamine group

In order to study the variances, heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations for a number of yellow corn
traits under levels of organic fertilizer (humic), a field experiment was carried out during the spring season 2021. Five
Lines of maize were used in the study (NAD H 69, NAD H 706, NAD H 905 and ART- A - 23 and ART- B-17), the experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design RCBD according to the arrangement of the splintered
plots with three replications, as it included the spraying of two concentrations of organic matter (Humic) which
are H1 (125 ml. L-1), H2 (175 ml. L-1), while the third concentration included H0 (without spraying) as a comparison
treatment for liquid fertilizer. The results showed that there were significant differences between the genotypes and
that the values of genetic variance were greater than the values of environmental variance for most of the studied
traits, all values of the coefficient of phenotypic variation were higher than the values of the coefficient of genetic
variation, and the highest percentage of the coefficient of genetic variation for the trait of individual plant yield was
(15,623) below the fertilizing level H2 for organic manure, as it was noted that high estimates of the heritability ratio
in the broad sense for most of the traits reached the highest (0.928) for the characteristic of the upper ear height
under The fertilization level H2 and the weight of 300 grains was (0.915) below the H1 fertilization level of organic
fertilizer. The individual plant yield at the first fertilizing level showed a positive, non-significant genetic correlation
with male and female flowering, number of ear rows, weight of 300 grains, and highly significant with plant height,
ear height, ear length, number of row grains, and significant positive with leaf area, while the phenotypic correlation
was positive. Not significant for all studied traits. Below the second fertilizing level, the plant yield was genetically
positive and highly significant with ear length, row number of grains, and weight of 300 grains, and phenotypically
significantly positive and significantly related to ear length and number of grains. Grade and weight of 300 tablets.
Under the third fertilizing level, the genetic correlation was positive significantly with the characteristic of ear height
and weight of 300 grains, and highly positive with the characteristic of plant height, ear length and number of row
grains, and the phenotypic correlation was positively significant with the characteristic of plant height, ear length
and number of row grain

The current study aims to Induce callus from seeds of the fenugreek plant, Trigonella
foenum-graecum L., and determine the Ideal concentration of the growth regulator 2,4-D,
where The experiment includeincludeed studying different concentrations of the growth
regulator 2,4-D (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg. L). The ideal concentration (2.0 mg. L) was chosen,
which gave the hIghest fresh weight of the callus, whichh amounted to 0.431 mg In light
conditions and 0.737 Amalgam In dark conditions.

This study was conducted to estimate the levels of liver enzymes, C-reactive protein and
Sestrin-1 in the blood of people with colon cancer, samples were taken from the Medical City/
Teaching Oncology Hospital, the study included )75) blood samples from patients with colon cancer and )15) blood samples from healthy people. The results of the current study showed highly
significant differences in the values of enzymes )ALP, AST, ALT), as their highest concentration
was in the group of patients before surgery with a value of )182.40 ± 15.9), )43.10 ± 7.07), )34.88
± 8.40) respectively, while the results of the second group )ater surgery) were with a value of
)113.42 ± 14.3), )26.14 ± 4.53), )20.79 ± 4.93) respectively, compared to the control group, which
recorded the lowest value )81.23 ± 8.84), )15.71 ± 4.29), )13.55 ± 3.33). As for the variable CRP, its
highest concentration was in the patient group )before surgery) with a value of )17.740 ± 3.230),
while in the second group )after surgery), with a value of )3.325 1.592) while the lowest concentration was in the control group with a value of )2.103 ± 0.506). As for the variable Sestrin-1, its
highest concentration was in the patient group )before surgery) with a value of )12.351 ± 1.845),
followed by the second group )after surgery) with a value of )9.224 ± 1.677), while the lowest
concentration was in the control group with a value of )6.251 ± 1.114).

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar during the summer
season (2023) to study the Physiology characters characteristics and yield of the Kajarat plant under levels of organic fertilizer and
spraying with arginine, as the experiment included two factors, the first is organic fertilizer at four levels (6, 4, 2, 0) tons h-1 (poultry
waste), the second factor is arginine acid at four concentrations (300, 200, 100, 0) mg L-1, where it was sprayed in two batches, the
first in the branching stage and the second spray at the beginning of flowering, and each concentration was divided into two equal
parts. The experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) according to the split-plot-design
arrangement and with three replicates, as the main plots included organic fertilizer levels, while the secondary plots included arginine concentrations, the number of experimental units was (48) experimental units. The results indicated that the organic fertilizer
levels recorded significant differences among them, as the level (6 tons ha-1) of organic fertilizer gave the highest average for the
study indicators, which are the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves (1.99%) and the comparison treatment (1.59%) and the chlorophyll content in the leaves (39.21 mg gm leaf tissue-1) and the comparison treatment (34.75 mg gm leaf tissue-1) and the leaf area
(40.44 cm2 leaf-1) and the comparison treatment (37.43 cm2 leaf-1), and the Qurcitin compound (0.26 mg L-1) and the comparison
treatment (0.08 mg L-1) and Vitamin C (4.03 mg L-1) and the comparison treatment (3.76 mg L-1) and Citric acid (0.94 mg L-1) and
the comparison treatment (0.50 mg L-1), as for the acid Arginine gave the concentration (300 mg L-1) the highest average in all
traits, where it reached in the trait of nitrogen percentage in leaves (1.82%) and control treatment (1.69%) and chlorophyll content
in leaves (39.44 mg gm leaf tissue-1) and comparison treatment (34.59 mg gm leaf tissue-1) and leaf area (40.05 cm2 leaf-1) and
comparison treatment (38.20 cm2 leaf-1), Qurcitin compound (0.25 mg L-1) and comparison treatment (0.09 mg L-1) and Vitamin C
(3.96 mg L-1) and comparison treatment (3.77 mg L-1) and citric acid (0.80 mg L-1) and comparison treatment (0.67 mg L-1), while
the interaction between the two study factors gave the level (6 tons ha-1) with concentration (300 The highest values for all traits
were (2.12%), (41.45 mg g tissue-1 leaf), (41.31 cm2 leaf-1), (0.64 mg L-1), (4.18 mg L-1) and (0.98 mg L-1) respectively

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, especially
in females. A total of 200 urine samples were collected from male and female patients with UTI
aged between (11-70) years during the period (September 1 - November 1, 2023). Final diagnosis of
the samples resulted in the isolation of 28 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (14%). The incidence of
infection was higher in female than in male, with 17 isolates (60%) in female and 11 isolates (40%)
in male. The highest incidence was in women within the age group (21-30) years at (47.05%) and in
males within the age group (51-60) years at (36.36%). The sensitivity of the isolates to ten antibiotics was tested using the Disc diffusion method. The results of the current study showed a clear
difference in the resistance of these bacteria to the antibiotics Vancomycin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic
acid Ceftxime, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Methicillin, Amoxicillin, and Ceftriaxone. The ability of the isolates to form biofilms was tested using the standard Microtiter plate
method. 11 isolates (40%) had a high ability to form biofilms, (7) isolates (25%) had an average
ability to form biofilms, (3) isolates (10%) showed a weak ability to form biofilms, while (7) isolates
(25%) did not show any ability to form biofilms. Thus, S. aureus have different ability to form biofilms, which leads to differences in their pathogenicity

A field experiment was conducted during the autumn growing season of 2023 at the Crop Research Station,
Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit, located in Salah al-Din Governorate (longitude
43.679°E, latitude 34.616°N) on gypsiferous soil. The study aimed to investigate the effect of three different planting
dates (first date: 6/25, second date: 7/15, third date: 7/30) and boron application at two stages: before flowering and after 50% flowering completion, with three concentrations (0, 14, 28 mg/L). Salicylic acid was applied at 35 days old with
three concentrations (0, 50, 100 mg/L). The following traits were studied: chlorophyll content in leaves, plant height,
leaf area, days from planting to 50% male flowering and days from planting to 50% female flowering for the hybrid
yellow corn crop (Al-Nahrain). The experiment used a split-split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The obtained results were as follows: The study findings indicated that the optimal
planting date for yellow corn in the autumn season was the second date (July 15), achieving the highest values in traits
such as chlorophyll content in leaves (50.90 SPAD), leaf area (608.67 cm²). The results showed a significant advantage
of boron, with the best concentration being B2 (28 mg/L), which gave significant improvements in traits like chlorophyll content (53.78 SPAD), plant height (208.37 cm), leaf area (641.41 cm²). Field and laboratory results demonstrated
that the second concentration of salicylic acid, S2 (100 mg/L), was superior in traits such as chlorophyll content (50.65
SPAD), plant height(208.55 cm), leaf area (633.06 cm²). The best dual interaction between planting dates and boron
was (D3B2), favoring most traits. The dual interaction between planting dates and salicylic acid (D3S2) was superior
across all traits except for plant height, female flowering, and boron content in grains.The dual interaction between
boron and salicylic acid (B2S2). The results showed that the best triple interaction among planting dates, boron, and
salicylic acid was D2B2S2, which yielded the highest averages for most traits

A field study was conducted in the village of Al -Ghazaya of the Hawija district in the Kirkuk Governorate, located on
the latitude (35.284°) north and the long line (43.734 °) the cultivation took place on 15 April for the agricultural season
2023 to flow 50% of the plants, the number of fruits, the average weight of the walnut, the bottom of the cotton, the
quota of the hair, and the net tuning for ten genetic structures of the cotton (Back Cote = G8, Coker 310 = G6, Montana
= G9 and Cebirro = G4 and DP396 = G1 and Edeesa = G10 and Flash = G5 and G7 = IK259 and BA440 = G2 and G3 = ST468).
The experiment was designed with the design of the full random sectors (R.C.B.D) according to the arrangement of
the split panels for one time Split Plot Desing and three repetitions, where the Earth was divided into three sectors,
each sector contains six main experimental units that include the combinations between two levels of moisturizers 40
and 60 % of the field capacity and three levels of Botassic fertilizer is 0, 125 and 250 kg. h-1 K2O, then each major piece
was divided into 10 secondary experimental units distributed by genetic structures randomly. The experimental unit
included planting two lines with a length of 3 meters per line, the results of the statistical analysis showed the presence
of moral differences in all the studied traits:
The T3 combination (Potassium level 250 kg-h-1 and a 40% moisturizing depletion) has scored the highest rate of
plant height qualities and the lowest average recipe for the number of days to flow 50% of the plants and the highest
rate of the number of fruits, the average weight of the walnut, the cotton, the cotton, the hair of the hair, the net, the
sky, The installation is distinguished by Back Cote in most of the studied characteristics, as it gave the highest average
of the height of the plant, the number of fruits, the average weight of the walnut, the sum of the blossom, the bottom
of the hair, the hair and the net tuning
As for the overlap between the genetic structures and the combinations, it was moral in all the studied characteristics, as it gave the overlap between the installation of Back Cote and the T3 (Potassium level 250 kg. Hair and net
tuning

Anemia is a common medical condition that affects millions of people worldwide, and treatment with coriander extract
and some dietary supplements is of great importance in various fields. The current study aimed to investigate the negative
effect of phenylhydrazine on lipid levels and to demonstrate the role of coriander extract, vitamin C, and Hemafer in the
complications of anemia. The experiment was conducted in the animal house at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit
University, where male mice were divided into five groups, each containing six randomly distributed mice. One group
served as the control group, while the second group was treated with phenylhydrazine (PHZ) at a dose of 40 mg per kg by
subcutaneous injection. As for the third group, PHZ was treated with Hemafer (1 ml per kg per day), while the fourth group
was treated with PHZ and vitamin C (250 mg per kg per day). As for the fourth group, PHZ was treated with Adiantum
aqueous extract at a concentration of (1 ml per animal at a concentration of 25%). The lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and atherosclerosis indicators)
was measured. The results of the current study showed that treating male rats with phenylhydrazine (PHZ) resulted in a
significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density
lipoprotein (VLDL), with no significant differences in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The results of the current study indicated a significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of AIP1, AIP2, and AIP3 in the group treated with phenylhydrazine compared to the normal control group. It also indicated a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides,
LDL, and VLDL, with no significant differences in HDL levels in the groups treated with PHZ+Hemafer, PHZ+C, and the
aqueous extract of coriander. It also indicated a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of AIP1, AIP2, and AIP3 in the
group treated with Hemafer, the group treated with Vitamin C, and the group treated with the Adiantum aqueous extract
(AAE)+PHZ. We conclude from the above that treating male rats with the aqueous extract of coriander and the Hemafer
drug reduces the side effects of anemia.

Cyanobacteria, another name for blue-green algae, are photosynthetic microorganisms that grow in a variety of aquatic habitats. Certain types of cyanobacteria can create strong toxins, but they also produce oxygen and feed aquatic life,
which is why they are essential to the environment. These pollutants may have
detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems, human health, and water quality. The
mechanics of cyanobacterial toxicity, the kinds of toxins produced, their effects,
and methods for tracking and controlling cyanobacterial blooms are all covered
in this review.

Effective innate and adaptive immune responses are largely dependent on the anatomical arrangement
of the immune system’s cells and tissues. In addition to allowing a small number of lymphocytes specific for
any antigen to locate and respond to that antigen efficiently, regardless of where the antigen is introduced
in the body, this organization enables the quick delivery of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils and
monocytes, to infection sites. Both innate and adaptive immunity rely on phagocytes (including neutrophils
and macrophages), mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), natural
killer (NK) cells, and lymphocytes to carry out the bulk of their effector tasks. The CD nomenclature is used
to designate the many surface molecules that are differently expressed on different immune cell types and
subsets. With their characteristic multilobed segmented nucleus and profusion of cytoplasmic lysosomal
granules, neutrophils—the most prevalent blood leukocyte—are quickly drawn to infection and tissue damage areas to carry out phagocytic and microbial killing tasks. In addition to being sentinel cells that identify
pathogens and notify the immune system, tissue resident macrophages can carry out other specific tasks in
various tissues, including the liver, spleen, and lung. Circulating phagocytes known as monocytes are drawn
to tissue infection and injury sites, where they quickly develop into macrophages that consume and eliminate
bacteria and dead host cells. They also release cytokines and chemokines that encourage the recruitment of
leukocytes from the blood and start the healing process of injured tissues. Many of the methods previously
outlined are employed in clinical laboratories to assess patients’ immune system health. The most popular
laboratory techniques for identifying immunologic abnormalities will be outlined below. Molecular genetic
analysis and other highly specialized testing are frequently performed in response to anomalies discovered
by these methods

Thalassemia is a hematological disorder caused by mutations in the hemoglobin gene
that affected the red blood cells .The immune systems of the patients are continuously
strained by these repeated conditions. Few studies have examined the immunological
status of people with thalassemia, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as
well as the levels of IL-7 and IL-37 was examined to study the immunological profiles
of patients with thalassemia. Also the total RNA were extracted and carried out the
RNA sequencing after PBMCs were isolated, to find the differences in gene expression
between the patients and the healthy controls. This study showed that the patients with
thalassemia had significant higher levels of IL-7 and IL-37 with morphological abnormalities of PBMCs.

One of the “orphan” viruses, Torque Teno Virus (TTV), is prevalent and is found worldwide, as well as one of the 45% of commensal viruses. The TTV virus has been the subject of
numerous studies by researchers as a result of its prevalence among people of all ages (young
children, adults, and the elderly) and in various health conditions, as studies have proven its
presence in healthy individuals who do not exhibit any clinical symptoms, as well as in those
who suffer from several different diseases. TTV is one of the very small viruses that belong to
the Anellovirus genus known to infect humans. Although studies have proven the association
between the virus’s existence and many diseases, including respiratory diseases, autoimmune
diseases, cancer, and others, The virus’s lifetime within the human body and its relevance to
disease causation remain contentious to this day. It has historically been related to liver diseases, particularly following blood transfusions, where damage to the liver’s cells and tissues
has been noted, indicating the virus’s multiplication in it. It has been regarded as both a sign
of graft failure and a biomarker of immunocompetence in organ transplant recipients. Intracranial aneurysm (IA) patients have also been linked to its presence in the artery walls. We
summarize in this article the most significant findings from studies on the link of TTV to the
liver, organ transplantation, and vascular diseases.

This study aimed to manufacture beef burger fortified with alcoholic extract of date seeds of Khastawi
variety. Date seeds were extracted using ethanol with a yield of 9.24%, and were added to the burger at two
concentrations 0.1 and 0.2%. The effect of adding the extract on the qualitative and sensory characteristics of
the burger stored in the refrigerator for 10 days was studied. The results showed that pH values of the samples
fortified with the extract ranged between 5.76 and 6.3 for the two concentrations all over the storage period,
with a significant decrease after 10 days of storage. The fortified samples showed significant decreases in
TBA values after 7 and 10 days of storage, and significant decreases in the total bacterial count in the period
of 7 and 10 days of storage, as they decreased to 6.8 × 103 and 7.2 × 103 CFU/g, respectively. The percentage
of shrinkage in diameter decreased significantly in the samples fortified with the extract from 6.15 to 10.3%
and from 17.1 to 11.5% at 0 and 10 days of storage, respectively. The cooking yield increased significantly
in the fortified samples from 72% to 76.5% and from 69% to 75.9% at 0 and 10 days of storage. The water
holding capacity increased when fortified with the extract and the increase was significant after 10 days of
storage. An improvement was observed in the sensory evaluation scores (color, flavor, juiciness, tenderness
and overall acceptability) compared to the control. These results indicate the possibility of using alcoholic
extract of Al-Khastawi date seeds in the manufacture of beef burgers due to its antibacterial and antioxidant
activity

This study was conducted in the Tarmiyah region during the year 2024 to investigate the effect of root
mycorrhizal fungi inoculation at two levels (1 and 2 g/kg soil), along with a control treatment involving
planting in regular soil only, and the effect of glycine amino acid spraying at two concentrations (150 and
250 ppm), in addition to a control treatment involving spraying with distilled water only. The study aimed
to assess some physiological traits and the chemical content of the basil plant (Ocimum basilicum). The
statistical analysis was performed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results indicated that
mycorrhizal fungi inoculation at both levels significantly improved the following traits: plant height (cm),
number of branches per plant, dry weight of the plant (g), dry matter percentage (%), and chlorophyll a content (%), respectively. Moreover, the second level of mycorrhizal inoculation (250 ppm) showed superiority
in the following traits: inflorescence length (cm), chlorophyll b content (%), phenol content (mg/100 g),
flavonoid content (mg/100 g), alkaloid content (%), glycoside content (%), saponin content (%), and tannin
content (%), respectively. Regarding the glycine amino acid treatment, spraying at the concentration of 250
ppm led to significant improvements in the following traits: number of branches per plant, dry weight of the
plant (g), dry matter percentage (%), inflorescence length (cm), chlorophyll b content (%), phenol content
(mg/100 g), flavonoid content (mg/100 g), alkaloid content (%), glycoside content (%), saponin content (%),
and tannin content (%), respectively

The current study was conducted in Salah al-Din Governorate - Tikrit city from November 2021 to April 2022, and injuries were collected for the period from 2018 to
2021. A total of 398 injuries were recorded among males and females of various ages.
The study was divided into (4) groups as follows: The first group included (males with liver cirrhosis
during the years 2018-2019, referred to as Group (G1)). The second group included (males suffering
from liver cirrhosis during the years 2020-2021, referred to as group (G2)). The third group included
(females with liver cirrhosis or fibrosis during the years 2018-2019, and several subgroups (G3)). The
fourth group included (females with cirrhosis or liver fibrosis during the years 2020-2021 and several
subgroups). (G4). The results showed that age and gender (males and females) have different effects
on the changes occurring in physiological parameters. The study showed that ascites (fluid retention in
the abdominal cavity) is one of the most common complications of liver cirrhosis, which is associated
with unhealthy habits and increased risk of disease and worsening symptoms in the long term. There
are other potential complications that may threaten the patient’s life, such as hepatic encephalopathy
(confusion and coma) and bleeding from esophageal varices. In general, cirrhosis is an incurable
disease, and treatment usually focuses on preventing the progression of the disease and increasing its
complications. And the only available option in the advanced stages of liver cirrhosis is a liver transplan

The study showed a clear variation in the quality of alkaloid compounds, their concentrations
and percentages using the High-Perforance Liquid Chromatography technique. Eleven alkaloid
compounds were identified, namely 7-epi-echimiplatine, Indicine, Echimidine, Heliotridine, Intermidine, Lycopsamine, Onosmerctine, Retronecine, Supinidine, Uplandicine, Virdinatine N-oxide,
in the leaves of the species, they were distributed in different concentrations and percentages, which
made the species different from each other, and clear differences appeared in the studied species.
The current study of the alkaloid content showed that the two species O.echioides and O.erecta is the species that contains the most alkaloids with seven alkaloids for each of them and they
shared the presence of four alkaloids, which are 7-epi-echimiplatine, Indicine, Intermidine and
Virdinatine N-oxide, and they differed in the presence of three compounds for each of them, as
the species O.echioides contained Echimidine, Lycopsamine and Retronecine, while the species
O.erecta contained Heliotridine, Onosmerctine and Uplandicine, and the species that contained the
least alkaloids was the species O.stellulata, which contained four alkaloids, which are Heliotridine,
Lycopsamine, Retronecine and Supinidine, and the highest concentration among the compounds
was for the alkaloid Intermidine, which reached 86.52 μg/ml in the species O.erecta, and the lowest
concentration among the species was for the compound Indicine in the species O.mutabilis, which
reached 11.60 μg/ml , while The compound Intermidine recorded the highest percentage, reaching
38.20%, in the species O. tricerosperma, and the lowest percentage was recorded by the species O.
shehbazii for the compound Indicine, reaching 5.99%, compared to the rest of the studied species,
indicating the importance of these compounds in separating these species from the rest of the studied species.

The present study amid to estimate the role of vitamin C (VtC) in COVID-19 infection cases and
its relation with some COVID-19 parameters including D-dimer, CT scans, C-reactive protein (CRP)
and the infection severity level (simple, moderate and severe infection). Findings showed a significant elevation in CRP and D-dimer (p = 0.000, 0.003). No significant changes were observed in age
and BMI (P=0.074, 0.899), VtC level showed non-significant changes between groups (p=0.235),
non-significant differences were observed in all parameters in case groups with regard to sex, in
contrast, within the control group differences between male and female in D-dimer level, the findings showed significant elevation in all parameters (p 0.00- 0.021), except VtC that non-significant
changes among infection level (p=0.923), Correlation coefficient between VtC and study parameters
were estimated in study groups, non-significant associations were found in the present study, change
was observed in the association between BMI and VtC in the case group that sowed inverse association while in control the correlation was positive, conclusion; the present study didn’t find changes
in VtC level in COVID-19 patients, and no association with infection level, further investigations are
needed to validate these findings

Melatonin is a tryptophan derivative, involved in different biological functions, including glycemic status, lipid profile and oxidative stress status. These features are important for the pathogenesis
of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The present study aimed to evaluate the serum melatonin
level of women with PCOS and its association with its management. Case-control study was managed in the Gynecology Consulting Clinics in Kirkuk and Erbil Governorate Hospitals, Northern
Iraq, from December 2023 to June 2024. The study involved 90 participants aged 18-45 years,
including 45 women diagnosed with severe polycystic ovary syndrome based on the International
Evidence-based Guideline (2023) and an equal number of matched healthy women controls. Serum
levels of melatonin, oxidative stress parameters, testosterone and metabolic variables, were assessed
using the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), Electrochemiluminescence based immunoassay (ELICA) using Cobas e411 and colorimetric kits. In this study, ROC curve analyses, correlation coefficients, and descriptive statistics were employed. Serum melatonin level was statistically different between PCOS and control (163.31±57.74; 290.74±107.74) respectively. Biochemical,
hormonal and metabolic variables had significant correlations with melatonin in women with PCOS.
The AUC of melatonin was 0.864 (p =0.001), demonstrating that, in comparison to healthy control
women, it has the proper sensitivity to detect PCOS patients. These finding suggest that melatonin
had a significant association with PCOS and could be used as a useful biomarker of PCOS.

Samples of vegetables and fruits grown in open fields and local closed fields were taken and
compared with vegetables and fruits imported from other countries, and different levels of nitrate
were found. The study aimed to measure the percentage of toxic nitrate remaining in fruits and vegetables from different sources and local fruits and vegetables grown in greenhouses and open fields
and compare them with these imported vegetables and fruits. It was found that there were different
levels of nitrate higher than the permissible limit due to the deposition of pesticides and their lack
of spread in the open air in crops. The examination carried out with a portable Green Test device
that gives nitrate levels, and the nitrate level spectrophotometer measurements presented by UV/
VIS double beam spectrophotometer at 538nm for comparison and to enhance the results obtained
in this study, In addition, samples of crops examined from grown in Abu Ghraib fields, and readings
were taken, and samples took from crops available in the market from different sources, and vegetables were collected from farmers from several fields grown in the open air as well as in covered
fields. The study showed that the concentration of nitrates in imported fruits and vegetables such as
(onions, garlic, beets, grapes, apples and strawberries) from outside the country were at high levels
and exceeded the permissible limit, while local crops grown in open fields had a lower percentage of
nitrite compared to those grown in covered fields in Iraq. Therefore, crops grown in open fields are
more suitable for consumption than others and are considered healthy foods for humans

Background: The present study was conducted to purify heme oxygenase-1 enzyme from the
serum of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The malignant genetic condition of hematopoietic stem cells leads to an increase in myeloid cells, so the cancerous cells are the myeloid cells
in the blood. The study was conducted on the heme oxygenase-1 enzyme, which is an important indicator of this disease. It is a microsomal enzyme that has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role
essential in the degradation of heme, Objective: To isolate, purify and study the kinetics of heme oxygenase 1 enzyme from the serum of patients with leukemia. Materials and methods: The enzyme
was isolated and purified using chromatography (gel filtration, ion exchange) and precipitation using
ammonium sulfate. The precipitated fraction, which has high enzyme activity, was dialyzed and
finally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-SEC) was used to estimate the molecular
weight, Results: The purification degree was 18.43, with an enzyme yield of 226.86 and a specific
activity of 75.040 U/mg. Kinetic studies were conducted for the partially purified enzyme, where
the optimum concentration of the substrate was 0.20 mmole/mL, the value of the Michaelis-Menten
constant Km was 0.098, the maximum speed was 61.350 Vmax. Conclusions: Based on the results
shown above, the isolation and purification process was carried out based on the basic principle of
equalizing the charges on the surface of the protein, decomposing the water layer surrounding the
protein, reducing the degree of hydration, and then dissolving the protein and precipitating.