Tikrit Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences

The research dealt with Entrepreneurial strategies as an independent variable, and smart organizations a dependent variable. The main goal of the research is to shed light on the impact and relationship between Entrepreneurial strategies and smart organizations at the University of Mosul. In order the purpose of reaching the research goals, the questionnaire was used as a main tool for data collection and the AMOS program was used to test hypotheses. The analytical descriptive approach was used in dealing with theoretical and applied research data. The University of Mosul was chosen as a field of research through an analytical study and the research sample consisted of (298) employees from the top and middle leaders at the University of Mosul. The research reached the most important results that contribute to clarifying the relationship between the variables of the study and its dimensions, and the need for the university to rely on leadership strategies in all its dimensions because of its developmental impact in building smart organizations, which help the university to adapt to the fluctuating environmental conditions.

The current research has investigated the impact of human engineering elements on achieving happiness in the workplace for working individuals and a number of people's managers at the Jaber Bin Hayyan factory in Mosul. The research aims to know the impact of each element of human engineering individually in terms of (the physical environment, the commitment of senior management, health monitoring) in achieving happiness in the workplace in terms of its dimensions (job satisfaction, association with work, emotional well-being). The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The questionnaire was adopted as a main tool in collecting data from the research organization, in a way that is consistent with the nature of the directions of the research objectives and the contents of its hypotheses, which included (163) individuals. The results revealed that after the commitment of the senior management, it had the greatest impact in achieving dimensions of happiness in the workplace. Therefore, the researchers recommended that it be strengthened by building a supportive organizational culture for working individuals and using modern administrative methods in dealing with them and work to enable them and make them partners in decision-making. Which enhances their sense of belonging and increases job satisfaction with them and achieve linkage with work that leads to the well-being and happiness of workers.

The Material Requirements Planning System (MRP), the subject of the study is one of the modern production systems that contribute to the survival and excellence of industrial companies through attention to the quality of the final product provided to the customer. Therefore, the current study came to test the role of Material Requirements Planning (MRP), in the promotion of the quality of the final product. The research in its conceptual framework adopted the subject of material requirements planning (MRP), as an explanatory variable, as well as addressing the subject matter quality of the final product as a responsive variable. Two main hypotheses were formulated to be tested in the company in question in order to diagnose the role of material needs planning (MRP) in enhancing the quality of the final product. In order to achieve a deeper understanding of this impact, the researcher adopted the exploratory study approach with the adoption of a set of tools in data collection represented by the questionnaire form and distributed (68) questionnaire on a sample of employees of the North Oil Company. Research hypotheses were tested using the statistical package program (SPSS). The research came up with a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the MRP system it is a very important system for oil companies because it is concerned with determining the quantity to be purchased or produced as well as important to meet the needs of the main scheduling of production. It also the MRP is an important information system for inventory management that is used to forecast total demand. The research concluded that the company under consideration should develop a database to address lags in production schedules. In addition to the need for documentation especially for the main parts and components of the product and its sub-section in each section.

The objective of the research was to clarify the impact of training courses in improving job performance/Applied study in a number of colleges of the Tikrit University. The theoretical research explained the subject of training courses as an independent variable and job performance as a dependent variable. The research community included workers in a number of colleges of Tikrit University; the researchers used the questionnaire as a tool to collect data from the respondents. Including a set of questions for the research variables and formulated according to the Likert quintuple scale. To be answered by the employees of the faculties in order to identify their opinions. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the simple linear regression between the research variables mentioned in the SPSS Ver.23 program in order to determine the quality and nature of correlation between the research variables. The research concluded that the training courses improve the job performance for employees in the colleges. As well as the most important recommendations of the research the need to pay attention to training courses because they have significant benefits in providing employees with the information and skills necessary to perform the functions efficiently and high quality.

The research aims to diagnose the health service standards provided to the patient by the Al-Sheikhan Hospital in Nineveh Governorate, as it represents a strategic dimension in the treatment of health institutions of different specializations in providing services, and to reveal the patient's point of view on the quality of the health service that he received. Which attracted the attention of researchers to raise a problem the research was based on questions as follows:
1. To what extent does the researched hospital adopt specific standards for the health services it provides to patients?
2. Does the relative importance of the health service standards in the researched hospital vary?
To answer these questions, this research was based on two main hypotheses, the first reflects the availability and the second the difference in the relative importance of each of the research variables. As it was tested using the marital comparison method of the research variables that were collected by adopting the questionnaire form that was the main tool and distributed to (93) individuals. The researched individuals were patients, and the research reached to several conclusions, the most important of which is that the researched individuals focus on making health services provided with the required quality. The research also concluded with a set of proposals put in light of the conclusions; the most important of which is the necessity that the hospital should seek to achieve quality in the service which is reliable and also to adhere to the punctuality and empathy for the patients ’problems and the hospital’s health location.

This research aims to identify the relationship and the impact of career path on
the strengthening of organizational power dimensions (Legitimized power, Reward
power, Expert power, Referent power) among a sample of employees of the State
Company for Drugs Industry and Medical Appliances (SDI) in Samarra. To achieve
goals, the research has been designed a form prepared for this purpose after being
presented to some of the specialists to give stability and validity, which was distributed to a sample of employees and officials of the company (50), all were recovered. After
using the Statistical Package Program (SPSS), the necessary statistical analysis was
carried out. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are:
There is an impact of the career path on enhance the organizational power of the
company of research sample. The research concluded with a set of recommendations,
the most important: the need to provide the required facilities for individuals to achieve
the career path that has been identified and urged direct managers to provide the
necessary information to their subordinates on the steps of each career path.

The research dealt with two variables that are of great importance in business
organizations, namely the dimensions of the entrepreneurship organizations and
sustainable development. The research aims to identify the impact of the dimensions of
the entrepreneurship organizations in promoting sustainable development in the sector
of mobile telecommunications companies, especially (Asia-cell). The problem of the
study was a set of questions about the nature of the relationship and the mutual impact between the variables of the study, and adopted the descriptive analytical approach, the
research included a random sample of (44) employees of the company (Asia-cell)
mobile communications. The questionnaire was adopted to collect and process data and
information and a number of statistical methods were used to test the hypotheses, and
used (SPSS). The most important findings of the study are the importance of the
dimensions of the entrepreneurship organizations of telecommunications companies and
their impact on sustainable development. The most prominent recommendations were
the need for telecommunications companies to be aware of the fact that the dimensions
of entrepreneurial organizations is one of the keys to success for sustainable
development and a priority sought by contemporary organizations.

Unemployment has negative repercussions on the economy and society, as it entails
economic and social problems, which leads to a loss of economic security and events of
social problems such as extremism, violence, crime, drug addiction, and even suicide. It
is one of the most important obstacles to development in Kurdistan Region. From this
point of view, the study comes to identify the causes of unemployment in Erbil City, in
addition to its characteristics and effects, from the views of the unemployed who were
included in this study. A questionnaire was approved to describe and analyze the studied
unemployment situation in Erbil City to arrive to a decision. The study found that the
most important causes of unemployment in Erbil City community from the point of
views of the unemployed are: the lack of sufficient job opportunities; followed by the
condition of experience that most young people do not have, bias and favoritism. The study, also showed the lack of sense of autonomy which comes from the effects of
unemployment, followed by poverty, and the deviation of a family member.

The research aimed to demonstrate the impact of economic shocks, both internal and external, in the economies of Thailand and South Korea, depending on the time series of a set of variables, using the time series of the period (1992-2018) for both countries using modern standard methods of using time series stability, joint integration testing, and an equation Regression, pulse response functions and analysis of the components of variance showed that both countries are close to economic performance and are subject to the same shocks. Internal shocks have the greatest impact in Thailand, while external shocks have had the greatest impact in South Korea.

World has known many crises and disasters, and promised financial crisis of
more crises repeatedly in the economies of the countries, especially western countries.
Have varied forms, causes and effects and the most recent global financial crisis, the
US. That there is a tangle and overlap and integration in economic relations, the
financial crisis has repercussions and implications for all economies of the countries and
communities and to varying degrees. Based on what progress suppose the research that
the global financial crisis have a negative impact on the performance of the Turkish economy. Was based on research into the descriptive analytical approach to illustrate
the impact of the global financial crisis in the performance of the Turkish economy. The
research included two main axes, the first dealt with the theoretical and conceptual
framework for global financial crises and the second focused on the descriptive
analytical framework of the impact of global financial crises on the Turkish economy
performance. The most important conclusions of the research, the global financial crisis
period of the eighties of the last century did not have a significant impact on the Turkish
economy performance. While the nineties and after the second millennium was in effect
confined to the economic performance of the global financial crisis, as well as domestic
and regional effects, as research found some of the most important proposals, loans and
credit concentration and directed towards the real economic sector in Turkey

The increase in the demand for electricity has been related to the growth of the
population, which represents the largest consumer market for electric power in lighting,
cooling, heating and household work as well as its entry into industrial, commercial and
agricultural uses and Electricity consumption per capita to economic growth. The
research aims to study the relationship between per capita electricity and average per
capita income. The hypothesis is that the consumption of electricity stimulates, hinders
economic growth or does not have a mutual effect between them. The problem of
research is that there is no correlation between economic growth and electricity
consumption rates. The study concluded that there is a causal relationship from
electricity consumption to economic growth. In other words, the increase in electricity
consumption during the period studied causes an increase in the economic growth. The increase in electricity consumption during the period studied causes an increase in
economic growth, in order to adopt the country on the oil sector, which consumes more
electricity in its production and the effects of changes in electricity consumption
according to changes in the lifestyle of individuals. The stability tests were used
according to the model of-Dickey-Fuller Augmented (ADF) and causal relationship
trends between per capita electricity consumption and average per capita income are a
measure of economic growth.

The study aims to try to identify the effect of both the money supply, exchange
rate and GDP on the inflation rate in the Turkish economy during the period 1980-2017.
To achieve this the inflation rate and the money supply were chosen in the broad
concept represented by the money supply and the Turkish lira exchange rate against the
US dollar represented by the exchange rate and the values of the GDP. The variables
were subjected to a test of them first: the unit root (stability). Secondly: joint integration
tests according to the (Bounds Test Approach method) and the (Johannes-Gillis test).
Third: the self-regression vector test for the distributed slowdown. Fourth: The error
correction estimation limit model. Fifth: The causal relationship tests (Granger causality). The study found that both the money supply and the foreign exchange rate
have a significant positive effect on the inflation rate in the short term with a one-way
causal relationship from the money supply to the inflation rate. It mean, an increase in
the money supply leads to an increase in inflation rates and this corresponds to the
economic theory as well as a reciprocal relationship between the GDP and the money
supply. Which indicates that an increase in the rates of local production increases the
speed of currency circulation and the growth of cash balances in the country and
consequently an increase in the money supply.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as the kind of investment derived
across the country's national borders in which investment capital and certain types of economic resources are transferred to the recipient state for the aim of achieving
economic benefits for the parent state and host state, in this regard. Our study based on
the hypothesis that FDI contributes to different roles in raising the rate of economic
growth in its host countries according to the nature of its economic structures and the
efficiency of its economic systems in dealing with such companies. In order to prove the
hypothesis of research a number of developing countries included Jordan, Malaysia,
Tunisia, Egypt, Turkey and Thailand have been chosen. This study relies on time series
data in the estimation of the processing phenomenon and for sampled countries. A
number of independent variables were chosen, represented in the values of foreign
direct investment X1, the total exports values X2, the total imports values X3, the foreign
exchange rate X4 and the inflation rate X5. While the GDP values were adopted as the
variables dependent in the standard models used in the estimation and for the sample
countries as they reflect the role of FDI companies in raising their economic growth
rates according to their characteristics and features. In this study, reached a number of
findings, the most important of which is that FDI is one of the most important channels
that supply foreign exchange employed in various types of projects, which has proved
its role in raising the rate of economic growth in the host country. In the practical side
of this study it became clear that imports from the most influential variables in raising
the rate of economic growth in the sample countries considering that foreign companies
worked to activate the role of this variable in achieving the desired growth goal. The
recommend providing various types of facilities to foreign investors and in all economic
sectors. Establishing a modern banking sector that keeps pace financial development in
the outside world and secures the money and profits of foreign investors and reduces
domestic inflation rates.

The topic of structural transformation and analysis of the economic structure and
its changes is one of the main issues for those interested in studying economic
development, because the analysis of structural transformation reflects in real terms the
extent of development achievements made by developing countries in particular during
recent decades. Proceeding from this, the research aims to analyze and measure the relationship
between structural transformation and technological progress in the Malaysian economy
during the period 1980-2017, based on the hypothesis that there is a positive significant
effect of technological progress on structural transformation and its trends in Malaysia
during that period. The descriptive approach was used.
The research concluded that a set of results and proposals based on its analytical
contents and the outputs of its estimated model were established, the most important of
which was to demonstrate a positive significant effect of technological progress
variables in the structural transformation variables during the period of the research. As
these variables were able to explain more than 50% of the changes taking place in the
structure transformation variables in the Malaysian economy. Based on that, the
research proposes to enhance economic growth based on factors of technological
progress by diversifying the industrial and technological base and expanding it in
Malaysia by supporting and encouraging industries with high added value and its
exports and revive of regional trade.

In spite the increase in the number of agricultural producers preparing tomato
crops in greenhouses, the producers' incomes did not go along with the increasing
production ratio, due to the poor marketing mechanism followed in the governorate.
Thus, this study aims at calculating the indicators of production operational costs
(investment, good and service) of each greenhouse (500m2
). Calculating indicators of
farm income, economic efficiency and profitability of producers in greenhouses, as well
as marketing and profit margins for wholesalers and retailers. To achieve this, the
researcher took a random sample of 100 professional agricultural producers distributed
equally among (Tikrit, Samarra, Balad and Dujail) cities. By the numbers of (25)
products in each cities. The sample forms 10% of the whole farmers. A questionnaire
was carried out on 20 wholesale traders (5 of each city) and 100 retail traders (25 of
each city) who work in the vegetables markets for the season 2017 - 2018. The objective
of the study is to investigate the problems of agricultural marketing of tomato in the
governorate so as to find the suitable pricing and marketing policy for. It was found that
the gross productivity and operational costs of each greenhouse is ID 1.416.250, the
gross production is 8.850 kg, the cost of production is ID 160 per kilogram, the average
price of selling is ID 250 per kilogram, and the average income of each greenhouse is
ID 2.212.500. Regarding the farm income indicators, the gross value added was ID
1.658.500, and the net value added was ID 1.208.000. Regarding the indicators of
economic efficiency, the payback period was 4 years, the return on investment (ROI)
was ID 1.563, the net income of each greenhouse was ID 796.500, and the net income
of each kilogram was ID 75 (excluding the marketing costs). Regarding the indicators
of marketing efficiency, the marketing costs of each greenhouse was ID 132.750 (ID 15
per kilogram) distributed in ratios (grouping and grading 25%, packing 15 %,
transportation 50 %, commission 10 %). The marketing efficiency of producers was
(91.42%) the marketing margin of a wholesale and retail trader was ID 25 - 75 per
kilogram and the income of a wholesale and retail trader was ID 10 - 50 per kilogram
respectively. The research recommended the decision makers to necessarily make precontracts between the crops producers from one hand, the Agricultural Directorate, and
the local government from another hand, in order to keep the price of the product in a
suitable level for the producers and consumers. It is also necessary to limit the power of
the retail traders, to reduce the marketing costs and to find the security facilities in order
to enable marketing the product to the neighboring governorates.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as the type of investment that occurs
when an investor in a foreign country possesses assets or properties in another country
for the purpose of carrying out a particular economic activity in industry, agriculture or
services. The transfer of technology and technical expertise accompanies this type of
investment to the host country. Basing on the importance of this kind of investment, our
study adopted a hypothesis that foreign direct investment contributes with variant
effects to the external agricultural trade of a number of developing countries for the
period (1995-2017). In order to verify this hypothesis, a number of developing countries
were chosen including (Jordan, Morocco, Egypt, and Thailand) to be the sample of our
study. Time series data were used to estimate the impact of both (Value of foreign direct
investment X1, foreign exchange rate X2, value of local agricultural product X3,
inflation rate X4, values of the deficit in the general budget of the state X5, and security
and political stability of the country X6) as independent variables and their impact on
agricultural exports Y1, agricultural imports Y2 and net foreign agricultural trade Y3.
For the purposes of estimation and analysis, several standard models are used for
different linear regression cases based on the usual least squares method as they give the
best unbiased linear estimates that often agree with the concepts of economic theory. In
this study, we reached a number of conclusions; the most important of which was the
contribution of foreign direct investment to increasing the values of net foreign
agricultural trade in the host countries. FDI is considered one of the most important
foreign finance sources in these countries. We also concluded that there is a low FDI
entering the sample countries due to the long period of capital circulation in their
agricultural sector and the inadequate infrastructure.
The most important recommendations are to develop the agricultural actuality in
the countries of the study sample to become suitable for attracting more foreign direct
investment companies. Activate the positive role of macroeconomic variables, that act
side by side with the foreign direct investment and is presently lowering its flow due to
the impact of the existing non-positive variables brought up by the above-mentioned
companies and to face their negative influences.

The importance of public expenditure appears as a tool of financial policy
related the public economic policy, which among its goals is to achieve economic
stability that this variable plays a role in stabilizing the level of private consumption,
which is considered the largest component of national income. There should be an
emphasis on this role to achieve the desired objectives. The time series for variable of
this study was submitted before appreciation to Augmented Dickey- fuller (ADF) Test
to know of the stability of the time series and after ensuring the stability of the chain. It
was estimated the decline of spending both of public consumer expenditure and public
investment expenditure on private consumer expenditure by the mean of the least squares (OLS) that obtained the function of the long term and then the Cointegration
test using Johansen test. Which was confirmed through the presence of Cointegration
between the variables under study that means there is an equilibratory relationship of
long-term between private consumer spending and both in public investment and public
consumer spending. After that a test of causality was done by using Granger Causality
which confirmed its results that there is reciprocal causal relationship between the
components of public spending and private consumption expenditure.

The method of artificial neural networks is one of the important new methods in
building models, analysis and evaluation of data does not adopt a model or a common
statistical method to diagnose the behavior of the phenomenon. Where processing is
done to reach the best model represents the phenomenon with the least possible errors
and represents close to reality and can be used in most areas one of the aims of chain
analysis is to build a model to explain its behavior and use the results to predict future
behavior of the chain. The aim of this research is to compare some regression models,
the Box Jenkins model and the neural networks models to choose the best for the dates
production variable in Iraq. Statistical analysis software )SPSS24, minitab17, Eviews9(
were used to analyze date production data for the period 1963 to 2018 and the results
proved the efficiency of the neural networks method in the treatment of nonlinear
models and it is considered to be a strong model.