The Arab Gulf

This study addresses the topic of Islam’s expansion, distancing itself from two prevailing biases: on one hand, the overzealous insistence of some scholars that Islam spread solely through peaceful preaching, and on the other, the Orientalist claim that its spread was driven entirely by coercion and force. Instead, the study presents and analyzes a nuanced perspective that differentiates between the spread of Islam as a religion and the expansion of Islam as a state, despite their close association during the Prophetic era.
The findings suggest that Islam as a faith spread voluntarily and without compulsion, whereas the Islamic state expanded by means of power—an instrument deemed essential in building a state that addressed the socio-political and cultural deficiencies of the pre-Islamic Arab context. The study further engages in a modernist analysis of Qur’anic discourse, exploring its rhetorical messages and communicative strategies directed at its early audience

Iraqi–Kuwaiti relations have long been marked by instability, largely due to a series of unresolved issues—chief among them being the border dispute, which served as the immediate cause of Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait in 1990–1991. This occupation led to a complete severance of diplomatic ties and further deepened tensions between the two nations. The invasion provoked significant Arab and international reactions, with Lebanon being one of the countries that took a clear and prompt stance.
Lebanon was among the first to condemn and reject the occupation, calling unequivocally for the immediate withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwaiti territory and the restoration of Kuwait’s sovereignty. The Lebanese position reflected both a principled commitment to international law and regional stability, and it aligned with broader international consensus against the aggression.

This study investigates the ideological foundations and doctrinal extremism of the terrorist group ISIS, which culminated in the mass execution of thousands of Shi'a youths on June 12, 2014, in what became known as the Speicher Massacre. The UNITAD (United Nations Investigative Team to Promote Accountability for Crimes Committed by Da'esh/ISIL) officially classified this massacre as an act of genocide against Shi’a Muslims, a crime against humanity, and a war crime.
Doctrinal extremism constituted a central axis of ISIS's strategy within the framework of transnational terrorism. The Speicher massacre stands as one of the most heinous outcomes of this extremism, as ISIS exploited religious dogma to legitimize mass violence—specifically targeting Iraq’s religious and ethnic diversity, with a focus on the Shi’a population. The group propagated an extremist ideology built on the premise of reestablishing the so-called Islamic Caliphate, which they claimed gave them theological justification for exterminating Shi’a Muslims.
This genocide profoundly altered the lives of many Iraqis and brought the country to the brink of collapse. The study underscores the severe consequences of ideological radicalization and its capacity to fuel organized atrocities under religious pretenses.

During the Imamate of Imam Musa ibn Ja‘far (peace be upon him)—a period spanning nearly thirty-five years (148–183 AH / 765–799 CE)—numerous deviant sects, ideological movements, and heterodox groups emerged. The Imam confronted these deviations through reasoned discourse, dialogic engagement, and structured debates, aiming to expose the falsehoods underpinning their doctrines, which fundamentally contradicted the core principles of Islam.
A significant number of these sects emerged from within the Shi‘i milieu itself, diverging from the Prophetic mission and exaggerating the status of the Imams from the Prophet’s family (Ahl al-Bayt), thereby engaging in intellectual and doctrinal distortion. The issue of Imamate was among the most complex and contentious topics in early Islamic thought, one that invited varied interpretations and doctrinal missteps. Certain factions sought to redirect the concept of leadership from its divinely appointed path, as outlined by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), with the backing and influence of the Abbasid political authority.
These sects attempted to reduce the Imamate to a matter of theological speculation or personal merit, denying the existence of divine designation and the Prophet’s explicit guidance regarding the rightful successor. Against this backdrop, the present study sheds light on the pivotal role played by the seventh Imam of Twelver Shi‘ism, Musa ibn Ja‘far, in defending the doctrinal integrity of the Imamate and confronting deviant sectarian interpretations that threatened the theological foundations of Shi‘i Islam during the Abbasid era

Imam Musa ibn Ja‘far al-Kadhim (peace be upon him) played a pivotal role in spreading the authentic teachings of Islam, nurturing scholars, and promoting jurisprudence and theology despite the political constraints of his time. He consistently advocated for virtuous ethics, patience, and forbearance, earning the title "al-Kadhim" (one who suppresses anger).
Imam al-Kadhim adopted a cautious stance toward the Abbasid regime, avoiding direct confrontation while nonetheless supporting peaceful opposition to injustice. He also engaged with intellectual deviations and debated other theological schools using rational argumentation and evidence-based discourse, thereby solidifying his esteemed position within Shi‘i thought in contrast to competing currents.
In the eyes of Orientalists, Imam al-Kadhim emerges as a model reformer, who resisted despotism not through rebellion but through knowledge, patience, and moral education. His reformative approach aimed at cultivating a more conscious Islamic society anchored in authentic values and principles

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) stands out as one of the most influential states in the Arabian Gulf region, distinguished by its strategic significance across various domains—economic, military, and technological. Consequently, any decision or action undertaken by the UAE, whether in the present or the future, is likely to generate wide-ranging regional and international reactions and consequences.
This reality was clearly demonstrated when the UAE surprised the world by announcing the normalization of relations with Israel, a move widely regarded as bold and consequential. As a leading Arab country historically aligned with pan-Arab causes, the UAE’s normalization represented a significant strategic shift. The decision carries substantial implications, particularly for the Palestinian cause and broader regional dynamics in the Middle East.
This study investigates the strategic dimensions of the UAE's normalization with Israel, analyzing it as a case study in geopolitical repositioning. It aims to understand the motivations behind the move and assess its long-term impact on regional alliances and conflicts.

This research centers on the spread of Christianity within the Parthian Empire, beginning with an introductory overview of the Parthians’ origins and the establishment of their kingdom. The study then explores the early emergence of Christianity and the geographical areas into which it expanded, emphasizing that Christian teachings did not contradict the pre-existing laws and religious traditions of the region. As the New Testament states: “Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them.”
The core of the study examines the Parthian state's stance toward Christianity, which was characterized by a notable degree of religious tolerance during the first century CE. The research also discusses the methods by which Christianity spread, and highlights key missionary figures such as Mar Addai, who preached in Mesopotamia, and Thomas the Apostle.
Furthermore, the study shows how these missionaries organized the affairs of early Christian communities, establishing several dioceses across the Parthian territories. The paper concludes by summarizing the most significant findings drawn from this historical inquiry.

Historically, Kuwait has been among the first Arab states to extend political, economic, and military support to the Palestinian people in their struggle against the occupying Israeli entity. However, Kuwait was deeply surprised by the stance taken by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and its leader, Yasser Arafat, who openly sided with Iraq during its invasion of Kuwait in 1990.
Following the liberation of Kuwait six months after the invasion, the Kuwaiti government responded to the PLO’s position by expelling thousands of Palestinians from Kuwaiti territory and severing its political relations and economic assistance to the organization. In light of these developments, this study seeks to shed light on Kuwait’s evolving stance toward the Palestinian cause during the period from 1991 to 2000, a decade marked by significant political shifts and redefined regional alliances.

Although Mohammad-Taqi Falsafi lived a life deeply rooted in religious devotion—spending the majority of his years in the pursuit of knowledge and in service to Islamic teachings—this did not prevent him from engaging actively with the political landscape of Iran. Falsafi came to be regarded as the unofficial spokesperson of the Iranian religious establishment, a role that placed him at odds with state policies and practices that contradicted religious values.
His outspoken stance led him to oppose government actions that clashed with his ideological convictions, while also subjecting him to state harassment and repressive measures under the Iranian regime. Despite these pressures, Falsafi maintained a persistent presence in the socio-political sphere, particularly during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and his efforts contributed to the broader resistance movements that culminated in the Iranian Islamic Revolution

This study focuses on exploring the narrative acceleration techniques employed by the novelist Yassin Shamil in his seven novels. The author demonstrates remarkable skill in utilizing various temporal techniques, which positively impact the overall narrative experience.
The research provides a detailed analysis of narrative acceleration, categorized into two primary techniques:
• Summarization Technique: This involves condensing events to compress narrative time, thereby allowing for a faster progression of events without compromising the core essence of the narrative.
• Omission Technique: This entails omitting certain details or secondary events to emphasize key narrative elements and enhance focus on the central storyline.
The study also addresses subsidiary techniques derived from these two methods, contributing to a diversification of narrative styles and an enrichment of the novelistic experience.

Employing any stylistic feature or linguistic phenomenon in the analysis of Qur’anic texts necessitates careful adherence to the principles governing such features—especially when those features intersect with established grammatical and rhetorical conventions. The miraculous nature of the Qur’anic text does not lie in the mere presence of a stylistic phenomenon or rhetorical device by superficial association, as careless attribution may produce interpretations that conflict with foundational linguistic sciences, thereby negatively impacting the semantic integrity of the Qur’anic message.
This study explores the phenomenon of substituting the overt noun for the covert pronoun (waḍʿ al-ẓāhir badal al-muḍmar) as observed in verses 25–26 of Surah al-Tawbah, which recount the episode of the Battle of Hunayn, as interpreted by Ibn al-Athir in his seminal work al-Mathal al-Sāʾir. Upon a detailed contextual examination—textual and situational—the study identifies several methodological concerns. It concludes that characterizing these two verses with such a stylistic feature may, in fact, undermine their semantic coherence and contravene a number of grammatical and rhetorical principles unanimously recognized by classical Arab linguists and rhetoricians

In recent times, numerous calls have emerged advocating for re-readings of the religious text, alongside the rise of various linguistic schools that have contributed significantly to this field—owing to the advances in linguistic sciences in particular, and the humanities in general.
The religious text has long occupied a central position in intellectual discourse, beginning with the early stages of revelation and the evolving approaches to its interpretation. This has given rise to a range of inquiries, some of which seek to neutralize religious discourse, developing frameworks centered on the conceptual and terminological dimensions of religious texts. Others have focused on broader epistemological questions, such as: What constitutes a religious text? What is the nature of a modern or contemporary reading? And what are the foundational principles that guide our understanding of religious texts in general, and the Qur’an in particular?
To arrive at a sound exegetical understanding of the Qur’anic text, it is essential to rely on these guiding foundations—principles that enable access to its meanings, implications, and interpretive frameworks. This study therefore focuses on the Qur’anic text specifically, and seeks to clarify the general foundations that should direct our engagement with it, particularly given its nature as a linguistic text imbued with divine laws that govern the trajectory of human development at both the individual and societal levels.
As the speech of the Creator, preserved by His divine will, the Qur’an stands beyond the speech of all creatures. It is safeguarded by the truth of the verse: “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Reminder, and indeed, We will be its guardian” (Qur’an 15:9).

This study is structured into three sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion and a list of sources and references. The first section presents cases in which al-Ṣabbān interprets the nominal (jāmid) as a derived form (mushtaq), a phenomenon that appears frequently in the chapters on adjectival qualification (al-naʿt) and circumstantial qualifiers (al-ḥāl). According to al-Ṣabbān, when a non-derived noun functions as an adjective or circumstantial expression, it may be interpreted as a derived noun, inheriting its syntactic behavior and grammatical effects—permitting it to assign nominative or accusative case, as if it were originally a derived form.
The second section examines instances where verbal nouns (maṣdar) are interpreted as derived forms, particularly in the same syntactic contexts of al-naʿt and al-ḥāl. Al-Ṣabbān frequently applies this interpretive method, viewing the verbal noun as contextually equivalent to its corresponding active or passive participle.
The third section explores cases where one derived form is interpreted as another—such as the active participle (ism al-fāʿil) being understood to mean the passive participle (ism al-mafʿūl), and vice versa. These interpretative shifts demonstrate al-Ṣabbān’s deep engagement with syntactic and semantic flexibility in Arabic grammatical theory.

Metaphor has occupied a prominent position in the Arabic language, both in classical and modern usage, as one of its essential rhetorical devices and a core element of figurative expression. It has been a subject of extensive scholarly attention, approached from various perspectives, which has led to multiple definitions. Linguistically, the root verb jāza signifies “to pass,” as in mājaz meaning “a passage or a pathway.”
In rhetorical terms, majāz is defined as a word used in a meaning other than its original lexical meaning, based on an associative relationship and accompanied by a contextual clue (qarīna) that prevents understanding the word in its literal sense. It is also described as a shift from the original denotation to a secondary meaning due to an underlying conceptual link.
As a critical literary device, metaphor has garnered significant interest among both classical and modern critics. It allows for the transcendence of literal meaning, enabling poets to express deeper layers of emotion and thought indirectly.
This study investigates metaphor in the poetry of Masar Qasim (Masar Riad) by first defining the concept and outlining its theoretical foundations. It then analyzes the metaphorical relationships present in selected poetic collections, exploring their various forms. The study concludes with a summary of findings, most notably that the poet imbues his metaphoric images with rich layers of meaning and suggestion that cannot be conveyed through direct language, thereby elevating the aesthetic and artistic value of his poetry.

Abstract:
This study aims to detect residual concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples collected from areas affected by oil pollution near oil facilities and fields, as well as from uncontaminated areas, which were used as control samples. Samples were collected from 13 locations between November 2023 and February 2024, and laboratory methods involving digestion and extraction were employed to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
The findings indicate elevated concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil samples collected within or near oil facilities and fields, suggesting significant contamination resulting from oil-related activities. In contrast, the control samples did not exhibit notable hydrocarbon pollution, reinforcing the impact of industrial oil operations on contamination levels.
The study emphasizes the need for caution when approaching areas with intensive oil activity and advises against direct interaction with contaminated soil. Additionally, it calls for continuous monitoring and proposes guidelines for assessing carbon pollution levels to mitigate environmental risks

The significance of this study lies in its pioneering nature, as it is one of the earliest research efforts to provide a precise demographic analysis of the population of Sinjar during a critical period in the history of Iraq—and of Sinjar in particular—spanning over a decade. This unique temporal scope positions the study at the forefront of demographic research in conflict-affected areas.
The core problem addressed by the study is the absence of accurate data representing the population size of the Yazidi community prior to the ISIS terrorist incursion, and subsequently, after their displacement and partial return following the military defeat of the terrorist group. Given the critical importance of demographic security, the research focuses on demographic transformations in the Sinjar district, especially concerning minority populations, within the context of their geographical, economic, social, and environmental circumstances.
One of the most significant challenges faced by the researchers was the collection of precise data concerning the displacement patterns of the Sinjar population beginning in August 2014, and their gradual return after liberation by Kurdish Iraqi forces, with the support of the international coalition against ISIS in 2015. The district's demographic composition and social dynamics were exposed to severe threats, leading to the disintegration of the local framework of peaceful coexistence. Rather than fostering solidarity against external threats, the fabric of local society fragmented, resulting in atrocities and human rights violations committed against the Yazidi community—whose lingering effects continue to endanger the region’s stability and security.
The study aims to verify and document demographic changes through accurate population statistics, emphasizing the intersection of national security and demographic security. This endeavor seeks to support policymakers by informing sustainable development strategies for Sinjar as a city and by leveraging the findings to devise preventative plans against future demographic or security-related disruptions. These efforts underscore the strategic value of urban security planning in achieving sustainable social development.

This study analyzes the traffic density on the main Basra–Umm Qasr road in the year 2025, recognizing it as a critical and appropriate indicator for monitoring and understanding traffic volume, variations in flow intensity, and the road’s capacity to meet the diverse needs of its users—whether service-related, social, or economic. Traffic density, therefore, serves as a key metric that reflects both the level of vehicular activity and the overall efficiency of the road infrastructure.
The research adopted the manual traffic count method to determine the volume of vehicles traveling along the Basra–Umm Qasr corridor, recording traffic in both directions (inbound and outbound). A strategically visible observation point was selected, and data collection was conducted over two distinct days: a weekday (working day) and a weekend (Friday) to capture variation in flow patterns.
The findings indicate that the primary driver of vehicular movement on this road in 2025 is commuting for work, followed by shopping and recreational trips, and then travel for health and social purposes. Additionally, there was a notable disparity in traffic density, not only in the number and types of vehicles but also in patterns observed between the working day and the weekend—variations attributed to the diversity and nature of travel purposes.

Economic activity is a continuous current that has traversed the world since the dawn of humanity. It flows through cities and villages, nourishing populations with its products and energy. It touches every land and field, generating wealth in one sector while diminishing in another.
Economic activity represents one of the fundamental pillars of regional identity—it is the lifeblood of the Al-Faw Region, an area uniquely positioned to accommodate future expansion due to its distinct geographical characteristics. These locational advantages have historically attracted population movement and stimulated economic engagement in diverse sectors such as agriculture, fishing, industry, transportation networks, oil port operations, and the strategic Al-Faw Grand Port Project. Additionally, several development projects are in the planning stages. These locational and infrastructural advantages present both opportunities and challenges for the sustainable development of the region.
To this end, the study employed a combination of regional and analytical methodologies, alongside desk research and field surveys, to gather relevant data and statistics.

The Tigris River is a transboundary watercourse, with its basin extending over Iraqi territory at an estimated area of approximately 2,530,000 square kilometers, representing 54% of the total basin area. Prior to the construction of upstream Turkish and Syrian water projects, the annual natural flow of the river at the Iraqi border was approximately 20.93 billion cubic meters, with Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels at around 250 ppm. However, following the completion of these projects, the expected annual flow is projected to decrease to 7.66 billion cubic meters, signaling a significant deterioration in water quality.
To assess the water quality of the Tigris River between Al-Kut and Amarah, two monitoring locations were selected: Al-Kut city and Sheikh Saad subdistrict. Water quality in Sheikh Saad during the 2024 drought period was evaluated based on chemical properties and the concentration of key elements and chemical parameters.
The results revealed variations in the concentrations of cations and anions, with pollution leading to increased levels of chlorides and sulfates at both locations. Additionally, sodium ions were found to dominate the water chemistry from Al-Kut downstream to Sheikh Saad.
The study also highlights the broader degradation of surface water quality in Iraq, particularly in southern regions, due to several factors: reduced water inflows, rising salinity levels, and declining efficiency in water transport networks. Furthermore, hot and arid climatic conditions, coupled with diverse pollution sources, have compounded the challenges facing Iraq’s water sector.

This research aims to examine the impact of climatic characteristics of Basra Governorate on the organization of sports activities, while also investigating how climate influences spectator comfort and the condition of outdoor sports facilities hosting such events. The study analyzes the climatic elements observed during the recent microclimatic cycle (2011–2022).
The results, based on the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), show that the months of May, September, and October fall under the category of \\"warm thermal stress\\". Meanwhile, the index indicates \\"comfortable-moderate\\" conditions for November, December, February, March, and April, and \\"slight cold stress\\" for January. However, the summer months (June, July, and August) recorded the highest UTCI values, classifying them as \\"hot\\" periods.
In contrast, the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index indicates that April, May, and October fall under the category “Exercise should be limited for non-acclimatized individuals”. The lowest WBGT values were recorded in winter months (December, January, and February), which fall under the category “Unrestricted sports activity”. The transitional months of November and March showed lower WBGT values, suggesting a need for caution due to potential increases in index values and signs of heat stress.
Meanwhile, the highest WBGT values occurred during the summer months (June, July, and August), necessitating a complete suspension of all sports activities due to extreme thermal stress

This study analyzes land suitability and capability in Shahbazar District, aiming to understand the relationship between these factors and the geomorphological hazards affecting the area. The research involves evaluating the geomorphological, topographic, and environmental characteristics of Shahbazar, and analyzing how these factors influence various land uses.
The analysis employs a set of geospatial criteria to determine the degree of land suitability for different activities, including agriculture, construction, and urban development. The study also focuses on identifying and assessing geomorphological hazards and their direct impact on land capability.
The findings indicate that areas with high and very high geomorphological hazard levels significantly reduce the suitability of land in Shahbazar District. Lands exposed to these hazards are notably less suitable for agricultural and construction uses compared to areas with lower exposure. Conversely, regions with stable geomorphological characteristics—such as flat terrain and gentle slopes—demonstrated greater land capability. In contrast, lands with steep slopes or those exposed to severe erosion were found to have low potential for sustainable land use.

This study aims to examine the population growth of the city of Al-Faw over the period 1997–2023, and to analyze population density in order to assess the adequacy of recreational service indicators and their capacity to meet the needs of the local population. It does so by developing spatial models for recreational services in Al-Faw and evaluating their sufficiency relative to population size, with a focus on promoting their development and sustainability.
The findings reveal that the population growth rate in Al-Faw reached 6.6% by 2023, indicating a continuous upward trend that has placed increasing pressure on recreational services. Furthermore, most of these services are concentrated in the city center. Through statistical analysis conducted using ArcGIS 10.7, it was found that the spatial distribution of services largely follows a dispersed pattern, which may limit accessibility for many residents.

This study aims to assess the extent to which the European History textbook for the fifth literary grade incorporates the dimensions of historical sense, as perceived by history teachers. The research adopted the descriptive method, deemed most suitable for the study’s objectives. The sample consisted of 84 male and female teachers.
A questionnaire was designed specifically for this purpose, comprising five domains and a total of 41 items. The data were analyzed using arithmetic means and standard deviations as statistical tools.
Findings:
1. The relative weight of the dimensions of historical sense, from the perspective of history teachers, yielded an average score of 3.18 with a standard deviation of 0.16, indicating moderate inclusion.
2. The study identified a notable deficiency in the spatial dimension, compared to the human and temporal dimensions, suggesting an imbalance in how historical awareness is addressed.

The actor’s performance is inherently reliant on spatial engagement, as the actor’s craft is built upon generating expressive and multidimensional meanings within the context of the stage and the imagined environment that aligns with the embodied character’s setting.
This study is divided into four chapters. The first chapter presents the research problem and hypothesis, formulated as follows: What artistic and technical elements are produced by the transformation of space in the actor’s performance through available tools, techniques, and performative capabilities?
The chapter also outlines the research’s importance, objectives, and definitions of key terms.
The second chapter contains two sections:
1. The Concept of Space in Greek Thought
2. The Importance of Space in Theatrical Performance
The chapter concludes with the theoretical framework’s indicators.
The third chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the play \"The Spaces of Ismail\" as a case study for the research. This is followed by a discussion of the findings and conclusions.
The study ends with a list of sources and references

The present study is a stylistic investigation that aims to examine and discuss the stylistic devices—primarily at the phonological level—employed in texts of forgiveness found in the New Testament. The research also seeks to identify the most and least prominent phonological features used within these selected passages.
To achieve this, both qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted. The study draws upon Leech and Short's stylistic framework (2007), focusing specifically on the phonological level and its associated devices. The analysis is conducted through the description of selected data and the identification of key stylistic tools based on frequency and functional prominence in the texts.
Additionally, statistical results are used to reinforce the findings and support the conclusions derived from the analysis. These findings aim to provide deeper insights into the stylistic patterns that underscore the expression of forgiveness in the New Testament.