Journal of sustainable studies

The study was concerned with population growth in the governorates of southern Iraq (Basra - Maysan - Dhi Qar), and the current status of reproductive health indicators approved by the World Health Organization, the study used the descriptive analytical approach, and the quantitative method in statistical analysis to indicate spatial relationships, and the study relied on statistics and reports issued by the Iraqi Ministry of Health, as well as the field study by conducting a questionnaire for 2030 women with a stratified random sample on women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years), the study reached several results, the most important of which are: Dhi Qar and Maysan governorates are in the first level for reproductive health indicators in the study area, while Basra governorate is in the second level, and there is a direct relationship between the high population growth rate and the increase in maternal mortality rate and perinatal mortality rate, and there is a direct relationship between the percentage of uneducated mothers and the increase in perinatal mortality rate, and there is an inverse relationship between the level of education and the percentage of mothers with anemia, and there is an inverse relationship between the level of education and the percentage of mothers with anemia.

The present study scrutinized the role of novice and experienced Iraqi EFL teachers’ affective factors in their teacher reflection. Moreover, it strived to determine the difference between the teacher reflection of these teacher groups. Accordingly, first, the researcher used convenience sampling to select 141 novice and 132 experienced EFL teachers at 31 high schools in Baghdad (Iraq) as the participants. Second, she administered the teacher reflection, grit, teaching enjoyment, self-efficacy, and spiritual intelligence questionnaires of the study to the participants using the Google Forms. Lastly, regression test was used to perform the data analysis. Based on the results, there were differences between the predictors of the reflection of novice and experienced teachers. Moreover, experienced teachers engaged in reflection more frequently than novice teachers. The results may have practical implications for Iraqi English teachers’ education courses.

This research is one of the modern research studies that will address the topic of the role of Iraqi educational television in public and private schools in Iraq. Therefore, this research will constitute a modern reference for many students, researchers, supervisors, educators, universities, and the Center for Educational Research and Development affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Education. The problem is determined by researching and determining the level of confidence in the role of Iraqi educational television in enhancing the scientific level of sixth-grade students in Iraq and the reflection of that level on enhancing the scientific level of students. Based on the research problem and its objectives, the target community in this research consists of all sixth-grade teachers in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher applied the questionnaire form to a simple random sample of 109 male and female teachers from sixth-grade teachers during the semester of the 2023-2024 academic year from the city of Baghdad. The research reached several results, the most important of which are:
- Some phrases received high percentages according to the opinions of the teachers in the study sample regarding the role of educational media in promoting cognitive values, as follows: (provides opportunities for students to express their opinions and develop their skills)، (motivates students to use the scientific method in solving problems).
- The opinions of the teachers in the study sample regarding the role of educational television in promoting social values among students were arranged according to the percentage of each phrase as follows:
- (calls on sixth grade students to deal kindly with others) 18.48%, (raises the issue of students' respect for the traditions and customs of society) 17.71%, (calls on students to reject violence and fanaticism) 16.57%.

This research aims to identify words whose combinations have been described by linguists as “wrong.” It also sought to clarify the opinions of linguists regarding their origins, their reality, and the reasons behind their overlap in the plurals and their departure from their counterparts in the rulings and analogies that linguists have worked hard to establish and rely on. Therefore, the nature of the research required consulting the sources of books and language dictionaries to find out the reasons for the overlap of these plurals and to know the linguistic mechanisms and tools that the linguist relies on in choosing the plural of one word over another. And describe it as correct or incorrect.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the guided imagination strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade science students in the subject of literature, texts and reflective thinking. The sample of the current research was determined by fifth-grade science students from Al-Fadhail High School for the Gifted, affiliated with the Third Rusafa Education Schools in Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2024 - 2025). Fifth-grade students were chosen to be the research sample intentionally. Two halls were chosen from a total of four halls of fifth-grade science students, one of the two groups was experimental and the other was a control group. The research sample amounted to ((65) female students, with ((33)) male students in the experimental group, and ((32)) female students in the control group. The researcher rewarded the two research groups in the variables of the intelligence test, chronological age, and reflective thinking test. The achievement test was also prepared, as 40 paragraphs were formulated in line with the content of the material and behavioral purposes (cognitive, understanding, application of the reflective thinking test, as a test was prepared by the researcher, which is reflective thinking, which consisted of ((15)) paragraphs, and the data were analyzed And statistically processed by adopting the statistical program (21.SPSS.V). The results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied with the guided imagination strategy outperformed the students of the control group who studied with the usual method in the reflective thinking test. Based on the research results, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting the guided imagination strategy in teaching the literature and texts subject due to its positive effect in increasing reflective thinking among students. In order to verify the research objective, the researcher developed the following urban hypothesis:
1-There are no statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study according to the guided imagery strategy, and the scores of the control group. Those who study in the usual way of learning.
2-There is no statistically significant difference at the level (2005) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study using the guided imagery strategy and the average scores of the control group students who
They study the usual way of reflective thinking

The College of Pharmacy is one of the oldest and most prestigious colleges in Iraq. This research aims to highlight the role of the College of Pharmacy and its scientific and historical impact on Iraqi society. It focuses on the college's contribution to graduating qualified pharmacists, which has enhanced healthcare and eradicated prevalent superstitions and quackery, thus contributing to the development of the health sector. The research also emphasizes the college's success in preparing a generation of skilled pharmaceutical chemists who possess the scientific and technical expertise to work in various fields of pharmacy and chemical analysis in Iraq.
By reviewing the history of the College of Pharmacy, it becomes evident that its role extends beyond the scientific and academic aspects. The college has also played a national role in various uprisings and demonstrations throughout Iraq . This national role is reflected in the active participation of its students in the political events that the country has experienced .

This study aims to assess the extent to which Islamic Education teachers enhance citizenship values during classroom interaction with high school students. The researcher employed the descriptive method and used a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The study sample consisted of 67 male and female teachers from schools in Anbar Governorate, selected using a convenience sampling method .
The findings revealed a high level of Islamic Education teachers' practice in promoting citizenship values during classroom interactions with high school students. The domain of "Religious and Moral Responsibility Towards Society" ranked first with a high level, followed by "Social Responsibility Towards Society" in second place, and "Loyalty and Belonging to the Homeland" in third place, all of which were rated at high levels.
Furthermore, the results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at (α = 0.05) related to the variables of academic qualification and years of experience in the extent to which Islamic Education teachers enhance citizenship values during classroom interaction with high school students.

Madeleine Albright played an important role in promoting democracy and human rights around the world during her tenure as US Secretary of State. Her career was also distinguished by her use of soft power and active diplomacy to promote American values on the international stage. She contributed significantly to expanding NATO, combating terrorism, and spreading democracy. Gender Barrier: Albright was the first woman to serve as US Secretary of State, opening the door for more women to hold high leadership positions in government. Her career has inspired many women around the world and contributed to changing the traditional view of standards of political leadership. Albright was a staunch advocate for human rights worldwide. She used her position as Secretary of State to pressure countries to respect human rights, and supported initiatives to promote democracy and good governance. Albright was a strong advocate for combating discrimination in all its forms, and supported policies aimed at promoting equality and justice for all.

The research aimed to determine the reality of using learning based on interactive electronic games to stimulate student participation, according to the descriptive and analytical approach. The questionnaire was relied upon as a tool for collecting data. The study sample (165) included male and female teachers of different educational levels in Iraqi schools, and the data was analyzed. Obtained using the statistical analysis program Spss 25, the researcher reached the following statistical results: The agreement of male and female teachers of different academic levels in Iraqi schools on the importance of using learning based on interactive electronic games to stimulate student participation, and the absence of significant differences between the average answers of male and female teachers of different academic levels in Iraqi schools about the reality of using learning based on interactive electronic games to stimulate participation. students according to the variable of experience, The researcher presented a number of recommendations, the most prominent of which are: securing the necessary infrastructure to employ interactive electronic games in the educational process within the Iraqi school curricula and allocating the budget for that.

This is the result of the perseverance and efforts of his writer, who strengthened the intellectual movement with many specialized literature. He adopted it as a major source of knowledge of the role of Balkh scholars who emerged in the talk and arranged them according to the precedence of death. He mentioned their codification and who their novels were and heard and who took the information from other sources.

The study aims to identify self-evaluated wisdom among educational counselors, determine the significance of differences in self-evaluated wisdom according to the gender variable (male/female), determine moral standing, determine the significance of differences in the moral integrity variable according to the gender variable (male/female), determine the correlation between self-evaluated wisdom and moral integrity among educational counselors, and determine the significance of differences in the relationship between self-evaluated wisdom and moral integrity among educational counselors according to the gender variable. To verify this, the researcher constructed a scale of self-evaluated wisdom based on Ardelt's theory (Ardelt, 2005). The scale consisted of (39) items after fulfilling the requirements of validity, reliability, discriminatory power, and internal consistency. As for the moral integrity scale, the researcher adopted the scale (Tabra, 2010). The researcher applied the two scales to a sample of (350) male and female counselors who were selected using a stratified random method with a proportional approach. After collecting the data and processing it statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), the study concluded that: The sample enjoyed self-rated wisdom and moral integrity, and there was no difference between the sexes for the two variables, and there was a difference in the strength of the relationship in the two variables in favor of males.

The research aims to identify the training needs of geography teachers in the light of teaching classroom teaching skills and to propose a program for their development. Main areas and (40) sub-paragraphs, and after verifying the validity and stability of the questionnaire and using statistical methods, the results showed that the geography teachers agreed on the skills of planning, computers, the Internet, and asking questions to a large extent.

Entomology is a science with an abundance of transcribed literature by Muslim Arab scholars. In this research, we will emphasize this area of study aided by the themes discussed in Kitāb al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim, who in his book mentioned a variety of books by a diverse range of scientists who wrote on the subject.
It was intriguing to notice a plethora of language experts when we made the process of perusing this specific topic, this distinct feature made us wonder whether these experts explored entomology experimentally. These studies were based on visualized observations that relied on scrutinized descriptions of what they saw regarding the shape, behavior, and lifestyle of the insects they wrote about in their publications.
This research included an exhibition of previous studies and an introduction to Entomology discussing it through the aspects of language and nomenclature then it will survey the scientists and experts who were mentioned in Kitāb al-Fihrist, the research will be concluded by the results and the interpretations found in this research.

National identity is one of the main foundations that contribute to building a cohesive and connected society, as it works to enhance belonging and loyalty among community members. National identity plays a significant role in promoting social cohesion by uniting citizens around shared values and principles, which helps reduce divisions and tensions between various social, religious, and ethnic groups.
On the political level, national identity is considered the cornerstone of political stability, as it strengthens national unity and supports institutional stability. Belonging to a shared identity enhances citizens' trust in state institutions and governments. Furthermore, national identity contributes to increasing individual participation in political and social life, which strengthens the sustainability of the political system and makes it more capable of facing internal and external crises.

The absence of important values such as honesty, truthfulness, forgiveness, good manners, and the spread of betrayal, lying, lack of forgiveness, and bad manners, all of this has led to the exacerbation of the many problems facing societies; to the point that they have reached the point of danger, so the seeds of values must be planted again and rooted in society, as the spread of low-level digital content has a direct impact on increasing the incidence of drug addiction and the high rate of crime in society. One of the characteristics that distinguishes the Islamic nation from other nations is the characteristic of modesty, with which societies rise, and one of the most dangerous things that is spreading in our present society is the spread of the permissibility of homosexuality, homosexuality, and women imitating men, and men imitating women, and its unlimited support by the West, its politicians, and its media, as it is known to be forbidden and a crime, and its permissibility is devastation and destruction of the family and society. Keywords: triviality, problems, morals, family, values.

The purpose of the present study is to review the methods of teaching religious courses in the elementary grades. The research method is descriptive-analytic and in this regard, some principles of teaching religious courses including comprehensibility, gradual education, perseverance and persistence, raising awareness, and personal differences were explored. The methods of teaching religious courses such as using examples and stories, reminding students of God’s blessings, and theatrical (symbolic) methods were also studied in this research. The results showed that as for methods of teaching religious courses, all environmental, personality, and inner factors related to a child should be considered so that the best way to transmit concepts, suitable for the condition, would be adopted.

The study aimed to identify the impact of educational programs on the social interaction skills of primary school students. The researcher used the quantitative and qualitative methodology to collect data from a sample of 100 primary school students. The main results showed that educational programs have a positive impact on the social interaction skills of primary school students by improving communication skills by (30%). It was also found that educational programs reduce introversion among students by (25%) and improve their social and educational performance by (20%) , as there is a positive relationship between the educational program and social interaction skills. The educational program showed a positive impact on the communication and cooperation skills of primary school students. According to the statistical results, the value (p) < 0.05 indicates a significant difference between the experimental and control groups, and the correlation coefficient (r) = 0.7, which indicates a positive relationship between the educational program and social interaction skills. It became clear that the average quantitative results of the experimental group were higher than the control group. In light of the results reached by the study, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations, proposals and conclusions.

In their study, the researchers aimed to clarify the dimensions of open education in terms of its (Advantages and Disadvantages) from the point of view of professors and students (teachers) at the Open Educational College.
To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers built a questionnaire that included (20) questions that included the advantages and disadvantages of open education after they made some modifications depended to what experts mentioned. The researchers used the )Cronbach( test in order to measure the stability of the test form, where the test stability reached (0.93), and the form was presented to a number of experts to verify the validity of the form.
The arithmetic mean of the research sample of (20) professors, and (100) male and female from students were extracted from Al- Adel Study Center. The results of the questionnaire researchers found that open education has many advantages aspects that satisfied the motivations of many creative people.

The study aims to show the intransitive verbs that are used as transitive verbs, and to show the transitive verbs that are used as intransitive verbs. The study also dealt with the noun in the accusative case by removing the preposition. The problem of the study lies in the extent to which the verb that moves between intransitiveness and transitivity performs its meaning in the sentence, and whether it can be considered an intransitive or transitive verb, or is the direct object deleted? The researcher followed the analytical inductive method, and reached a number of results, the most prominent of which was the transformation of a number of intransitive verbs into transitive ones, including the verbs entered, came, returned, got angry, started, and went. These verbs are transitive with prepositions or with the direct object, the attached pronoun, or the apparent noun, and the transitive verbs are transformed into intransitive ones, and the transitive verb to one direct object is satisfied with the transitive preposition or does not require the direct object. Among the verbs that were transformed from transitive to intransitive are (Hajja, Huda, Sharab, Sadd, Akaal, Ittaqwa, Walad, and Samaa), including the verbs that were transitive by adding the hamza and doubling It turned into a necessary verb, such as “absar” and “aslah.” Verbs that take two objects, whether they were originally a subject and predicate, or not originally a subject and predicate, turned into a verb. We find that they are satisfied with taking one object, or are transitive with a preposition, or do not require an object with them.

Objectives: This research aims to examine how educational support systems affect youth participation in local sustainable development by reviewing theoretical, methodological, and empirical studies on educational support provided to youth and its impact on youth community participation. This is because linking youth with organizational and community development can result in generative and self-sustaining processes that address key social issues and revitalize communities, organizations, and individuals within them. Youth are essential partners in building society, and this participation can be increased through educational support systems that enhance youth awareness and responsibility toward their communities and enhance youth leadership capabilities.
Results: Previous studies indicate the significant impact educational support systems have on youth, as they increase their self-confidence and foster a culture of positive change.

This research aims to identify the reflections of teaching Islamic Education curricula in enhancing peaceful coexistence among high school students from the perspective of teachers. The study sample included 45 male and female teachers who teach Islamic Education curricula in middle schools for boys and girls in Diyala Governorate during the (2023-2024) academic year.
To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire consisting of 44 items was developed and organized into five domains corresponding to curriculum elements: (Objectives , Content ,Teaching Methods ,Teaching Techniques ,Educational Activities and Assessment)
The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed, and it was applied to the research sample in high schools. After data collection, statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation coefficient, Z-test for proportions, and the SPSS statistical program. Key Findings:
1. The Islamic Education curriculum for high school students has a significant impact on enhancing the concept of peaceful coexistence, as perceived by teachers in light of curriculum elements.
2. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the Islamic Education curriculum’s impact on promoting peaceful coexistence among the research sample based on gender.
The researcher concluded with a set of findings, recommendations, and proposals for further studies.

This study aims to compare a linguistic theory and selected poetic texts from the modern era of the poet Omar Abu Risha in the first part of his poetic collections issued by Dar Al-Awda, Beirut in 1981AD, with the aim of revealing the nature of speech acts in poetic discourse by Abu Risha, and explaining how to achieve the performative purposes of speech acts in his poetry, and the extent of his interest in the recipient, and recording the most important types used for these acts in his poetry, in addition to clarifying the role of context in determining the semantic field of the speech act, and other questions, then we reached at the end of the research to answer these questions and it was revealed to the researcher that the poet Omar Abu Risha had diversified in the use of speech acts based on the various and intended purposes and according to the recipient's condition, and the context and situation surrounding them.

I liked to dust off Arabic manuscripts and original writing، so I took the investigation as a way to revive what was dormant، reveal what was hidden، and renew what was damaged.
With God’s facilitation، I found an unverified grammatical manuscript from a library in Turkey - Istanbul، with a unique handwritten copy held by the library labeled with (A Message in Four Things). A handwritten copy kept by the Turkish Serez Library in a collection under the number (3840) and located in three panels. It contains aspects of grammar، speech، and language.
I copied the manuscript، and all the margins are my own work، and there was no margin in the manuscript.
Unfortunately، I did not come across the life of its author، Sheikh Mustafa bin Bakr al-Quzal Hisari، who died after 1175 AH.

This study examines the role of context in resolving linguistic ambiguity in political discourse, and how different types of contextual factors help resolve ambiguous sentences. Ambiguity is often the cause of misunderstanding in communication, but there is little comprehensive analysis of how different contextual factors affect interpretation. The study uses a qualitative approach to analyze instances of ambiguity in President Joe Biden's speech at the 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly (2024) using Yule's (2010) classification framework of lexical, structural and pragmatic ambiguity. Seven instances of ambiguity were identified, two pragmatic, three lexical, and two structural, and it was shown that successful disambiguation is a function of the interaction of multiple contextual layers rather than isolated elements. The results clarify that specific kinds of context are especially good in solving certain kinds of ambiguity like linguistic context for lexical ambiguity, pragmatic context for structural ambiguity, and cultural context for pragmatic ambiguity. This study implies that although all encoded types help in decoding, their relative importance is dependent on the ambiguity type, which indicates that many types of context such as cultural, thematic, etc. weigh factorial when one deals with diplomatic communication.

The emergence of the Assassins was the result of a complex interplay of religious, political, and social factors in the eleventh century AD. This group was able to leave a significant impact on Islamic history, both through its unique methods and through its influence on the political balances in the region. The Assassins' priorities were control and expansion after Hassan al-Sabbah ruled them and expanded his influence. The rise of the Ismaili movement and their adherence to their Ismaili faith transformed it into a fiercely loyal religion. Hassan al-Sabbah deluded people into believing in the existence of paradise and houris, which he built in his castle. He would drug people and make them faint, waking them up in this place to see rivers, fruits, and trees. He made them believe it was paradise. Thus, he controlled their minds until their influence weakened until the Mongols arrived and crushed them after their resistance.

Literature is considered a source of knowledge in the history of nations. It is the treasury and archive from which civilization, urbanization, and human cognitive advancement draw, by which a nation lives its entire life; in all cultural, scientific, political, and economic approaches. It is the ambassador between peoples, through which it is a link of communication between them, and a means of knowing the extent of cognitive development or literary perspective reached by any people or nation. Writing books is part of literature, and composing poetry to convey events and meanings is part of literature, and perhaps many sciences have been transmitted to us in the form of systems and thousand-line poems such as Ibn Malik's Alfiyyah, the Rahbiyyah poem, and many others. Therefore, poetry and the poet are considered important historical documents in the history of every nation. Poetry is considered an important means of knowing and recording news, heroism, and glories; as it records the stages of its intellectual development, the outcome of reason and knowledge, and the epics and wars. Every era had its own eras, from the pre-Islamic era, through the early days of Islam, then the Umayyads, Abbasids, Andalusians, and then the states that were formed after them, to the modern and contemporary era. Every era has had its own poets who conveyed to us the news, literature, epics, and battles of their time. When delving into the beautiful literary eras that constitute the Arab nation's literary heritage, we stand in awe and respect, declaring and acknowledging the elevation, advancement, and prosperity of one of the most noble and richest literary eras: the Andalusian era. This era was marked by urbanization and progress, moving beyond addressing camels, the desert, and the night, standing at ruins, and mentioning the gatherings of the beloved and the sources of inspiration surrounding them, to describing flowers, gardens, and similar aspects of urban nature, both silent and vocal. The Andalusian poet departed from the tribal style to the style of nature. In this research, I discuss the poetic imagery of the poet Ibrahim al-Nimri, and touch upon his life, works, travels, and writings.

The study aims to identify the academic mindset and its relationship to emotional regulation among middle school students. The researcher adopted the (Mahmoud, 2018) scale for academic mindset, consisting of (24) items. The researcher also adopted the emotional regulation scale, prepared by Garnefski, 2001, consisting of (16) items. The researcher applied the scale to a sample of (400) middle school students, (140) males and (260) females, for the academic year (2024-2025). The results were as follows:
1-Middle school students have an academic mindset.
2-There were no statistically significant differences in academic mindset based on the variable (gender), and no statistically significant differences based on major.
3-Middle school students enjoy emotional regulation.
4-There were statistically significant differences in emotional regulation based on the variable (gender), in favor of males, and no statistically significant differences based on major.
5-There was a positive relationship between academic mindset and emotional regulation among middle school students.

Description, narration, and dialogue participate in composing the general narrative image of the short story, and description is an important mechanism that cannot be dispensed with for the success of the short story at the level of both writing and reception. The storyteller Faraj Yassin is one of the storytellers who give the mechanism of description the greatest care to the point that it is not possible to find any His story; Without the description having a major role My focus is on it, and the forms of description in his stories varied greatly. But the most important types, forms, and models of description in his narrative experience are: spatial descriptive formation, character description formation, and panoramic descriptive formation, and many of his stories can be found containing more than one descriptive form, or other descriptive forms that give the mechanism of description greater value at the level of employment and pampering. And coding also, There is no doubt that the storyteller Faraj Yassin was able to give this mechanism a higher narrative sensitivity, through his extreme care in camera and descriptive monitoring of the smallest details at all expressive and plastic levels.

يهدف البحث التعرف بناء برنامج للصحة النفسية والشخصية للمراهقين والمراهقات من طلبة المدارس في العراق لطلبة المرحلة الاعدادية بفرعيها العلمي والادبي ولتحقيق هدف البحث إلى إعداد خطوات لبناء برنامج والتعرف على مستوى أساليب الشخصية والصحة النفسية لدى طلبة المدارس والتعرف على دلالة الفروق في أساليب الشخصية والصحة النفسية لدى عينة البحث تبعاً لمتغير الفرع الدراسي (ادبي،علمي) حيث بلغت عينة البحث (800) طالباً وطالبة في مدارس مديرية تربية واسط من كلا الفرعين العلمي والادبي من (الذكور – إناث). ولتحقيق أهداف البحث قامت الباحثة ببناء مقياس أساليب الشخصية والصحة النفسية للتعرف على خطوات بناء برنامج للكشف عن شخصية طلبة المدارس الاعدادية للمراهقين والمراهقات والذي يتكون من (40) فقرة، وفق تدرج خماسي ، وتمت معالجة البيانات إحصائيا عن طريق الحقيقية الإحصائية spss ،وتم إستخدام الوسائل الإحصائية المناسبة ومنها الإختبار التائي ،معامل إرتباط بيرسون ، وتوصلت الباحثة الى النتيجة الآتية:-
إن طلبة المدارس يمتلكون درجة مرتفعة من انماط واساليب الشخصية والصحة النفسية لبناء البرنامج الارشادي والعلاجي التوعوي، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية وفق متغير الفرع الدراسي ولمصلحة الفرع العلمي واعطت الباحثة بعض التوصيات والمقترح لتطبيق بناء البرنامج .

The reign of King Farouk witnessed a significant wave of political violence and assassinations, along with the emergence of clandestine nationalist organizations resisting British influence and their collaborators. King Farouk himself became involved in this wave of violence by forming the Iron Guard, a secretive body designed to exact revenge and eliminate his adversaries following the February 4, 1942 incident, which deeply humiliated Egyptian sovereignty and dignity. This period saw an escalating trajectory of violence, originating from nationalist political groups, until the outbreak of the July 23, 1952 Revolution, which ushered in profound transformations across various sectors and marked the ultimate demise of the Iron Guard.

Divorce is a complex social phenomenon that affects individuals and societies in different ways, the spatial analysis of divorce aims to understand how divorces are geographically distributed and identify spatial factors that may contribute to high divorce rates in certain areas, and thus helps focus efforts and resources on areas that need interventions to reduce divorce, this research aims to show the spatial distribution of the phenomenon in Samawah city for the year (2023), as it included in its introduction the boundaries of the research area, its problem, and the research hypothesis, In addition to the importance of the research, the results of the research showed that there is a spatial variation of the phenomenon of divorce in the city of Samawah, and that economic, social and psychological factors have a direct impact on the phenomenon of divorce, and that this phenomenon is one of the main causes of family disintegration, the research consisted of two sections, where the first section included the theoretical aspect of the research, and the second section contains the field aspect, presentation and analysis of data, and after reaching the research results, the researcher concluded his research with a set of recommendations

The diplomatic means of any country play an important role in the management of international relations through negotiations and methods adopted by ambassadors and envoys to settle relations. It represents a set of ties and relations that are established between States and linked to their foreign policy. When talking about the mediation diplomacy adopted by Iraq, we find that it was not conceivable throughout the period after 2003, due to the repercussions of the US occupation of Iraq and the change in its political system. In view of the complexities of the scene, the worsening security, political, social and economic situation, and the negative reflection of regional and international crises and conflicts on the Iraqi arena, Iraq has presented itself as a mediator for the settlement of a number of regional crises ,starting with contributing to the restoration of relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran, through talking about Iraqi mediation between Egypt and Iran, to Iraq's readiness to play a mediating role in the Yemen file, and what was recently raised about Iraqi mediation efforts for rapprochement between Syria and Turkey, which will contribute to improving its internal situation and strengthening its position as a neutral party in all regional conflicts.