Journal of The Iraqi University

This research deals with the study of the letter (Kala) in the Holy Quran, an applied study in the Surahs of the Thirtieth Part, which is one of the letters of meaning that has a great impact on interpretation; and it has received the attention of scholars of interpretation and language.Through this research, we try to reveal its meanings and connotations by exploring the statements of linguists and interpreters, with an applied study of its locations in the Surahs of the Thirtieth Part of the Quran; which reached eighteen locations spread across eight Surahs, all of which came within the scope of the Meccan Surahs, whose style is characterized by the strength of the word and the magnificence of the expression in accordance with the societal nature in that time period, whose people were characterized by cruelty, harshness, and resistance to the call of our Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him; so it was appropriate to confront them with the strength of the word and the skill of the response.The research aims to study the conditions of (Kalla) in the surahs of the thirtieth part, and the extent of its impact in the context of the verses, while mentioning the statements of the commentators and their differences in explaining its meaning, which varied between deterrence and reprimand, warning, guidance and direction, investigation, opening, and response; although the most famous of them is the meaning of deterrence and reprimand.Opening words: Kalla in the Qur’an - letters of meanings - the letter Kalla - the thirtieth part.

Allah, the Almighty, has commanded us to reflect upon and understand the Qur’an. One aspect of this reflection is contemplating the use of gentle and merciful words in contexts of severity and punishment in the Qur’anic narratives and uncovering the meanings of these words, as they play a significant role in understanding the miraculous nature of the Book of Allah.Contributing to this field, I have chosen to study the topic: “The Use of Gentle and Merciful Words in the Context of Severity and Punishment in Qur’anic Narratives” (A Case Study of the Stories of Pharaoh, the People of Al-Hijr, and the Village) — an objective and expressive study.The research consists of an introduction and two main chapters. The first chapter discusses the concept and meaning of mercy, context, severity, and punishment. The second chapter examines the use of gentle and merciful words in Qur’anic narratives, divided into three sections: The first section focuses on gentle and merciful words in the story of Pharaoh and his people.. The second section explores these words in the story of the people of the village.. The third section analyzes their use in the story of the people of Al-Hijr.The research concludes with a summary highlighting the key findings, including:• The context of the verse mentioning Pharaoh and his people is suitable for using the name “Al-Rahman” (The Most Merciful), as the preceding verses speak of Allah’s forgiveness for those who repent and believe. Since forgiveness is sought from Al-Rahman, mentioning this name here is appropriate•The punishment of the people of Al-Hijr was specified to occur in the morning, emphasizing the element of surprise, as the enemy was caught off guard in a state of heedlessnessIn Surah Ya-Sin, where the story of the people of the village is narrated, the name “Al-Rahman” appears four times, all in contexts of severity, making its use contextually appropriate•The use of “Al-Rahman” in the story of the people of the village hints at their acknowledgment of divinity while rejecting the message and resorting to idol worship.Keywords: Gentle and Merciful Words, Severity and Punishment.

Qur'anic readings are not merely phonetic or verbal variations; rather, they represent a linguistic and rhetorical treasure that provides the Qur'anic text with new dimensions of meanings and connotations. These effects manifest in various aspects, including linguistic, jurisprudential, rhetorical, and grammatical dimensions, all contributing to the broadening of interpretive meaning. Keywords: breadth, meaning, efforts, readings, story, grammar, language

I chose the imperative style in Surat Yusuf because it contains relationships that indicate useful knowledge for thinkers and contemplators seeking knowledge. The noble verse ((Indeed, in Joseph and his brothers are signs for those who ask)) was the answer to the true vision and represented the best stories for addressing all aspects of life.It contained the imperative style of two types: the real and the metaphorical, which aroused the interest of scholars of grammar, principles and rhetoric since ancient times. They wrote what benefits the reader and enhances the methods of research and writing for those who wanted to contemplate the meanings of this exciting and wondrous rhetorical style to uncover the biography of Yusuf and the worries and obstacles that befell it. But God’s grace made steadfastness and determination, so the outcome was for the righteous. Keywords: Surah Yusuf, imperative style, cognitive implications

In this study, we explain the qualities that God Almighty has deposited in us, and every human being, as he was raised and created with these good morals and good qualities, which is the good effect that he referred to us in his dear book, which is kindness and affection between peoples in the Islamic society with the various names that have been mentioned and that have been transferred from the religions, because the Holy Qur’an united the religion and made it one, as God Almighty says: (Indeed, the religion with Allah is Islam, and those who were given the Book did not differ except after knowledge had come to them, out of envy among themselves. And whoever disbelieves in the verses of Allah For indeed, Allah is quick to reckon We have made clear that man is one creature and one soul, with kindness between us, by the Almighty’s saying: (And among His signs is that He created for you mates from among yourselves that you may find tranquility in them, and He has placed between you affection and mercy. Indeed, in These are signs for a people who reflect.). Through it, God loves the work of believers who do good to one another. We know among them the benefactors of God Almighty. Kindness to parents is the characteristic of believers in God, Glory be to Him, as society consists of the mother and father, and the upbringing they were brought up with and raised their children with. Kindness to relatives and ties of kinship benefit the believers with their lives and livelihood. It is one of the good deeds that prolongs life, extends sustenance, and enjoys the hereafter with the paradise that God promised us. We explained what our noble Messenger (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) and the People of the House (peace be upon them) urge us to do good, affection, and mercy among us, to complete the intent of the Creator between nations and sects. He (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) said: “Indeed, God has ordained goodness over all things, so if you kill, do good.” Killers, and when you slaughter, slaughter well, and let each one of you sharpen his blade and slaughter his sacrifice”.There is nothing like good manners that brings love and affection between people. It was narrated on the authority of Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) that he said: (I sought the company of people and found it in good manners), and on his authority (peace be upon him) he said: (Good manners bring affection) . Keywords: charity, the Holy Quran, society

This research explores the scholarly efforts of the Islamic centers targeted by this research in teaching and learning the Holy Quran, as well as the activities related to these centers. It also highlights the efforts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in serving the Holy Quran and spreading Islam through its support for these centers. These centers are two of the centers covered by this research: the Islamic Cultural Center in London, the Islamic Cultural Center in Madrid, and Al-Faisal College in Sydney. The study compares and contrasts these centers, evaluates their resources and efforts, identifies the problems they face, and contributes to providing solutions.

Education, within the framework of scientific and technological progressseeks to develop the student’s innovative abilities, to be able to develop himself and his community, and keep pace with the scientific and civilized race; Therefore, education - as a social system - has taken over the minds and efforts of specialists at all levels, and the school has taken over as the first community institution entrusted with the educational and educational process, and it still commands the largest share of this interest. The most important pillars of classroom management is to work on the success of the educational process in the classroom by providing an appropriate atmosphere that helps both the teacher and the student to achieve the goals set in the best way and with the least possible time, effort and cost, as it is impossible to succeed in the teaching and learning process if there is no atmosphere An appropriate study in the classroom that makes the student feel freedom, safety, stability and transparency, that is the atmosphere that motivates the students and encourages them to take the initiative, and pushes them to positive interaction with their teacher and with each other, away from negativity, relinquishment, laxity, narrowness, and other things that create for the teacher many problems inside The classroom and thus impede the process of teaching and learning, and this leads to the teacher doing everything that would make the learning process successful And education in terms of using indirect teaching methods, organizing the student’s environment and time, using appropriate teaching aids, providing resources, instilling a spirit of exploration and a love of self-learning in the students’ hearts, as well as providing a physical environment in terms of ventilation, lighting, appropriate classroom seating, and others. The teacher’s work and efforts to create an environment for teaching and learning that encourages positive social interaction to engage in active and effective behaviors in order to make the teaching and learning process successful. Therefore, if the classroom environment is devoid of effective classroom management, it will be devoid of teaching and learning in the first place, and the goals will not be achieved in it. What is required and then the entire educational and educational process gets confused, and chaos ensues, as the system fades, and signs of success disappear, which affects the student’s personality, so it cracks during this chaos, and this confusion while it needs to build, refine and correct in all aspects of spiritual, emotional, scientific and behavioral, being It contributes to building the personality of the student and the student and contributes significantly to modifying his behavior, increasing his knowledge, exploding his energies, and satisfying his tendencies and needs in an atmosphere such as A transparent mechanism away from oppression and domination. The class in this instance is a factory for building and preparing future men who are able to assume their various responsibilities and duties, in a way that makes them capable of building and giving and to participate seriously and effectively in building the national and human civilization. Including respecting and appreciating the student and avoiding demeaning and abusing them, as well as the ability to organize and take into account individual differences between his students, as well as distributing activities during the lesson by involving all students in class interaction, and for all of what was mentioned clearly shows the impact of the optimal use of classroom management in the development of academic achievement, as well as in consolidating The classroom environment is the responsibility of everyone in organizing and arranging it and making it a format for students to follow in the

. The hadiths of concessions in Sunan al-Tirmidhi (study and analysis)The study dealt with the hadiths of concessions that came in Sunan al-Tirmidhi , stadying and analysis .This study come :_ To clarify the permitted matters , which is mentioned in Islamis law , to facilitate the servants ._ And treating laziness and lethargy that afflicts Muslims in performing some of the actions that Allah has commanded His servats to do .Keywords ( Sunnan , al –Tirmidhi , licenses , Hadiths , study )

The study aims to highlight the prophetic texts and directives that encourage creative ideas. Digging the trench in the Battle of the Trench was nothing but a creative idea from the great companion Salman Al-Farisi, may God be pleased with him, and the proposal of Umm Salamah, may God be pleased with her, on the day of Hudaybiyyah was nothing but a creative idea... These creative achievements and many others are evidence that indicates the status of creativity and the extent to which he, may God bless him and grant him peace, encouraged itThe study is based on following the descriptive inductive approach represented by tracking the texts and prophetic directives that call for innovation and creativity and their implementation by the Companions, may God be pleased with them, and extracting the lessons and lessons learned from them The study showed that the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, cared for creative people, encouraged them, and invested in their creativity, and was able to simply and easily unleash the creative and innovative energies of his companions, regardless of their abilities and levels. This is the role model and example for every leader in any position to manage as the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, managed, to unleash the creative and innovative energies in performance, and to put thought before work, and mind before muscle It also showed that the Islamic nation is a nation of birth. Whenever it is exposed to adversity and temptation, it creates more creativity and shines.... Keywords: ideas, creativity, implementation

This study examines "The Analysis of Treaties and Reconciliation in the Prophetic Biography and Their Contemporary Applications", highlighting the importance of Islamic values and principles adopted by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in managing treaties and reconciliation processes. The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah serves as a prominent practical model of the Prophetic jurisprudence of balancing priorities, where the Prophet (peace be upon him) demonstrated a unique ability to achieve equilibrium between benefits and harms, prioritizing strategic interests over immediate gains.The study aims to analyze the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah as a practical example reflecting the Prophetic wisdom in crisis management and to derive the values and standards it embodies for application in contemporary international relations. It underscores the importance of justice, honoring agreements, and avoiding conflicts, while proposing mechanisms for employing this Prophetic approach in addressing modern disputes.The study concludes that the Prophetic biography provides a practical framework for managing complex crises, offering valuable insights for achieving sustainable global stability. However, contemporary applications of this approach face challenges related to the complexities of international politics and the intertwining of conflicting interests. This necessitates both jurisprudential and political efforts to balance religious values with global standards.

Summary:
The research aims to explain how the obligatory prayer is performed for someone who wants to travel to the Mosque in Mecca and hears the prayer being performed on his way to the Mosque in Mecca. Should he delay the prayer until he attains the virtue of the Mosque in Mecca, or should he pray on his way until he gets the reward for prayer for its time? Therefore, the title of the research was: The obligatory prayer for those traveling to the Holy Mosque in Mecca, and I relied on the inductive and analytical method of presentation and inference in knowing the sayings of the jurists on this issue and other related issues, Therefore, the study included an introduction that included the importance of the research, its objectives, its limits, its methodology, previous studies, and the research plan. It was divided into two sections, under The first section has three demands, and the second section has two demands

Abstract:
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the most honorable of prophets and messengers, our master Muhammad, and upon his family and companions.As for what follows:Worship in Islam aims to achieve closeness to Allah Almighty, and it requires intention and sincerity in performing it, as it is often linked to the individual responsibility of the Muslim towards his Lord, but there are some cases in which a Muslim may not be able to perform the worship himself, such as performing Hajj on behalf of a disabled patient, or paying zakat on behalf of another, which raises the issue of the legitimacy of representation in performing some acts of worship.This research discusses the concept of representation in the worship of prayer from a legal perspective, reviewing the different opinions of jurists, and the extent to which representation is permissible in some acts of worship such as Hajj and zakat, and its impermissibility in other acts of worship such as the two testimonies of faith. The research aims to provide a complete picture of the subject, and to clarify the controls and conditions set by Islamic law for accepting representation in this act of worship.

Abstract:
The Prophet's biography encompasses a wealth of wisdom, mercy, and guidance for humanity. The Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) interactions with various people and his various stances bear witness to the sublime quality of human interaction, even with those who differed in religion and methodology. Many encounters occurred with those who opposed the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), his followers, and his message. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was sublime in his interactions, fairness, and good manners, both with those who agreed with him and those who disagreed with him

Abstract:
The Prophet's biography is a fundamental source for understanding Islamic legislation and its practical applications in the life of the nation, embodying the prophetic approach to dealing with various individual and social issues. Among the profound aspects of the Prophet's biography are financial obligations, which constitute an important pillar in building Islamic society and reveal the divine wisdom in achieving justice and solidarity.
The interpretation "Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Quran" by the scholar Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (may God have mercy on him) is one of the most important rational and narrative interpretations that combines the Quranic text with the Prophetic Sunnah, making it a rich reference for understanding the Prophet's biography in light of revelation. Hence, the importance of studying financial obligations as a practical model in the biography emerges, through Tabataba'i's interpretive vision that links the Quranic text with the prophetic reality.
This research aims to uncover the legislative foundations and social wisdom of financial obligations (such as zakat, khums, and charity) as they were applied during the era of the Prophet (peace be upon him). This is based on the interpretation of Al-Mizan, which presents a comprehensive vision that combines spiritual and legislative dimensions. The research also seeks to highlight the role of these obligations in achieving economic and moral balance in early Islamic society, based on Tabatabai's understanding of the relevant verses.

Abstract
The workers of the Messenger of Allah had a great status before and after Islam, as they maintained their high status in Islam, in addition to maintaining their status, which increased the status of their people, including the saying of the Messenger of Allah: ((If the Ansar had taken a valley or a ravine, I would have taken the valley of the Ansar, and if it were not for the migration, I would have been one of the Ansar)), and this shows the virtue of the Ansar and the Muhajireen and their status in Islam. Among the things that the Messenger of Allah did in order to establish this state are solid and solid pillars that would be able to repel its enemies, based on the selection of workers and their experience, which is his appointment of his companions as successors when he left Medina, whether this absence was for conquests or for any other matter. The matter was extremely difficult at the beginning due to his fear of the enemies of religion and Islam who began to prepare to eliminate this state and this religion. The reasons that the Messenger of Allah relied on to choose his workers in Medina differed, as well as all the administrative procedures that the Messenger of Allah took would be the basic foundation that The state will follow it during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and those after them.

Abstract
Rhetoric is a science of the Arabic language. It arose to enable us to appreciate the beauty of language. To this day, it remains the focus of researchers' interest, and researchers flock to study it from every perspective, particularly the theories presented by scholars of rhetoric, both ancient and modern. Among these theories is the theory of syntax by Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani (d. 471 AH), who shed light on the differences and variations of words in linguistic structures, which also renders meanings diverse. Those who study this theory will find that he made it a basis for criticism and a reference for demonstrating the artistic value of literary works.

Research Summary
This research is titled "Simile as a Speech Act in Al-Jawahiri's Poem "Ya Dijlat al-Khair" (Ya Dijlat al-Khair).
It aims to uncover the performative purposes of simile in "Ya Dijlat al-Khair" (Ya Dijlat al-Khair).Its importance lies in offering a reading of Al-Jawahiri's poetry that demonstrates the diversity of speech events, the diversity of addressees, and the different positions they are addressed in. I analyzed and interpreted the poem, using the broad perspectives that speech act theory provides for reading texts and uncovering hidden gems within them. I divided the research into an introduction and three sections. The introduction is a description of what was mentioned in the three sections. The first section was about (the concept of simile and the performative purposes of simile with the source), the second section was about (the performative purposes of eloquent simile), and the third section was about (the performative purposes of simile with the tool). Then I came to the conclusion, to show the results of the research, including: the diversity of the deliberate performative purposes of the speech acts of simile, due to the diversity of Al-Jawahiri’s purposes, so it revealed his valuable message to his recipient, as it appeared in twenty-six places in the poem and proved its effectiveness in influencing its recipient

Abstract:
Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri had the mastery of eloquence and was given what no one else was given of wisdom, so he expanded in every purpose in a way that no one had ever done before, and he relied on philosophy in expressing his opinion and establishing his view. This appears clearly in our reading of both the Epistle of Forgiveness and The message of Assahel Wa Ashahej, and the latter is the subject of consideration in the current research. Abu al-Ala wanted to follow the Indian philosopher (Bidpa) in his style in which he classified Kalila and Dimna, and imitated him in using animals to conduct the logic of rational beings on their tongues.
In order for this message to be delivered on the tongue of the animal, and to target advice, guidance and direction, the narrator had to resort to what man had previously achieved of great wisdom and great judgment, by conducting it on the tongue of these two animals that he chose to be the heroes of his story in all of his letters that he titled “The message of Assahel Wa Ashahej”, and Assahel "The neighing" is the horse, and Ashahej "The crashing" is the mule, as we will see in the analysis models, for the purpose of decoding the original text by trying to read it through that foreign intertext.

Research summary
Terminology is the science that studies the relationship between scientific concepts and the linguistic terms that express them. It is unlike other independent sciences. Discussing terminological schools is tantamount to discussing terminology itself, because as a science it is historically linked to its emergence. Indeed, it was a product of it. The scholastic divisions were not based on categories, methods, and visions to the extent that they constituted a walled-off intellectual bloc that could resist assimilation and integration into other schools, as will be explained

Attention to identity in its diverse manifestations in various fields has been a priority for Vision 2030, and bodies affiliated with ministries of various specializations have been established to meet the nation\'s aspirations towards it. Starting from preserving and cherishing the heritage and ending with interest in the present and the future, and among these sectors are the Literature, Publishing and Translation Authority and the stories it has chosen that show life in the homeland. From here we saw a study of two versions of it: (A Saudi Village 2018AD, and Stories from Saudi Arabia 2018AD) a critical and interpretive semiotic study in an introduction that clarifies the concept of food and water security and environmental sustainability, then its manifestations in the stories through the discourse of thresholds and elements of the story such as events, characters and metaphorical language.The importance of this research lies in the fact that it is the first to make of these choices as a subject for the study, and the first to study the issue of food and water security and environmental sustainability in the literature. Among the most important findings of the research: The coming of the stories in their entirety in line with the Authority’s goal in terms of introducing the Saudi society and life in it, and the impression of the elements of food and water security and environmental sustainability on many of its stories, taking into account this in the titles and covers and what they contain, and its reflection on the structure of the story Its events, characters, and allegorical expressions made of food and water are essential to understanding the world and conveying feelings and ideas through their elements.

Abstract:
In this research, we will shed light on childhood in modern Iraqi poetry through research and exploration of childhood texts in the poetry of the writer Abd al-Razzaq al-Rubaie, where the answer to the question posed by the researcher became clear: What are the manifestations of childhood poetry in Iraqi literature? From this standpoint, the answer to the question becomes clear, which is that children's literature in Iraq did not appear until the later period of the twentieth century, as a result of subjective and objective reasons, and narrative literature in Iraq in general received a small percentage of attention in that period.

Abstract
Interested in modern studies to study poets, and focused most often on the famous of them and different study methods, some of which may not meet the purpose, and give a clear picture of the trends of the poet and his art, Abu Firas Al-Hamdani was one of these poets who addressed the studies, but did not address it with a detailed study highlights the characteristics of poetic music in the poetry of families of the poet Abu Firas in a period is the most poetic periods of his life, our study was a textual study of his poems that he said in captivity , which returns the immortality of Abu Firas in literature to it, they Khaljat sentimental pure characterized by a painful feeling and nostalgia for the homeland may not be able publisher to explain the emotions are thinner poems of Abu Firas has skilled literature a funny kind of poetry sentimental So this research came in three sections preceded by the introduction and definition of the poet, the first section talks about rhyme and the second section talks about Al-Tasraa and the third section talks about the sea, and then the conclusion of the whale highlighted the results of the research and it is natural that this study would not have been completed without being based on a set of sources and references diverse that provide her with a diverse cognitive increase

Abstract
The issue of migration has been the main topic of discussion that has dominated the political agenda in Turkey in recent years. There have been increasing waves of migration around the world in the past twenty years. After many countries were unable to confront unrest in their lands, terrorism, civil war, and mass killings, The citizens of these countries no longer have any choice but to flock to countries with relatively better living conditions. In this context, it can be said that the optimistic expectation after the Cold War that the world would be a safer place was in vain, as many new factors were added to the traditional conflict processes arising from ideological differences and identity problems.

Abstract
This research entitled (The military efforts made by the early Muslims in liberating the Levant, the Battle of Al-Firad as a model) shows the importance of the Battle of Al-Firad, which took place in the month of 15 Dhu al-Qi'dah 12 AH corresponding to January 21, 634 AD, between the army of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs led by Khalid bin Al-Walid on the one hand, and the Sassanid and Byzantine Empires and their allies from the Arab Christians on the other hand. A terrible bloody battle took place between the two sides, in which the Muslims were victorious, and which ended with the defeat of the allies and the killing of a large number of them. The research included three sections

Abstract
The study aimed at exploring the political, economic and social life of the Arabian Peninsula through the books of Arab travelers who passed through the Arabian Peninsula. This research paper is titled "Analysis of the Political, Economic and Social Life of the Arabian Peninsula,” especially since their description of these conditions is a depiction of a lived reality that they watched and witnessed during their visit to the Arabian Peninsula. I started the research adhering to the historical approach, and divided my paper into an introduction and three sections and a conclusion. the first section: political life, the second: economic life, and the third: social life. In the conclusion I presented the most important results and recommendations. The most important results were: The political conditions in the Arabian Peninsula, especially Mecca and Medina, were exposed to many disturbances, but this did not have a great impact on the nature of people's lives, except for what people found in the exposure of thieves, tax collectors and Arab tribes to the Hajj Road. Fruits were brought to Mecca from Taif and the cities and countries around Mecca, and from Yemen, and its markets flourished with these fruits, many of which came in the form of alms and gifts to the neighbors in Mecca. The people of the Arabian Peninsula, especially in the Two Holy Mosques, with their generosity and kindness to people, were not concerned with the world. They had a number of religious customs during the seasons of worship.

Abstract:
During the Emirate and Caliphate periods in Al-Andalus (138-422 AH / 755-1031 CE), the region experienced remarkable cultural and economic development, where women played a significant role in various aspects of life, including economic activity. This research aims to highlight the economic contributions of Andalusian women during these two periods, focusing on the fields they engaged in, the challenges they faced, and the impact they left on Andalusian society. The study explores women's roles in agriculture, where they actively participated in land management, crop cultivation, and livestock and poultry farming. Women demonstrated advanced organizational and technical skills, enhancing productivity and achieving self-sufficiency for Andalusian households. Additionally, women excelled in handicrafts, such as spinning, weaving, pottery, and ceramics. Their products were known for their high quality and innovative designs, making them sought after in both local and international markets. In the field of trade, Andalusian women had a strong presence in both domestic and foreign commerce. They marketed their products, managed shops, and even participated in trade expeditions, strengthening economic ties between Al-Andalus and neighboring countries. These activities enabled women to achieve financial independence and gain prominent social status. Despite the social and cultural challenges that limited women's participation in certain fields, Andalusian women demonstrated resilience, adaptability, and innovation to overcome these barriers. They played a dual role as producers and caretakers of their families, making them a cornerstone of the local economy and contributors to societal progress. The research concludes that Andalusian women were true partners in building the civilization of Al-Andalus and presented an inspiring model for modern women. It emphasizes the importance of studying women's roles in various civilizations, not only to document their historical contributions but also to draw lessons from these experiences to achieve balanced and sustainable development in contemporary societies.

Abstract
The Issue of freeing slaves is one of the most Important social Issues that played a prominent role in the History of the United States of America, and its roots go Back to the first days of settlement in the New World. The liberation of Blacks after the Civil War (1861-1865) is considered an important turning point in the History of the United States, with the surrender of the southern forces. In the Confederacy, the federal government and the US Congress sought to restructure the southern states and society in a manner consistent with their theories of governance within the Reconstruction Program (1865-1877). This was represented by setting up a set of constitutional amendments to suit the conditions of the freed Blacks Thanks to the policy of the radicals and the Republican Party, the southern states began to adopt a racial concept based on enslaving blacks and preventing them from exercising their rights approved by the constitutional amendments. Thus began an era of discrimination and racial terrorism against the leaders of the Republican Party and every black person who thought he was on an equal footing with whites. Slavery, society, republicans, amendments

Research summary
The mind, in the perspective of Islamic thought, is the basis of obligation and the greatest honor for the most honorable of creation. The mind in the language means the stone and prohibition, as it restrains a person from committing sins and errors. My intention in this research is to clarify the position of the thinking mind in the Prophetic Sunnah, similar to what is clear and obvious in the Holy Qur’an The Holy Quran mentioned the mind in 49 places in the Holy Quran. , that the Sunnah came to explain, clarify and establish what is in the Book of God Almighty, and that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, does not speak from his desires, and that the mind in the Sunnah of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, has a great share that indicates the nation of “Read” and the law of knowledge and light, and that it is one of the greatest causes of knowledge and not a source of it

Abstract
This research aims to explore the current state of the asphalt industry in Salah Al-Din Governorate, focusing on the spatial distribution of asphalt plants and their numbers. The study highlights the significance of petrochemical industries, particularly in light of the increasing demand due to ongoing developmental challenges. These include ambitious plans for reopening and constructing new roads, maintaining old routes, and rehabilitating urban streets, especially with the growing number of vehicles and the increased traffic density in recent years.The research emphasizes that the governorate possesses essential factors for the localization of this industry, particularly given its utilization of locally available raw materials. Alongside an overview of these foundational factors, the study presents the main obstacles and challenges hindering the development and productivity of the industry. This is particularly pressing given the anticipated future needs over the next decade.The paper also underlines key proposals for the industry’s development and reaffirms the governorate’s potential role in creating employment opportunities and contributing to sustainable development. Despite the asphalt industry’s environmental impact, the study suggests the possibility of mitigating such effects in the future. Field studies played a crucial role in enriching the research and providing specific, relevant data.

Abstract:
The study abstract focuses on the importance of transportation in economic and social development and regional planning. It is assumed that improving and developing transportation infrastructure, with a focus on coordination between different modes of transportation and applying sustainability standards, can significantly enhance economic and social development in regions. The research aims to analyze the role of transportation in economic growth, improving access to services, and supporting environmental sustainability. The research also seeks to identify strategies and policies that can enhance the role of transportation in supporting sustainable development. The study methodology is based on a theoretical and analytical approach, with an emphasis on a comprehensive literature review and the use of existing theories and concepts to understand how transportation affects economic growth, social development, and regional planning. The study also builds on previous studies that highlight the importance of transportation economics and its role in achieving economic development.

Abstract:
This research explores the impact of self-phobia on individuals' lives, whether on a social, professional, or emotional level, with a focus on the fear of loneliness as a key factor affecting mental health. The study discusses how solution-focused positive therapy can be an effective approach in helping individuals overcome this disorder by guiding them toward building positive future solutions rather than delving into problems. This therapy can serve as an innovative alternative for addressing self-phobia by enhancing positive thinking in affected individuals and relying on their strengths, contributing to reduced psychological distress and achieving better balance in their daily lives.The research findings provide strong evidence of the effectiveness of solution-focused positive therapy in reducing self-phobia. However, the absence of statistically significant differences between the two groups in the post-test indicates the need for long-term follow-up and exploration of factors influencing the sustainability of the results. Keywords: Solution-based positive therapy, autophobia, singles

ملخص البحث
:- يرمي هذا البحث إلى تعرف أثر استراتيجية بطاقة المشاعر في تنمية مهارة كتابة التعبير الابداعي لدى طالبات الصف الثاني متوسط ولتحقيق مرمى البحث اتبعت الباحثة المنهج التجريبي في ذلك. ولتحقيق مرمى البحث اتبعت الباحثة المنهج التجريبي، اختارت الباحثة ثانوية الزيتونة التابعة للمديرية العامة لتربية بغداد الكرخ الثانية ، وبالطريقة العشوائية البسيطة اختارت شعبة (ب)، لتمثل المجموعة التجريبية التي ستدرس تلاميذها مادة التعبير على وفق الدراسة المقترحة بواقع (32) طالبة ,وشعبة(أ) تمثل المجموعة الضابطة، والتي ستدرس تلاميذها مادة القراءة على وفق الدراسة التقليدية بواقع (33) طالبة فبلغت عينة البحث(65)طالبة .وقد أجرت الباحثة تكافؤًا إحصائيا بين طالبات مجموعتي البحث في المتغيرات الآتية: العمر الزمني، والتحصيل الدراسي للوالدين ,ودرجات العام السابق ,وأما أداة البحث فقد أعدتّ الباحثة اختبارًا اشتمل على (30) فقرة الاختيار من متعدد , و تأكدت الباحثة من صدقه وثباته، واستخراج القوى التمييزية لفقراته، ومعامل صعوبتها، وفاعلية بدائلها غير الصحيحة، تحققت من صدقه بعد عرضه على مجموعة من المحكمين وبعدها تم تطبيقه بعدياً على طالبات عينة البحث ومؤجلاً على طالبات المجموعة التجريبية. وبعد تحليل البيانات توصل البحث إلى ما يأتي:- هناك فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0,05) بين متوسط درجات طالبات المجموعة التجريبية الذين يدرسون بالدراسة المقترحة, ومتوسط درجات طالبات المجموعة الضابطة الذين يدرسون باستراتيجية بطاقة المشاعر في تنمية مهارات كتابة التعبير الابداعي في الاختبار البعدي, لصالح المجموعة التجريبية

Abstract
The present study endeavors to identify the effect of the STAD strategy on the achievement of second-year middle school students in the subject of social studies and the development of their analytical thinking. For the purpose of accomplishing the study objective, two hypotheses were formulated and the researcher used the experimental design with two equivalent groups, one experimental and the other control, The researcher intentionally chose Al-Futuwa Intermediate School for Boys to be one of the sections of the second intermediate grade. Section (A) was the experimental group that studied using the (STAD) strategy and the number of its students was (30) students, and Section (B) was the control group that studied using the traditional method and the number of its students was (30) students. The total final research sample was (60) students.The researcher made equivalence between the two groups in the following variables: the mid-year grade for the Social Studies subject for the academic year (2024-2025), the chronological age calculated in months, the educational level of the fathers, the educational level of the mothers, the IQ test score, and the pre- and post-test of the analytical thinking scale.In order to achieve the research objective, the researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (30) multiple-choice items. The apparent validity of the test was confirmed by presenting it to a committee of arbitrators. The test’s reliability reached (0.87), which is high reliability, The researcher also prepared a scale of analytical thinking based on a group of literature and studies that dealt with analytical thinking, consisting of (40) paragraphs. The apparent validity was confirmed by presenting it to a committee of arbitrators. As for the reliability of the scale, it reached (0.88), which is high reliability.The researcher reached the effectiveness of using the STAD strategy in the achievement of second-year middle school students in the subject of social studies and developing their analytical thinking. In light of the results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals, including emphasizing the use of the STAD strategy in teaching social studies at different educational levels, and conducting a similar study applied to other educational levels

Abstract:
Many teachers face challenges in implementing active learning methods within traditional classrooms, as time is insufficient to engage students in authentic learning activities. This leaves students passive recipients of information without sufficient opportunities for interaction and practical application. Furthermore, the limited time allocated for class periods prevents the implementation of effective learning activities that contribute to the development of critical thinking and self-learning skills. This research examines the effectiveness of the flipped classroom strategy as a means of solving these problems. It makes theoretical content available in advance via electronic media, allowing class time to be used for discussions and interactive activities. It also seeks to study the impact of the flipped classroom strategy on developing active learning skills among female students at the College of Education for Girls. Active learning is a modern method that focuses on the role of students as active participants in the educational process, rather than merely being recipients. Among the modern strategies that support this approach is the "flipped classroom," which relies on presenting educational content outside the classroom via video clips and electronic materials, freeing up class time for interactive activities and group discussions. The quasi-experimental approach was used, with the research sample divided into two groups: an experimental group taught using the flipped classroom strategy, and a control group taught using the traditional method. Data was collected through pre- and post-tests, as well as questionnaires to gauge students' opinions.

Abstract
Spatial analysis of failure cases is a major challenge for the educational process and is affected by intertwined social and economic factors. The academic achievement that plays a role in the different stages of education in the student\'s life is the measure that moves him from one class to another and is the only one measured through exams, and the grades that the student obtains are the actual indicator of his ability and his transition to the next stage to complete his studies, intermediate and secondary, and through the geographical perspective in the city of Ramadi in terms of studying the spatial distributions of failure cases, which are the most dangerous problems facing the educational process, not only the effects of its extension to the educational system, but also affect all systems of society, and lead to the sorting of many social effects. The study concluded that there is a disparity in failure rates within residential neighborhoods due to various factors, including the number of students in one class, school infrastructure, the impact of the spatial distance of schools from the home, and the economic conditions of families. Improving the quality of education is flexibility in education and sustainable human development to reduce failure and dropout cases to help students excel and succeed to contribute to improving the future of future generations.

Abstract:
The study was conducted in Iraq, and aimed at knowing the effectiveness of employing the lead and brainstorming strategies in acquiring grammatical concepts among second-grade intermediate students in the subject of Arabic grammar. The researcher chose an experimental design of tight control designs for two experimental groups and a control group. The average bully of boys is intentional to represent the three research groups intentionally, as the number of the research sample reached (94) students, with (31) students in the experimental group and (32) students in the second experimental group. And (31) in the control group, and the researcher followed the following steps to complete his research:
1- Choosing the design of equal groups with partial control.
2- The researcher was rewarded between the three groups in the following variables: students’ scores in the Arabic language for the previous year, parents’ academic achievement, chronological age, intelligence test.
3- The researcher prepared three plans to teach the first three groups of the (LEAD) strategy for the first experimental group, and the second (brainstorming strategy) for the second experimental group and the third for the control group, which is taught in the usual way.
4- The researcher prepared a post-test in acquiring grammatical concepts consisting of (32) multiple-choice items.
5- The researcher used the appropriate statistical methods for his research procedures, which are (one-way analysis of variance, chi-square, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Shafic method). After applying the test, the results showed that the students of the second experimental group, who studied their students using the brainstorming strategy, excelled over the students of the first experimental group who studied their students using the LED strategy, and over the students of the third control group who studied their students in the traditional way. dimensional concepts

Abstract:
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness and challenges of rehabilitation and aftercare programs for individuals recovering from drug addiction in Saudi Arabia, while identifying strategic directions for program development. The research adopted a qualitative methodology based on semi-structured phone interviews with a purposive sample of 34 professionals, including psychologists, social workers, therapeutic counselors, and program supervisors. These professionals were drawn from three major national programs: the "Halfway House," "Ishraqah," and the "Taafi Association."Findings revealed that while Saudi Arabia has made legislative and institutional progress, several weaknesses persist. These include insufficient staff qualifications, lack of individualized therapeutic content, inadequate aftercare services, and limited inter-agency coordination. Participants emphasized the need for family integration in rehabilitation, vocational training for economic empowerment, and structured psychological support post-treatment. A SWOT analysis identified strengths such as the presence of specialized programs and legislative support, while challenges included stigma, client relapse, and the absence of robust monitoring systems. Opportunities exist for enhancing integration with education, employment, and health sectors, as well as involving recovered individuals in preventive efforts.The study recommends adopting a holistic, evidence-based national strategy that combines treatment, rehabilitation, and community reintegration to reduce relapse rates and sustain recovery.

Abstract of the research:
The current research aims to identify:
1. Successful intelligence among Al-Farahidi University students.
2. Which of the three dimensions of successful intelligence (analytical, practical, and creative) are most common among university students.
The limits of the current research were limited to Al-Farahidi University students (morning study) of both genders (males and females) for the academic year (2024/2025), and the research samples consisted of two samples: (the statistical analysis sample) and its was (100) male and female students, and (the application sample) and its was (100) male and female students who were selected using the (stratified random) method.
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher constructed a successful intelligence test that consisted of (32) paragraphs distributed over three dimensions (abilities), which are (analytical, practical, and creative), due to the lack of a comprehensive test that meets the purposes of the current research, and the apparent validity and stability of the test were verified.Keywords:Successful intelligence: “It is the ability to achieve one’s goals in life in view of one’s social and cultural context and by taking advantage of strengths or compensating or correcting weaknesses, in order to adapt to, shape and define environments by using a combination of abilities (analytical, practical, and creative) in a balanced manner” (Sterenberg, 2005; p. 189)

Abstract
This study is concerned with studying the phenomenon of corruption within the framework of a specific title, "News of corruption in television and the confidence of Iraqi economists in the institutions of the state" in order to answer the president's question is (What is the impact of Iraqi economists being exposed to corruption news on satellite channels on their confidence in state institution? ) This research belongs to descriptive research where the research applied the survey method using the questionnaire and the scale and concluded this resuresh a set of result the most of wich: There is a negative correlation between statistical significance between the adoption of Iraqi economists on the news of Iraqi satellite related to corruption and their confidence in state institions, Iraqi satellite channels contributed to uncover the ambiguity surrounding corruption issues in the state institutions, the enconomic public

Abstract:-
The concept of the learning organization has recently spread, which is an administrative style that has replaced traditional styles, as it is based on administrative openness and its contribution to changing institutions. It has been noted that there is a decline in the administrative level, as administrative leaders need training, development, and exposure to everything new and innovative. In order to provide the previous characteristics, it is necessary to transform from the traditional organization to the learning organization by transforming from vertical to horizontal structures. The aim of the research is to identify the level of availability of the dimensions of the learning organization in the colleges of the University of Baghdad from the point of view of senior administrative leaders. The research identified the total number of administrative leaders working in the formations of the University of Baghdad for the academic year (2022/2023). The number of the community was (209) individuals, as the research sample consisted of 103 individuals, with (61%) males and (45%) females, who were chosen randomly. The descriptive analytical approach was used. As for the research tool, the researcher built a special tool for the research, and after scientific consultations from educational specialists, (30) paragraphs were formulated and alternatives were given. To answer the paragraph (highly available, medium, weak) and the grades were given (1, 2, 3) respectively, the researcher extracted the indicators of validity and reliability of the scale using a set of statistical methods including (the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, the test-retes method, Pearson's correlation coefficient, the alpha-Cronbach equation, the chi-square) and others. The statistical package for the humanities and social sciences (spss) was used to process the data statistically. The most prominent recommendations were the need to pay attention to modern administrative concepts and trends in university institutions at the University of Baghdad, and the most prominent proposals were to conduct a study to determine the level of application of the learning organization at the level of Iraqi universities and others.

Abstract
The Iraqi legislator considers the sale of real estate a formal contract that is not complete until registered with the Real Estate Registration Department. In contrast, both Egyptian and Lebanese legislators view real estate sales as consensual contracts that impose all obligations, except for the transfer of ownership, which is delayed until registration. Due to the lengthy registration process, individuals in Iraq often resort to informal agreements to transfer ownership through "Sales Contracts," which include specific terms regarding the property, payment, and guarantees. However, these agreements are not considered formal sales contracts under Iraqi law as registration is a crucial requirement. Meanwhile, in Egyptian and Lebanese legislation, these agreements are seen as full sales contracts, except for the transfer of ownership, which still requires registration. This situation creates several legal challenges in Iraq, where the promisee is in a weaker legal position. They cannot compel the promisor to transfer ownership, and in case of withdrawal, the only remedy is to request financial compensation. This makes the agreement insufficient for providing legal security to buyers. To address this issue, the Iraqi legislator issued Decision No. 1198 of 1977 (as amended), allowing the promisee to request judicial ownership, provided they have occupied the property or made changes to it. They can also claim the difference between the agreed value and the current value of the property. However, this decision has not been sufficient to ensure justice for both parties, leading to recommendations for more equitable legal reforms.

abstract
A nature reserve or protected area is a geographical area of a specific area designated for the conservation of renewable environmental resources and the application of good systems for their exploitation, and is supervised by a specific body. These areas are characterized by the fact that they may contain plants or animals that are threatened with extinction, which requires their protection from human encroachment and pollution in all forms. This area may contain fossils from previous geological eras. A nature reserve may also be known as a wildlife reserve, a biosphere reserve (biological reserve), or a nature conservation area. It is a protected area of importance for plants, animals, geological features, or other special interests that is reserved and managed for conservation purposes and to provide special opportunities for study or research. Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions. Nature reserves are divided into different categories of the union according to the level of protection provided by local laws. A reserve is usually more stringent than a nature park. Different jurisdictions may use other terms, such as ecological conservation area or special protected areas, in legislation and in the official names of reserves. Cultural practices that roughly equate to the creation and maintenance of animal reserves date back to antiquity, with King Tisa of Ceylon establishing one of the earliest wildlife reserves in the 3rd century BC. Early reserves often had a religious basis, such as the “evil forest” areas of West Africa that were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there. In ancient cultures, it was taboo for humans to hunt in these areas, which were considered sacred.

Abstract
The topic of this research tagged (social dimensions of crimes of refusal
To provide assistance) in research for the importance of the role of individuals in providing assistance and urging cooperation among themselves in order to create a crime-free society, the social dimensions considered by the legislator must be related to that society and its preferences and this is by individuals accepting this law and embodying it in ,therefore the penal policy must take the importance of this issue and put it with in plans ,and to achieve this ,it requires researching the legal basis for refraining from providing assistance, the forms of providing assistance, as well as the consequences of refraining.

abstract
Artificial intelligence poses new threats to legislation at multiple levels. Existing constitutional and statutory texts may apply to all legal issues raised by AI, which poses new challenges to legislation. Given the increasing popularity of AI systems and their widespread use in areas where illegal decisions are made or crimes are committed, a new legal framework is needed to regulate the use of AI technologies and to establish legal liability for illegal actions caused by the use of AI systems. Lack of harmony: The gap between legislation and technology can easily lead to a gap between the legal framework and the use of technology, which can hinder technological development and have a negative impact on users. Perhaps the most effective way to achieve this harmony is for legislators to first familiarize themselves with the relevant legal provisions and for lawyers to first familiarize themselves with general technical procedures. This can only be achieved through legislation that keeps pace with technological developments in the field, so that the two fields complement each other. This is not to track the results of technical processes and then try to apply legal rules to these results, which is particularly necessary for the use of AI in Iraq. There are not enough laws here to ensure appropriate use, especially with regard to the ethical aspects of AI. These are codified in the regulations of multiple countries.

Abstract.
Solar energy is an alternative to conventional energy and is one of the fundamentals upon which countries rely to drive progress and development. It also contributes to preventing the depletion of fossil energy resources. Therefore, we find that renewable solar energy is one of the most important types of energy that can be optimally exploited in the long term, especially in countries characterized by solar energy and high radiation. Due to its excellent geographical location, Iraq is able to invest in this field, which is solar energy, which is widely available without fear of depletion. The study focused on the city of Baghdad, which suffers from significant difficulties in ensuring sustainable energy supply. The study focused on analyzing the appropriate environment for establishing solar power plants in Baghdad and evaluating the potential economic and environmental benefits. It also included a review of solar energy-related issues, an analysis of the current energy challenges facing Baghdad, and practical recommendations for improving the use of solar energy and assessing the economic feasibility of establishing solar power plants in Baghdad. This includes an analysis of the environmental benefits associated with the use of solar energy and an exploration of the factors affecting the success of solar power plants in the city. It also provided recommendations for supporting and implementing solar energy projects, an analysis of climate data and infrastructure in Baghdad, and an evaluation of government policies and available support for solar energy projects. We find that relying on solar energy as an alternative to conventional energy represents a strategic step towards achieving sustainable development in Baghdad by taking advantage of the environmental, economic, and technological potential of solar energy. This can contribute to solving many of the energy challenges it faces today. This study represents a step towards a deeper understanding of how to achieve this goal and provide practical recommendations for utilizing solar energy in Baghdad.

Abstract:
AUKUS reflects a new direction in Western countries' foreign policy, based on small, focused alliances to address specific threats. It also highlights the importance of advanced technology in reshaping traditional alliances. As competition between major powers intensifies, this alliance is seen as a key element in shaping the contours of the new international order. At the same time, AUKUS raises questions about the sustainability of this strategy and its impact on regional and global stability.

Abstract
This research examines the impact of the age structure of the population in the GCC countries on the Human Development Index (HDI) for 2021. The study analyzes the relationship between different age groups and the levels of human development in these countries. The first section of the research focuses on studying the age structure of the populations in the GCC countries, while the second section addresses the concept of the Human Development Index and its main components. The third section explores the impact of age structure on the Human Development Index and its components. The research concluded that the age structure of the population in the GCC countries affects the Human Development Index according to the different age groups. The working-age group (15-64 years) has a positive impact on the HDI, with a Pearson correlation coefficient value of 0.505, while the youth and elderly age groups have a negative impact on the HDI, with correlation coefficient values of -0.513 and -0.407, respectively. The research recommends enhancing population planning by considering the age structure of the population and establishing appropriate policies to address the challenges that may arise due to demographic changes.

Summary[ Cultural Heritage Preservation , Digitization , Artificial Intelligence , Augmented Reality]
With rapid technological advancements, digital technologies have become essential tools for preserving cultural heritage and protecting it from deterioration. Digitization, 3D imaging, and artificial intelligence provide innovative solutions for documenting archaeological sites and manuscripts, ensuring their sustainability for future generations. Additionally, large databases help organize historical information, making it more accessible for study and research. Moreover, modern technology has enhanced cultural awareness through virtual exhibitions and augmented reality applications, allowing the public to interact with heritage in an immersive way. As a result, heritage preservation is no longer limited to traditional methods but has evolved into a comprehensive digital process that supports research, education, and awareness.

Abstract
A few years ago, the use of drones that are equipped with modern technologies and artificial intelligence techniques has clearly appeared, which has become involved in every area of life. With the rapid development of technology, these drones have become more widespread and diverse in various uses, including commercial, economic, military and security more broadly, and thus it has become a threat that poses many legal challenges. Where the research begins with the analysis of the legal framework at the national and international levels, highlighting the gaps, vacuum and legal challenge in existing legislation, where some countries are devoid of legislation on drones. Where the research deals with how to determine civil liability by reference to the rules of civil law when accidents or damages resulting from the use of drones that work with artificial intelligence technology and whether it is possible to keep pace with the traditional rules in law on this type of tremendous development, Moreover, the research provides some recommendations that may improve the legal and regulatory framework to ensure the safe and effective use of drones and try to start legislating a special law that includes the development of existing legislation. and strategies to reduce risks and ensure compensation for the damage caused by artificial intelligence drones.
It also reviews the future trends of technological development that benefits the country to maintain its security in the field of artificial intelligence drones, highlighting the balance between the legal and regulatory benefits and challenges of the social and economic impacts of the use of drones.

Abstract
This research examines the role of constitutions in supporting minority rights and enhancing the political participation of political parties, as essential tools for consolidating democracy, ensuring social justice, and promoting political pluralism. Constitutions are not limited to defining the structure of the political system; they also extend to securing the rights and freedoms of all citizens, including minorities, and ensuring a political environment that allows for the existence of strong and effective political parties.First: Constitutions and Minority Rights The research highlights that constitutions are one of the most important mechanisms for protecting minority rights from marginalization and persecution. They guarantee minorities fundamental rights and full citizenship, ensuring their equal participation in various aspects of social and political life. The United Nations General Assembly, in its Resolution 47/135 of 1992, emphasized that granting minorities certain special rights does not conflict with the principle of equality enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Different countries approach minority rights in varying ways. While some minorities integrate smoothly into their societies, others face exclusion and marginalization, which may threaten internal stability. Therefore, modern constitutions serve as mechanisms to ensure coexistence and pluralism. For example, the Indian Constitution was designed to promote societal unity despite its ethnic and religious diversity. Similarly, constitutions such as those of Germany and the United States are based on principles of freedom and equality as constitutional foundations to protect all groups.Second: Constitutions and Political Participation of Parties Political parties form the backbone of democracy, as they organize political participation and enable citizens to express their opinions and engage in decision-making. Constitutions play a critical role in providing the legal environment that allows for the emergence of parties and ensures their free operation. In democratic states, constitutions define the mechanisms of party work and guarantee political pluralism, while in authoritarian regimes, constitutions may be used as tools to restrict party activities and reduce spaces for political participation.
The study emphasizes that political participation is not merely a right but also a social responsibility influenced by factors such as educational level, economic status, and the nature of the political system. Political parties are the most important means of enhancing this participation through political socialization, playing a dual role in reinforcing existing political culture and creating a new political culture that reflects the aspirations of the people.

Abstract
Since life does not proceed at a uniform pace, and change and renewal in its patterns are inevitable and unavoidable, it is imperative to keep pace with these changes to meet collective needs for services and satisfy these needs, most importantly ensuring the regularity of individual life within society and the rapid response to its requirements. This was the impetus for the emergence of administrative decentralization, which is also a place for change from being a method of distributing administrative functions between the center and the authorities to an administrative system specific to the authorities, independent of the center, abandoning administrative dependency and shifting to federal relations, even in simple countries

Revised)
This research examines the legal procedures applied to juveniles in felony cases under Iraqi law, emphasizing the legislation's approach to addressing juveniles through a reformative perspective rather than a punitive one. The study offers a comprehensive analysis of the role of juvenile courts in delivering justice and the application of reformative measures as substitutes for conventional penalties. Furthermore, the research aims to identify the challenges faced by the Iraqi legal system in handling juvenile cases and to propose solutions to improve its efficiency in line with international standards.

Abstract
This paper investigates the acts of translating Arabic didactic poetry into English and their corresponding challenges and practices by utilizing Lefevere’s Rewriting Theory to map the play land between poetological, ideological, and patronage considerations. Poetry translation covers much more than the words. However, the differences in grammatical structure, cultural context and poetic traditions in Arabic versus English complicate this task greatly. Key challenges identified include non-translatability arising from differences in religious and cultural concepts, structural characteristics of Arabic clauses that license meaning ambiguities, and challenges presented by metaphors and idioms. These include placing the focus on meaning and emotion rather than on literal translation, providing context for culturally or religiously loaded references, and using poetic devices to justify the aesthetic and didactic essence of the original work. Moreover, the study also highlights the necessity of employing appropriate translation strategies that are environment-sensitive and strike a balance between the poetic forms, ideological substance and the anticipated response of the target audience. Overall, Arabic didactic poetry that can be successfully transposed into the English language must achieve delicate balance between linguistic prowess and cultural sensitivity, with a poetical predilection designed to communicate ideas whilst ensuring not to exclude non-Arabic speakers from the richest aspects of educational poetry.

Abstract
This study examines the role of digital language in shaping social identity among Arab youth through a linguistic analysis of social media discourse. With platforms like Instagram, and Facebook becoming key spaces for communication and self-expression, Arab youth are crafting unique linguistic practices that blend Modern Standard Arabic, colloquial dialects, English, and other languages. These digital expressions reflect cultural, regional, and generational identities while mediating between traditional norms and global influences. The research explores how language use on social media fosters a sense of belonging, challenges cultural conventions, and social affiliations. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study analyzes social media content from diverse Arab regions, focusing on linguistic patterns such as slang, and emojis, as well as themes of identity and community. Challenges include the diversity of Arabic dialects, ethical concerns investigating the interplay between language and identity which sheds light on how Arab youth navigate cultural change in the digital age

Abstract
This research aims to study the effect of the teaching method based on community interaction on the academic achievement of Kirkuk school students. The research reviews the theoretical framework of modern teaching methods and community interaction in the educational environment, and includes an applied study that included a sample of schools in Kirkuk. A questionnaire consisting of ten questions was designed to measure the extent of the application of this method and its impact on educational outcomes. The results emerge through statistical analysis using the R program with the calculation of the arithmetic mean and standard deviation and testing the relationship between the dependent variable (academic achievement) and the independent variable (community teaching method). The results indicate a significant positive relationship between the practical application of this method and improving student outcomes, which calls for adopting community educational models to enhance the educational process

Abstract
The aim of this study is to understand the difference between the educational practices and programs of the governmental and non-governmntal/private kindergardens and to determine their effect on the intellectual development of kindergarten children from the viewpoint of teachers. In order to achieve these goals, the researchers used descriptive research method. The sample of the study consists of (100) teachers from (5) governmental and (5) private kindergardens belonging to Rozhawa Education Directorate of Sulaimani, we took (10) teachers from each kindergarten as the sample of our study.A survey form consisting of (18) items used to solve the statistical data and collected information, in which almost all of the items are positive, and a questionnaire with three options for answering, including (yes. Sometimes and no) and the numbers assigned to the items are (1, 2 and 3) ، then the researchers extracted the psychometric measurements of the scale, starting to extract the central values of the calculus and the differences, in the form of Likert scale, the (T) value for one and two examples, Jetman's statistical equation for distribution of halves and Cooper's statistical equation using t-test. These were the most important results of this study. The researchers noted that the practices and programs used in kindergartens are at a high level which may be due to the fact that there are a lot of planning and concerns about teaching children in the kindergartens of the research sample, and there is a difference between governmental and private kindergarten education programs and their influence on the intellectual development of children, in which the private kindegartens are the winner. Finally, the researchers assigned some points and made some recommendations

ABSTRACT:
The House of the Seven Gables by Nathaniel Hawthorne is well known for its profound examination of morals, history, and human nature through symbolic components. This research paper looks at the many ways Hawthorne conveys themes of guilt, degradation, and redemption throughout the novel through the use of symbolic imagery. In order to analyze how these symbols contribute to the novel's thematic structure, the research concentrates on the home itself, the garden, the family's curse, and other noteworthy symbols.This research provides a thorough analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of the Seven Gables which is a richly symbolic novel that explores themes of guilt, retribution, and redemption within the context of an inherited family curse. This research examines the various symbols Hawthorne employs to convey these themes, including the decaying Pyncheon house, which symbolizes the oppressive weight of ancestral guilt, and the garden, which represents hope and renewal. Additional symbols like the portrait of Colonel Pyncheon, the well, the daguerreotype, and the interplay of light and darkness further illustrate the conflict between the haunting past and the possibility of redemption. By analyzing these symbols, this study reveals how Hawthorne uses the physical environment, objects, and imagery to explore the novel’s central concerns regarding the inescapability of inherited sin and the potential for overcoming it. The analysis underscores the novel’s enduring relevance as a profound meditation on the interplay between history, morality, and the human experience.This study explains the lasting relevance of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s "The House of the Seven Gables" in modern conversation by utilizing literary theory and historical context. This research provides new insights into Nathaniel Hawthorne’s profound analysis of the oppressive weight of ancestral guilt, hope and renewal, the inescapability of inherited sin and the potential for overcoming it by reexamining his masterwork via a thematic perspective

Abstract
From a social cognitive theory perspective, this study set out to examine pro-environmental behavior and the theory's applicability to social contexts. Social cognitive theory is a school of thought within psychology that places equal emphasis on an individual's actions, their surroundings, and their thoughts as foundational to their maturation. Social cognitive theory is a school of thought within psychology that places equal emphasis on an individual's actions, their surroundings, and their thoughts as foundational to their maturation. Viewed through the lens of social-cognitive theory, environmentally conscious actions To describe human behavior, social cognitive theory employs the triadic reciprocity model. The three parts of this triadic model of causation cognitive and other personal features like emotional states and physical traits, external environmental effects, and overt behavior—influence each other in a two-way street.

Abstract
Through teaching reading comprehension, the researcher found that there is a problem among second-year students, which is that the students face difficulty in mastering vocabulary. Therefore, the researcher interests in implementing the Frayer Model in teaching vocabulary to develop their vocabulary. Since, this model helps to enhance their understanding of unfamiliar vocabulary by knowing and distinguishing what something is and what something is not. This study explores the effect of digital Fryer model as a pedagogical tool to tackling EFL students' unfamiliar vocabulary in reading comprehension. The sample involves (64) EFL students second stage from department of English, College of Education for Women, at Tikrit University. The study lasted for two months in 2023-2024 Academic Year. The study consists of two groups; experimental and control group with (32) students for each group. At the beginning, a pretest was administered to find out the overview of students’ level in English language. During the processing, students in experimental group exposed to use digital Frayer model and in control group they used traditional method. Depending on collected data by post-test in reading, it was discovered that the findings the experimental group who was exposed to digital Fryer model great than those results in control group who was exposed to traditional method. This refers that the experimental group outperformed the control group which appears in the results of reading test that was administered to them.

Abstract:
This article is dedicated to the role of the subject in simple sentences in the Russian language. The article analyzes various ways of expressing the subject, its functions, and its influence on the sentence structure. The relationship of the subject with other parts of the sentence, its morphological features, and its role in constructing the semantic and syntactic structure are examined. Special attention is given to the differences in the use of the subject in one-part and two-part sentences. The influence of context on the choice of the subject form is discussed, including the use of pronouns, nouns, and infinitives. The analysis emphasizes the importance of the subject as an element that determines the grammatical structure and semantic direction of a sentence in the Russian language