Iraqi future for political and strategic studies

Abstract
Regional arrangements are among the most prominent legal and political phenomena that emerged after World War II, as the United Nations Charter emphasized the importance of regional organizations in maintaining regional and international peace and security. Various experiences have shown the necessity of these arrangements, whether in the form of organizations or associations, in order to establish regional security, political, economic, or cultural organizations, especially in regions suffering from internal conflicts and international interventions. The Southeast Asia region witnessed varying circumstances, motives of powers, and interests of the parties involved, which prompted the countries of the region to form the "ASEAN" Association.

Summary:
Recreating the Al-Aqsa Flood operation, which was planned and carried out by Hamas, raises the issue The Palestinian Authority is on the regional and international agenda after being ignored for a long time, especially after The outbreak of the Ukrainian-Russian war and the world’s preoccupation with it, and it contributed to preventing Israel from encroaching on Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Palestinian people in Al-Quds Al-Sharif and other Palestinian cities . It influenced Egyptian-Israeli relations more than 45 years ago the matter became apparent in relations due to the (Israeli) attempts to displace the residents of the Gaza Strip to obtain requests and what could result from those who chose only the Egyptian popularity In the event that some Palestinian factions use Egyptian territory as bases to attack Israel.

Abstract
Citizenship is one of the issues that has become frequently discussed in political circles, due to its great importance in the stability, development and growth of countries. Therefore, it must be included as a curriculum within the national educational curricula in Iraq, given the importance of the subject, and this is what many experts and stakeholders have emphasized, headed by the reference of Mr. Sistani. The research came in three sections, the first to define the nature of citizenship, the second to clarify the nature of educational curricula, the third to enhance citizenship through educational curricula, then the conclusion and recommendations.

Summary
The Libyan crisis is one of the crises that suggest a reversal of the course of events produced by the results of the Arab movement since the overthrow of the regime of Colonel “Muammar Gaddafi” by NATO in 2011, under the title of international humanitarian intervention, where the Libyan geopolitical transformations seemed difficult amid the fragility and constant change of national, regional and international alliances And it has become difficult to determine the consequences of the chaos that accompanied the overthrow of the Libyan political system, The external factor overlapped with the internal in a way that made the parties to the Libyan crisis almost completely dependent on the outside to the extent that most of the local actors lost confidence in the capabilities of the Libyan negotiator, and the tools for solution became dependent on external parties, and turned the local actors competing for influence and power into means of proxy war On the conflict of international wills with investment concerns.

Abstract:
Countries of the world include within them different nationalities, religions, sects, ethnicities and tribal branches. Countries seek, through various means, to build their national unity and coexistence for their people, reject and resist all factors of division in them, and confront internal and external challenges and prevent them from destroying their social fabric. Iraq is one of these countries, which includes a number of diverse national and religious minorities that have coexisted side by side since ancient times. Despite the country being exposed to many challenges, they did not affect the unity and cohesion of the people and their peaceful coexistence. What Iraq was exposed to after 2003 in terms of events, developments and the entry of elements (of armed groups from outside the borders) from neighboring countries to destabilize and destroy the fabric of society and national unity, all of which failed, and the awareness and solidarity of the people and the role of religious scholars and the government in confronting terrorism and striving to build a cohesive society. In this research, we will show the role of coexistence and solidarity among the members of society in building national unity and confronting terrorism and sectarianism.

Abstract
The gradual opening of Iraqi-Syrian relations after the fall of Bashar al-Assad's regime (2000–2024), which initially focused on the security file as the most dangerous issue for Iraq's national security, may nonetheless face a set of strategic threats identified by the researcher. These threats could alter the trajectory of Iraqi-Syrian relations, making them tense and unstable. This is especially true given that foreign policy is no longer solely formulated by the executive branch represented by official governments, but is increasingly influenced by both internal and external factors. The strategic threats include the ideological divergence of the dominant powers in both countries, the way collective memory is shaped in each society toward the other state, and the differing regional sponsors of these regimes, which influence the relationship's course due to their significant weight in the regional environment. Additionally, the use of armed terrorist actors during threats to Syria's national security contributes to these challenges. This is a forward-looking analysis of potential factors that may impact Iraqi-Syrian relations..

Abstract
The secession of South Sudan from Sudan was the culmination of decades of ethnic,
political, and economic conflict. Despite achieving independence, South Sudan has faced
significant challenges, including internal conflicts, while Sudan experienced political
and economic repercussions due to the loss of the South. Stability in the region remains
contingent upon effective political and economic solutions that address the postsecession
.challenges

Abstract
After China acquired nuclear weapons in the sixties, its concept of nuclear deterrence was influenced more by its qualitative significance than its quantitative aspect. This was later reflected in its possession of a modest nuclear arsenal and its adoption of a nuclear doctrine based on “minimum deterrence.” Accordingly, the Chinese leadership adopted a strategic vision for its nuclear weapons, considering them a means of psychological influence that is sufficient to brandish them in the first place. However, it appears that shifts in the security environment of the twenty-first century, coupled with the growing U.S. superiority in both nuclear and conventional domains, have undermined the foundations of China’s nuclear doctrine. This has prompted China to move forward with expanding its nuclear arsenal.

Abstract
San Marino is one of the smallest and least populated countries in Europe. Its location within the Italian geography gives it a unique character in the governance process. It is also one of the oldest republics in Europe, founded in the fourth century. It enjoys a political system that intertwines historical values and democratic principles. It adopts a parliamentary republic based on the orderly transfer of power and the principle of separation of powers. It has an elected legislative authority, an executive authority headed by two governors for a six-month term, making it the shortest term for an executive authority. It also has a judiciary consisting of the Guarantor's Council and the Council of Twelve. Therefore, the research addresses a general overview of the country and the institutions of the political system, highlighting the mechanisms by which it operates and its procedures, which combine the traditions inherited since the state's founding with the democratic reforms it has introduced. Finally, an assessment of the practices of the political system is conducted.

Abstract
This study aims to answer a set of main and subsidiary questions by examining the
concept of the political system and its types, as well as the concept of political stability
and its indicators. The research highlights the relationship between the form
of governance and political stability in Arab countries, focusing on how the type of
political system—monarchy or republic—affects the achievement of political stability.
In this context, the study explores practical examples from Arab monarchies
(the Sultanate of Oman) and republics (the Arab Republic of Egypt), comparing
both systems in terms of their political structures, foreign policies, and economic
.levels

Abstract
The research aimed to study the role of social media in shaping security threats and the extent to which it can and does pose a threat to Iraq's national security, especially after its proliferation and diversified use in political, economic, and social fields. We found that social media has significant impacts on Iraq's national security, particularly when exploited to spread rumours, fake news, and misinformation. Its influence has grown after being used by terrorist groups to collect donations and finance their terrorist operations, which has affected social cohesion and community security. Likewise, the spread of social media has been linked to the emergence of new crimes that threaten the security of citizens, necessitating its monitoring, provided that it does not affect freedom of opinion and expression, violate the privacy of individuals, enable political purges, or undermine any democratic gains.

Abstract:
The educational process has witnessed many developments in recent years thanks to the development of technology, and research on the Internet has become an essential part of the various stages of education. Artificial intelligence applications, especially during the (Covid-19) crisis, have also contributed to finding smart solutions to maintain and improve the quality of education outcomes.
Despite the restrictions and closures, it contributed to the continuation of basic services. It also showed an optimistic glimpse of the bright future that depends on modern technology, and artificial intelligence technology is at the forefront due to its major role in the world overcoming this international ordeal. Indeed, even before the Corona virus pandemic, its uses were increasing rapidly in many fields, especially in the field of education.

Summary
This study evaluates the experience of political participation in Iraq after 2003, a period marked by significant transformations, including the overthrow of the previous regime and the adoption of a pluralistic political system. The research aims to analyze the success of this experiment in promoting democracy and to explore the obstacles that have affected its effectiveness, such as sectarianism, corruption, terrorism, and the lack of state effectiveness. Additionally, the study examines the impact of political parties and the constitution on the democratic process, as well as the role of women in political life. The research employs a descriptive analytical approach, with comparisons to similar experiences, to provide recommendations that contribute to strengthening democracy and political participation in Iraq.

Abstract
The civil conflict in Sudan, which erupted in April 2023 between the Sudanese government army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti), represents a significant escalation of longstanding political and military tensions. This conflict emerged in the wake of the October 2021 coup that ousted the civilian government, following which the partnership between the army and the RSF was described as fragile. The coup exacerbated existing fractures within the country, leading to the breakdown of an already tenuous power-sharing arrangement between military and civilian forces.

Abstract:
terrorism is a global concern as it threatens international peace and security. Its impact is increasing due to the interconnection of political, economic, security, and ideological factors, which interact with both internal and external (international and regional) elements. These factors influence both local and global changes, making terrorism a real crisis whose effects extend across various sectors, especially the energy sector. The energy sector has become highly sensitive to the diverse consequences of terrorism, with control over energy resources now being one of the main objectives targeted by terrorism. It exploits the economic and security vulnerabilities created by crises to destabilize nations, particularly those dependent on cross-border energy flows. Thus, the scope of terrorism transcends geographical boundaries, threatening energy security and impacting the stability of global markets.

Abstract
There is no doubt that the federal system is one of the most democratic systems, it expresses the meaning of democracy by expanding the base of popular participation to participate in governance and state administration, so addressing the topic of federalism was and still is of legal and political importance on the basis of knowing the true meaning of federalism by introducing it, taking into account the position of Western jurisprudence Constitution The Union and the agreed basic principles.
And it is important in the federal system that it is based on the multiplicity of authorities and the multiplicity of decision centers, and from here democracy is evident by this multiplicity, which allows a large number of participants to govern, provided that the management mechanisms between the center and the regions are clear, and the federal system is the most stable system if it is through the transformation of doctrinal opinions in such a field will only rule on such matters It is the reality of the states themselves through the conditions of their formation as a federal state, the more there is homogeneity, the more closely related these states are to each other, on the contrary, if these states are complicated by their geographical and ethnic composition, the more their result will be collapse.

Abstract
The terms of the "Strategic Framework Agreement for a Relationship of Friendship and Cooperation between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America 2008" brought an end to the phase of international trusteeship under the auspices of the United Nations. The US occupation of Iraq ended under the terms of the "Agreement Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America Concerning the Withdrawal of US Forces from Iraq and the Regulation of Their Activities During Their Temporary Presence there in 2008," with the departure of the last US soldier on December 31, 2011. However, rather than creating conditions for stability in Iraq, the agreement expanded the freedom of US military forces, in terms of their presence and movement, in a manner that continues to undermine the sovereignty of the Iraqi state. Section three of the Strategic Framework Agreement outlines a set of commitments in the areas of security and defense. The first of these commitments included strengthening security and stability in Iraq, which, in turn, would contribute to maintaining international peace and security. To achieve this, a commitment was made to strengthen the military strength of the Republic of Iraq to confront the security threats it faces. This was in addition to a commitment to develop cooperation between the two parties on security and defense arrangements without prejudice to Iraq's sovereignty, and to cooperate on securing the withdrawal of United States forces from Iraq.

Abstract
Social solidarity led by governments as a tool to alleviate the burden of poverty and destitution on all those in need within the lower classes of societies, whether Western or Eastern.
In Iraq, we notice the existence of a number of government policies in order to support poor families who lack a fixed income, through a number of legislations and laws, before and after 2003, where successive events produced a large number of families who lost their breadwinners, whether due to unemployment, migration or physical violence.
Here came this study to evaluate those government policies, their pros and cons, in an attempt to show the positives to praise them, and highlight the negatives to address them, and the obstacles to overcome them. This is done through three main topics from which various demands branch out.
Finally, a number of proposals and recommendations were included, the most prominent of which are: “The necessity of legislating laws that care for the work sectors in Iraq in order to guarantee labor rights, and what is legislated from those laws must be implemented” and “Legislative reforms reviewing the laws and legislation related to work and employment to make them more suitable for Iraqi society while providing security and retirement for workers in the private sector to reduce the pressure on government appointments.”