magazine aldhakwat albedh

It is self-evident in our language that a verb is devoid of any sign indicating dual or plural gender. For example, you say, “The two men went.” These signs are the adhesion of the nouns, not representation. Therefore, if the subject is an apparent noun, whether dual or plural, meaning that it is conjugated, it is inseparable.
The singular form is used regardless of the subject’s case, as if the verb were attributed to a singular noun. However, some Arabs violated this rule, and you will see them adding to the verb, if its subject is dual or plural, a sign indicating the dual or plural form of the subject.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of integrating learning technology and teaching methods on the achievement and systemic thinking skills of fifth grade students, scientific in mathematics. The null hypothesis was formulated: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average grades of the group students. The experimental group (who studied mathematics according to the integration of learning technology and teaching methods) and the scores of the control group students (who studied mathematics according to the usual methods) in the achievement test and the systemic thinking test. A quasi-experimental design was adopted for two equal groups with a post-test. The experiment was applied to a sample of fifth-grade students. The science reached The number of students is (60), with (30) students for the experimental group and (30) students for the control group for the academic year (2023-2024), and they were rewarded according to (chronological age, previous achievement in mathematics and intelligence). The research tool was built, represented by the achievement test and the Systemic thinking, and their validity and reliability were verified, as the results showed that the students of the experimental group who were taught according to the integration of learning technology and teaching methods outperformed the students of the control group who were taught according to the usual methods in the variable of achievement and systemic thinking. In light of the results, it was concluded that merging Learning technology and teaching methods contributed to raising the level of achievement of the experimental group students in mathematics. The research came out with some recommendations and proposals. The researcher recommends teaching mathematics in middle schools using the integration of learning technology and teaching methods to reveal creative students. He suggests studying the impact of integrating learning technology and teaching methods on Other variables

This study examines and analyzes the Asharite conception of the Imamate in terms of its definition, foundations, and its place within doctrinal theology. It traces the key Asharite views on the conditions required of an Imam, the methods of his appointment, and reviews the fundamental ideas that shaped their perspective on this issue, as reflected in the works of prominent Asharite scholars such as al-Bāqillānī, al-Juwaynī, al-Ghazālī, al-Āmidī, and others.
The research aims to provide a precise academic treatment that clarifies the methodological features of Ash arite thought on the Imamate, viewing it as part of their broader understanding of creed, governance, and society. The study also seeks to analyze the Ash arite view of the Imamate by tracing its theological foundations, exploring their stance on the Rightly Guided Caliphate and the conduct of the caliphs, and identifying the conditions and attributes of the Imam as envisioned by Ash arite scholars. Moreover, the paper highlights the main differences between this view and those of other theological schools, in an effort to understand the nature of the Ash arite perspective on the Imamate within its doctrinal and historical context.

This study explores the convergence and interaction of the «horzon of expectation» among readers of the poetry of Abn Tammam and al-mutanabbi, as reflected in Al-Nizm by ibn Al-Mustawfi AL-Arbili (D637AH) Specitically in Parts Five Through eight, It Focuses on how Ibn at- Mustawfi incur porates earlier interpretations of these two potes and reshapes then through his own commentaries, thereby creating anew interpretive space where traditional and contemporary receptions of his time intersect. The study demonstrates how this convergence reflects a deep under standing of both critical tradition and innovation highlighting Al- Nizam as a mediating text between classical commentaries and the seventh century (AH) reader›s engagement.

zThis research examines the objections of al-Baqulī (d. 542 AH) in his book «Jawhar al-Qur›an wa-Ta›āji› al-San›ah» (The Pearls of the Qur›an and the Results of the Craft) against Abu ‹Ali al-Farīsi (d. 377 AH). It will demonstrate that al-Baqulī greatly admired Abu ‹Ali and considered his books as a source of authority. However, this admiration did not prevent him from criticizing and objecting to certain points, which are covered in this research, with the aim of establishing their nature and demonstrating their importance and scholarly value.

Tranquility and tranquility are gifts from God Almighty to believers. He places them in their hearts, providing them with patience in the face of calamities and tribulations. Sometimes, they provide them with strength and determination when they feel weak and lazy. They are a blessing from God Almighty to believers when their hearts are troubled or their souls are weak. They help them face challenges with strong faith, a calm heart, and a reassured soul.

This study explores the concept of forgiveness in the Qur›an within the framework of thematic interpretation highlighting its significance and status. It is based on the hypothesis that forgiveness is a confirmed Qur›anic principle as emphasized by the sacred texts. The research examines its types and dimensions through an independent study.
The study adopts the inductive-analytical approach within the fields of interpretation and jurisprudence.It is structured into three main sections in addition to a conclusion that includes the research findings and recommendations.

The human family began to reproduce when God Almighty created Adam and Eve (peace be upon them). It was the first family in humanity. He created woman from Adam›s rib, and she was his soul. She was kind to him and he was kind to her. She was drawn to her and he was drawn to her and found peace with her. God Almighty said: {And indeed, We have created for you a people who are equal in number and in need of guidance.} [Surah Al-Araf: 11]
From them began the formation of families and societies. God Almighty said: {And indeed, We created for you a people who are equal in number and in need of guidance}؟
So the family began to multiply, spread, and diversify in shapes, colors, and languages. He created sons and grandchildren from the offspring of this family. God Almighty said: And the family rules began to diversify and change, and they are the rules of God Almighty that He sent down to His Messengers and Prophets to be legislated on earth, so that this would strengthen the family bond, and that they are one unit, and with this, it is necessary to be careful in choosing the wife because she is the basis for forming the family, as well as choosing the husband because he will be the role model that the children will follow, and to pay attention to raising the children with a good upbringing on the correct belief and raising their home on the fear of God Almighty in all their actions because this will ultimately return to the parents with reward and recompense for all the good deeds that the children do, and likewise it will be with their headquarters to build new families based on What they learned from their parents will be reflected in their prayers for their parents even after their death. This will bring them God›s pleasure and blessings, and will enable them to maintain a relationship with them even after their death.

Cultural criticism in digital poetry is a critical approach that explores the cultural, social, and political aspects of poetry produced through digital media. While it stems from the traditional focus on aesthetics and artistic style, it shifts attention toward how digital texts convey power, identity, difference, and social transformation. Digital poetry, which employs the internet and multimedia (sound, image, and motion) as its medium, redefines the relationship between the text and the reader, making interaction an essential part of the creative process. At this point, cultural criticism emerges, raising questions such as: Does the discourse aim to reinforce cultural hegemony or deconstruct it? Does it enhance awareness of the self, the margins, and the “other”?
Among the main concerns of cultural criticism in this field are the poet’s use of technology to reconstruct concepts like identity and belonging, the symbolic representation of social issues, and the extent to which digital poetry can resist cultural uniformity. Additionally, cultural criticism in this poetic form addresses the conflict between modernism and postmodernism, focusing on the multiplicity of meanings and the fragmentation of discourse.
As a result, cultural criticism in digital poetry holds the potential to reveal shifts in literary taste and transform the nature of textual authority, leading to a reconsideration of traditional cultural assumptions within digital poetry.

This research aims to shed light on the fundamental features of Søren Kierkegaard›s thought, focusing on the dialectical relationship between the concepts of self, existence, and freedom. Kierkegaard believes that man is not a fixed essence, but rather a self in constant change, experiencing anxiety and experiencing existence in search of truth and meaning. Freedom, in his thought, is not a superficial liberation, but rather an existential responsibility linked to individual choice and faith, which makes the self an arena of constant tension between the possible and the actual, between subjectivity and truth, and between despair and faith. divided into a study of Kierkegaard›s stages of existence, the concepts of anxiety and choice, the nature of freedom, and finally the role of faith in overcoming existential alienation. The research also includes a brief comparison with some later existentialist philosophers to demonstrate the originality of...

Since 1966, sub-Saharan Africa has witnessed a rising wave of military coups, take over in Nigeria when tanks rolled out of their barracks, heralding the beginning of a new era of military rule. This political contagion soon spread to Ghana, where President Francis Kwame Nkrumah was overthrown at the same year, this momentous event put the country under military rule until 1969. Under pressure from public opinion, both domestically and internationally, civilian rule was briefly restored between 1969 and 1972, within the framework of a new constitutional system that delivered for a ceremonial presidency representing the symbolic power of the state, alongside a prime minister with executive powers. The regime unequivocally stated that military rule would not be acceptable to return in any form. However, this arrangement did not last long. Since, the military establishment, led by Acheampong, once again intervened in the political process under multiple pretexts. These included, on the one hand, the claim to be saving the country from the consequences of international economic policies, and on the other, the pursuit of personal and factional interests within the military elite, as well as the pretext of combating corruption and halting the squandering of public funds. Those deeds demonstrated or revealed the continued structural fragility of civilian institutions and the difficulty of establishing a stable democratic culture at this stage of Ghanaian history.

The current research aims to identify:
1. Existential presence among university students.
2. Statistical differences in existential presence according to gender (male-female) and specialization (humanities-scientific).
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the Al-Moussawi and Alwan scale, in its initial form, consisting of (54) items with five alternatives. After verifying the apparent validity and validity of the items by presenting them to (10) referees specializing in educational and psychological sciences and mental health, all items were retained. To extract the psychometric properties of the scale, the researcher applied it to a sample of (200) male and female students. After completing the application, the researcher extracted validity indicators using two methods:
1. Internal consistency.
2. Discriminatory power (two extreme groups).
No items were deleted from the two scales of the current research.
As for reliability, the researcher verified it using the Cronbach›s alpha method. Using this method, it became clear that the reliability coefficient of the existential presence scale reached (0.894), which is a very good reliability coefficient based on the standards set by measurement and evaluation experts. After verifying the validity and reliability of the scale, the researcher applied it to his research sample and analyzed the data statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS ver. 26). He reached the following results:
1. University students had a low score on the existential presence scale.
2. There were no statistically significant differences in the existential presence scale among university students based on gender (male-female) and specialization (humanities-scientific).

The present study seeks to explore the effectiveness of the OE3R strategy in fostering scientific thinking skills among first-grade intermediate students in the subject of physics. A quasi-experimental design was employed, as it aligns with the nature of the research. The sample consisted of 60 students, randomly assigned to two equivalent groups: an experimental group (30 students) who received instruction through the OE3R strategy, and a control group (30 students) who were taught using conventional methods.
To achieve the objectives of the study, a scientific thinking skills scale was developed, comprising 36 items with three graded response options for each. Following the administration of the tool and appropriate statistical analysis of the collected data, the results indicated statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, suggesting the effectiveness of the OE3R strategy in enhancing students’ scientific thinking skills.
Based on these findings, the researcher concluded that scientific thinking develops more effectively when students are actively engaged in inquiry-driven scientific tasks. Accordingly, the study recommends incorporating the OE3R strategy into science instruction—including physics, chemistry, and biology—due to its significant impact on improving students’ cognitive performance and scientific skill development.

This study examines linguistic trends in modern literary criticism, focusing on narratological and deconstructive approaches. It aims to explore the points of intersection and difference between them, and the possibilities for dialogue and integration between their procedural mechanisms, in addition to addressing the methodological and epistemological challenges involved, and their implications for the future of criticism amid its diverse methodologies. The study begins with the hypothesis that these two approaches can work together despite their different starting points, based on a comparative descriptive-analytical method. It concludes that integration of the two approaches can enrich the analysis of literary texts, emphasizing the necessity of fostering dialogue among linguistic approaches and developing them in light of advances in the humanities, as well as the importance of practical combination between them to interrogate literature. The study also sought to present a forward-looking vision for the future of critical practice in an era characterized by multiple interconnected methodologies, emphasizing the importance of moving beyond methodological isolation and embracing contemporary critical experiences while maintaining the distinctiveness of Arab critical heritage and its cultural roots. The study suggests new research pathways that allow for deeper dialogue between different critical approaches and the development of procedural tools that combine the power of structural analysis with the depth of deconstructive interpretation, enhancing literary criticism›s ability to keep pace with the transformations of contemporary literary texts and their multiple manifestations in the digital age.

The aim of historical studies is not only to contribute to the discovery of what humanity has lost but also to help understand how humans can integrate their diverse past into their constant present and move towards the future. Therefore, studying the thought of the Berghouata state is an attempt to understand ourselves, meaning the Bouyat identity rather than the geographical one. Perhaps the best response to this topic was given by the historian Marc Bloch when he answered his son’s question about the purpose of history: to answer it for oneself!

The research, entitled “Lebanon’s Position on the Palestinian Issue between 1980 and 2000,” includes an introduction that includes a general overview and an examination of the reasons for choosing the research, its importance, its hypotheses and problems, and the research methodology. This research includes four chapters. The first chapter examines the historical and political context of Lebanese positions on the Palestinian issue, and Lebanon’s position on the Palestinian issue before 1980. The study of Lebanese-Arab relations aims to understand the contemporary history of the Arab region and the impact of the Palestinian situation on Lebanese events. The second section examines the general situation in Lebanon between 1980 and 2000, the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war and its causes, the Arab role in attempts to resolve the Lebanese crisis, and Arab interventions in Lebanese affairs. The third section examines the general situation in Palestine between The years 1980 to 2000 AD, the outbreak of the Palestinian Intifada against the Zionist entity, the Arab role in the Palestinian issue, and the Arab influences in the Palestinian-Zionist conflict. The fourth section works on an analytical study of the Lebanese position on the Palestinian issue between the years 1980-2000 AD The impact of the Palestinian issue on the internal Lebanese situation, the Lebanese position on the Palestinian issue, and the dialectical relationship and mutual influence and impact between the situations in Lebanon and the situations of the Palestinians. The research concludes with a number of findings and recommendations.

the financial structure of the Abbasid Caliphate was marked by complex and multi-layered expenditures that reflected the vastness of its empire and the demands of governance. Military spending represented the most consistent and substantial portion of the state budget, as the caliphs needed to fund regular armies, frontier defense, internal security, and major campaigns. At the same time, palace expenditures played a crucial role in projecting the caliph’s authority, legitimacy, and prestige. These included the construction of grand palaces, salaries for courtiers, luxurious ceremonies, and the daily needs of the caliphal court. In contrast, emergency expenditures were often unplanned and reactive, triggered by uprisings, natural disasters, invasions, or political crises. These sudden financial burdens frequently forced the state to resort to extraordinary taxation, borrowing, or even confiscation of wealth from elites.Together, these categories of expenditure illustrate how the Abbasid administration balanced military necessity, imperial image, and crisis management in its financial policies. The strain from such demands, especially during periods of political fragmentation and decentralization, ultimately contributed to the weakening
of centralized control and fiscal.

Cybercrime is a criminal act that targets a computer, network, or network-connected device, attempting to exploit them. The goal of these crimes is either to make money or to damage computers for non-profit reasons. These crimes may also be for personal reasons, and are often perpetrated by thieves or hackers. The goal is to blackmail the victim, damage their reputation, cause serious psychological and material harm, or disclose important security secrets. Hence, my research aims to raise awareness of the dangers of cybercrime, clarify its meaning, and identify the types of these crimes.

This study investigates the relationship between conscientious vitality and emotional balance among educational counselors in Iraq, considering their influence on professional competence and counseling performance. The research is grounded in established psychological theories, including Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, to explore the role of conscientious vitality in regulating behavior and emotional stability. A quantitative and qualitative methodology was employed to analyze data from a sample of educational counselors. The findings reveal a weak statistical correlation between the two variables. In light of these results, the study recommends implementing targeted training programs to enhance emotional balance, conducting longitudinal research to identify underlying factors, and optimizing the counseling work environment to promote psychological well-being and professional effectiveness.

This work examines the interpretation of Libra in the interpretation of the Qur›an by Muhammad Hussein Al-Tabatabai, which is one of the most prominent contemporary Shiite interpretations and the deepest in terms of method and content. The research aims to analyze the explanatory method adopted by Al-Tabatabi, foremost of which is the method of “interpretation of the Qur›an in the Qur›an”, while highlighting its intellectual, philosophical and doctrinal dimensions.
The research concluded that Libra is an advanced model of integrated mental interpretation, combining originality and diligence, and deserves to be studied and discussed in academic and research circles.

Immanuel Kant›s concept of values was based on an a priori, rational moral foundation, rejecting any empirical or sensory basis for values. Kant believed that true values are not subjective or relative, but rather objective and universal, derived from pure practical reason.
At the core of Kant›s value-based philosophy is the «Categorical Imperative,» a primary and universal moral principle that guides our actions. The categorical imperative does not prescribe specific actions that are valuable, but rather provides a formal formula that determines whether a maxim of action is moral or not. There are several formulations of the categorical imperative, the most prominent of which are:
1. The Universal Law Formula: «Act so that your will can at the same time make the maxim of your action a universal law of nature.» This formula emphasizes the necessity of generalizing the principles of our actions so that they are valid for all.
2. The End-in-Itself Formula: «Act so that humanity, in your own person and in the person of every other human being, always treats humanity at the same time as an end and never merely as a means.» This formula emphasizes the absolute value and dignity of the human being and prohibits their use as a means to other ends.
3. The formula of self-legislation: «Act so that your will may legislate a universal law.» This formula emphasizes the autonomy of the rational will and its ability to establish its own moral laws.
For Kant, the highest good (Summum Bonum) represents the synthetic unity of virtue and happiness. Although virtue, achieved through compliance with the categorical imperative, is the highest and most important value, practical reason also requires a conception of happiness commensurate with virtue. However, Kant believes that the complete realization of the highest good cannot be achieved in this empirical world, leading him to postulate the existence of an afterlife, the immortality of the soul, and the existence of God as the guarantor of this ultimate unity.
In short, Kant›s values are based on reason and the absolute moral imperative, emphasizing the duty to respect the moral law and human dignity as an end in itself, and moving toward a conception of the highest good that links virtue and happiness in an ideal world

Immanuel Kant›s concept of values was based on an a priori, rational moral foundation, rejecting any empirical or sensory basis for values. Kant believed that true values are not subjective or relative, but rather objective and universal, derived from pure practical reason.
At the core of Kant›s value-based philosophy is the «Categorical Imperative,» a primary and universal moral principle that guides our actions. The categorical imperative does not prescribe specific actions that are valuable, but rather provides a formal formula that determines whether a maxim of action is moral or not. There are several formulations of the categorical imperative, the most prominent of which are:
1. The Universal Law Formula: «Act so that your will can at the same time make the maxim of your action a universal law of nature.» This formula emphasizes the necessity of generalizing the principles of our actions so that they are valid for all.
2. The End-in-Itself Formula: «Act so that humanity, in your own person and in the person of every other human being, always treats humanity at the same time as an end and never merely as a means.» This formula emphasizes the absolute value and dignity of the human being and prohibits their use as a means to other ends.
3. The formula of self-legislation: «Act so that your will may legislate a universal law.» This formula emphasizes the autonomy of the rational will and its ability to establish its own moral laws.
For Kant, the highest good (Summum Bonum) represents the synthetic unity of virtue and happiness. Although virtue, achieved through compliance with the categorical imperative, is the highest and most important value, practical reason also requires a conception of happiness commensurate with virtue. However, Kant believes that the complete realization of the highest good cannot be achieved in this empirical world, leading him to postulate the existence of an afterlife, the immortality of the soul, and the existence of God as the guarantor of this ultimate unity.
In short, Kant›s values are based on reason and the absolute moral imperative, emphasizing the duty to respect the moral law and human dignity as an end in itself, and moving toward a conception of the highest good that links virtue and happiness in an ideal world

The Ayyubid era (1171-1250 AD) witnessed a remarkable development in the system of government and administration, as the Mamluks played a pivotal role in the political and military construction of the state. There were historical documents and sources that talked about the Mamluks and their diversity, whether through royal orders, official correspondence, tax records and fiefdoms that clarify the nature of their jobs and professions in various fields, whether in military administration, which made them occupy leadership positions in the army, and at the level of professions, some Mamluks were involved in various economic and craft activities. These jobs and professions contributed greatly to building state institutions, in addition to their influence in social and economic aspects.

The research dealt with the Democratic People›s Party(SHP) (1983-1994), which is the party that was formed as a result of the dissolution of the Republican People›s Party after Turkish social democracy was exposed to severe challenges due to local events in particular, when the military seizure of power on September 12, 1980 led to the dissolution of All political parties. The first section studied the emergence of the Social Democratic People’s Party (SHP), the second section dealt with the participation of the Social Democratic People’s Party (SHP) in the government, and the third section studied the decline of electoral support for the Social Democratic People’s Party and the end of the party. Our effort may be a useful step in the research. Scientific.

The modern movement in education is strongly in favor of student-centered methods, as opposed to the more conventional view that views students as mere recipients of information. A learner-centered approach is the best way to teach English to those who don’t speak the language natively. Historically, students’ writing skills have been lacking since schools have always taught writing through a teacher-centered approach. Therefore, experts in the field recommend a learner-centered approach while working with language learners to enhance their writing skills. Some schools have adopted a new instructional model that places the emphasis on the student. This study seeks to answer two questions: first, how students feel about creating a classroom that is learner-centered, and second, how well this strategy helps students improve their writing. The purpose of this study is to identify the most effective learner-centered activity for academic writing instruction. This goal was achieved by the interviewing of sixteen students from the Imam Al-Kadhum College English Language Department. By putting the emphasis on developing abilities in areas like vocabulary, grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea generation, and essay structure, students believe the learner-centered approach helps them improve as writers. They have a more favorable impression of this strategy today, and it has inspired them to pursue further training in academic writing. Group projects and student presentations were also shown to be the most favored learner-centered activities, according to the research. At the end of the investigation, several suggestions and findings are derived.Keywords: learner-centred approach, writing skill, teacher-centred approach

Conceptualize the term alienation as a gendered experience is the part of the feminist studies. Gender issues simply means that it is socio-cultural problem affects the men and women both differently in different power structures. Hierarchical power structure of society decides the roles of men and women as per social strata. According to such structure how both the genders experiences alienation is the part of the research study. Bindu Bhatt, one of the well-known writers of Gujarati literature has portrayed the character of Kanchanba, a 78 years old lady, how she suffers because of the gender-based social framework and experienced feeling of estrangement, disappointment, frustration and displacement is the part of the present study.