Journal of Education for Humanities

The study of groundwater quality is one of the main topics in water resources management. The importance of groundwater is not limited to its presence and abundance. Representing and analyzing groundwater properties using spatial data has become an urgent necessity in light of modern technical development. Modern techniques, represented by data analysis and drawing linear distributions, help in accurately expressing the natural properties of groundwater, by studying the hydrochemical properties represented by (electrical conductivity, salinity, hydrogen factor, and chemical composition of elements). These techniques also provide an analysis of the relationship between groundwater properties and factors such as productivity, well depth, and fixed (stable) and moving water levels, which contributes to improving water resources management and enhancing their sustainability. The use of available data in the study of groundwater requires the use of accurate methodologies that have the ability to link spatial data with qualitative characteristics, which gives a deeper understanding of the natural phenomena associated with groundwater. Data from (26) wells were collected to represent the groundwater characteristics of (16) variables. The well data were provided by the Ministry of Water Resources, the General Authority for Groundwater in Mosul, the Directorate of Groundwater, and the Department of Geology and Drilling. The study requires the adoption of the analytical inductive approach to achieve the research objectives. The study also showed the suitability of the Kriging and IDW methods in conducting spatial completion operations for groundwater characteristics, and obtaining (16) maps for each characteristic separately, showing its distribution and presence rates in the study area. The study indicates interest in this scientific and technical field and its application in other environmental studies and linking it to other branches of science as it prepares a database that can be used by decision maker

The study addresses the issue of varying results in supervised land cover classification methods due to the diversity of statistical techniques employed. It aims to compare these methods to identify the optimal approach for land cover classification in the Mosul district. The research utilized satellite imagery from Landsat 8, with its spectral properties enhanced using ENVI 5.3 software, and applied the Anderson classification system for satellite imagery due to its compatibility.
Pre- and post-processing steps were performed on the imagery, including radiometric and atmospheric corrections and contrast enhancement. A GPS device was used to determine the locations of field training samples, leading to the identification of five land cover classes.
The study compared traditional classification methods with artificial intelligence techniques, including artificial neural networks and support vector machines (SVM). Results were analyzed using ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS Desktop 10.8 software.


The findings revealed that the support vector machine method achieved the highest accuracy in classifying Landsat 8 imagery, outperforming the maximum likelihood method, which ranked second. Although artificial neural networks, a form of artificial intelligence, were employed, they ranked third in performance.

The world is witnessing a new chapter of conflicts with the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which threatens global stability and threatens the fall of many individuals within the cycle of poverty and famine, and this study was launched from a main goal, which is to focus on the wheat crop, which is one of the important strategic crops and is involved in the production of many basic commodities in general and Ukrainian wheat in particular (production and export), and the repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the global economy in general and the production and Export of wheat in particular. The importance of the study lies in the fact that wheat is one of the strategic commodities, important for the state in time of peace and war because it is a basic food source for humans and the research aims to show the importance of the economic wheat crop and its impact on the strength of the state and its role in international trade.

The study dealt with rainwater and gully erosion in the Abdali Valley Basin and concluded that water erosion is a natural hazard whose effects are clear in the region. It weakens the productive capacity of the soil, which occurs due to the effect of water that carries soil particles and components to other areas, causing deterioration of agricultural land. The strength and activity of erosion is due to the influence of a group of factors, most notably the abundance of rainfall, the degree of slope, the nature of rock formations, soil characteristics, and the amount of plant cover density. The study area divided water erosion into two types of erosion: rainwater erosion, which showed, based on climate stations and the Fournier index, moderate rainwater erosion in the region. The second type of erosion is gully erosion, which was classified according to the Bergsma index into five erosion indicators: light erosion, medium erosion, high erosion, very high erosion, and severe erosion. The study relied on the use of modern geographical techniques represented by the use of the Arc Gis Pro program to draw maps for the study area and show the effects of water erosion and develop solutions and proposals that work to mitigate its severity Erosion.

The research aims to study and analyze the road network in Zakho district by focusing on the spatial aspects of transportation movement and ease of access between the network nodes. The research includes three main axes: First, studying the geographical and spatial features of the road network in Zakho district, which include geographical extensions and natural and human characteristics that affect the network planning. Second, conducting a spatial analysis of the volume and directions of transportation movement between the network nodes, which provides a comprehensive picture of traffic patterns and their directions. Third, building a spatial model that aims to evaluate the ease of access and volume of transportation movement, which contributes to improving urban planning and transportation in the district

The research aims to show the reality of community services (health - education - entertainment) in the city of Al-Nukhaib, and then measure their efficiency according to Iraqi planning standards. The research relied on the descriptive, functional and analytical approaches, in addition to the field study. The research results concluded that the city is satisfied with the health center and the number of schools located in it according to the survey standard. As for the actual reality, the city needs one additional primary school, in addition to indicating a severe shortage in the number of health and educational cadres actually present. As for entertainment services, the city has not reached the appropriate population size that qualifies it to establish entertainment centers according to local standards, with the exception of the parks and green strips extending along the sides of the roads, which need to be developed. The population of the city reached (2414) people in 2023 AD.

This research addresses the geopolitical significance of mountainous highlands within the environmental military theater, focusing on Mount Hermon as a case study. The study highlights how the military geography of highlands influences military planning and the national security of neighboring Arab states, particularly in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict .

The research aims to study the impact and distribution of the main geographical characteristics of Tal Afar district on the network of motorways and urban settlements, and then analyze the amount of spatial interaction and attraction between human settlements across the paths of the motorway network in the study area, relying on quantitative methods of the theory of spatial interaction and gravity, as it is clear that the amount of spatial relationships between human settlements and motorways was varied (unbalanced), as the results of the spatial interaction and movement index revealed the growth of movement between the two nodes of Tal Afar-Ayadhiya with the highest volume of interaction among all nodes of the district, with the rest of the variables constant, at 281,963,842 million passengers annually. It became clear through the equivalence index of the point of discontinuity that the point of discontinuity between the two nodes was represented at 2.94 km, while the gravity index for retail trade revealed that the commercial relationship between the two nodes amounted to several times the size of the relationship between all nodes of the district, at about 1,095,827 million beneficiaries, while the lowest volume of spatial interaction and movement was represented by the volume of interaction and movement between the two nodes of Rabia-Ayadhiya, at about 5,891,628 million passengers annually. The results of the tie-break index showed that the tie-break point between the two nodes was 36.77 km, while the retail trade attractiveness index revealed that the trade relationship between the two nodes amounted to 29,284 thousand beneficiaries.

“Geographical Boundaries: Readings in the Philosophy of Geography” refers to an analytical study that addresses the concept of geographical boundaries from a philosophical perspective. The research aims to explore how geographical boundaries, whether natural or political, are formed and their impact on human relations and interaction between different societies Research may also discuss the philosophical problems associated with the idea of “borders”, such as the question of what boundaries are and what they mean in geographical and cultural contexts, as well as how they affect national identity, power, and sovereignty. The research may also address the historical and intellectual transformations that influenced the concept of boundaries and how they are interpreted in contemporary geographical thought The research reached the conclusions that borders affect the formation of identity and human relations: The study confirmed that geographical boundaries contribute to the formation of personal and collective identities, and also greatly affect how individuals and communities interact with their surrounding environment and with each other. Research promotes understanding of the relationship between man and place: how boundaries are represented spatially was highlighted using philosophical and existential tools, contributing to a deeper understanding of the relationship between man and the place in which he lives
The researchers pointed to recommendations including the interaction between borders and identity: a deeper study of how borders affect the cultural and social identity of societies must be worked on, and to understand these influences in light of current political and social transformations
The use of philosophical tools in boundary analysis: It is recommended to employ existential and philosophical tools to analyze boundary concepts in future research, in order to understand the complex relationships between man and place more deeply

The phenomenon of unemployment is one of the "significant social issues that has worsened since the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, along with the subsequent political and security conditions that have negatively impacted the "political, economic, and social reality. This phenomenon has notably increased after the events of 2014, especially following the control of terrorist groups over the district of Hawija and their commission of horrific crimes, including murder, kidnapping, and displacement. This research aims to analyze the demographic, economic, and social characteristics of unemployment, determine its actual size and spatial distribution, as well as identify its negative effects on "economic growth and recognize the health, psychological, and social problems faced by the district. It seeks to clarify the reasons behind this phenomenon, as youth are the most "affected by the exacerbation of unemployment. Additionally, the study aims to understand the future projections of this phenomenon, considering that predicting unemployment rates is an important indicator in planning and sustainable human development policies to shape "future prospects. This progress has reflected on the economies of developing countries, leading to increased unemployment rates, a reduced capacity of the state to provide public services, decreased budgets, rising private debts, and an increase in the percentage of migrants from rural areas to cities. This migration has resulted in a growing population and fewer job opportunities since most migrants are unprepared to work in the city, increasing reliance on foreign labor due to the low wages allocated to them.

In recent years, the city of Mosul has suffered from an unstable state (the wars) that has destroyed the infrastructure and eventually affected the basic services of the city. The city streets were among the important services that were affected by the wars. Most of the main roads, bridges and intersections on both sides of the city of Mosul were destroyed. In addition, the population of Mosul is currently concentrated in the eastern coast of the city of Mosul. This leads to traffic congestion and overcrowding in the streets. This situation has a negative impact on the movement of people (workers, employees and students) in terms of reaching their goal, especially at peak times.

شهدت مدينة تلكيف تغير كبيراُ في استعمالات الأرض الحضرية للمدة من 2000-2024 مما انعكس على توسع المدينة مكانياً ، وجاء هذا التغير نتيجة زيادة الطلب على الاستعمال السكني مما اسهم في تغير مساحة استعمالات الأرض في المدينة . يهدف البحث الى كشف التغير في استعمالات الأرض الحضرية في مدينة تلكيف وبيان التغيرات المكانية التي طرأت عليها من خلال استخدام المرئيات الفضائية للقمر الصناعي Landsat 7 و Landsat 8 OLI فضلاً عن استخدام المرئيات الفضائية عالية الدقة في رسم التغير لاستعمالات الأرض الحضرية .

إن التمثيل الخرائطي للخصائص الكيميائية والفيزيائية للمياه الجوفية في ناحية زمار يتضمن اعداد خرائط تفصيلية توضح معايير مختلفة مثل الرقم الهيدروجيني، والتوصيل، والمواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية، وتركيزات أيونات معينة (مثل الكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم والصوديوم والكبريتات). اذ يهدف البحث الى اعداد خرائط تبين الاختلافات المكانية بناء على ذلك، مما يساعد في تحديد مناطق التلوث أو توفر الموارد الطبيعية. قد يتضمن التمثيل خطوط الكنتور للإشارة إلى التدرجات في جودة المياه، فضلاً عن إلى الرموز أو أكواد الألوان لتمثيل خصائص مختلفة. مما يوفر دمج البيانات الهيدرولوجية والتكوينات الجيولوجية وأنماط استخدام الأراضي السياق لفهم التفاعلات بين المياه الجوفية والمياه السطحية. تعد مثل هذه الخريطة الشاملة ضرورية لإدارة الموارد المائية الفعالة وحماية البيئة والتخطيط للتنمية المستدامة في منطقة زمار.

There is no doubt that studying the phenomenon of urban growth is important, especially since urban expansion has begun to take dimensions that may be beyond control as a result of the continuous migration from the countryside to the city. This topic has taken on great importance among those interested in this matter, and this century has been called the Urbanization Century. It is certain that the countries of the Third World have the largest proportion of urbanization resulting from migration from the countryside to the cities for decades due to the known conditions in the countryside of these countries .
The study dealt with the unplanned urban growth at the expense of agricultural lands in the city of Haditha to highlight the image of this expansion and the extent of the impact of this phenomenon on the urban environment and agricultural activity in the city.
Therefore, the research focused on the question of the extent of urban encroachments on agricultural lands, which represented the research problem, and the research was based on the hypothesis that there are natural and human factors that contributed to this urban expansion.


The researcher used some quantitative methods and data obtained from the field study, through which this phenomenon was measured in order to reveal the amount of urban encroachment on all agricultural lands in the city of Haditha .

This research deals with the geopolitics of renewable energy minerals, focusing on the geographical distribution of production and reserves of these minerals. The research shows that China is one of the most prominent countries producing basic minerals such as aluminum, chromium and cobalt, which creates geopolitical dependencies that may affect the economic security of Western countries. The geopolitical competition between major powers, such as the United States, the European Union, Russia and China, is also addressed in the context of the pursuit of mineral security and sustainable development, The research also discusses the importance of the transition to clean energy and its impact on the growing demand for minerals such as lithium and copper, noting that major countries aim to achieve net zero carbon emissions by specific dates. It also addresses the environmental challenges associated with mining these minerals, such as water and air pollution. The research highlights the role of renewable energy minerals in achieving sustainable development by supporting technological innovation and promoting the green economy. These minerals are essential in developing clean energy technologies, which contributes to reducing dependence on fossil fuels and improving energy efficiency.

Solar energy is considered a promising option for generating electrical power, which has led to studies on the factors that reduce the efficiency of electrical production from clean energy. This research aims to study the effect of temperature on the electrical production efficiency of solar panels in Baghdad - Al-Jadriya, through field testing and measurements at the study site during 2024. The study used a monocrystalline solar panel (Crystalline-Mono) with 12.5% efficiency, along with an efficiency measurement device and a solar panel characteristic tester (SPI-ARRAY TESTER 5000), a solar radiation measurement device (Solar Power Meter), and a temperature measurement device (Channel Temperature Meter-4).
The field study revealed that increased temperature causes a loss in the maximum electrical conversion capacity, affected by the maximum voltage value, which decreases due to the thermal coefficient change of 0.45 per degree Celsius above 25°C and solar radiation of 1000 W/m² within the standard specifications of the solar panel. The highest efficiency for maximum electrical conversion of the solar panel was recorded in March, with solar radiation of 990 W/m², a panel temperature of 23.5°C, and a maximum electrical power of 237.5 W. In July, the highest solar radiation value during the summer was recorded at 856 W/m², with a panel temperature of 62°C, and the maximum electrical conversion efficiency was 188.68 W, which is lower than in March due to the impact of increased panel temperature, resulting in a loss of 48.82 W

Iraq has come to realize the importance of finding new visions that keep pace with the geo-economic changes due to its geographical location, which has made it a center for trade in the Middle East and a passage for trade caravans from Asia on their way to Europe, such as the famous Silk Road and the routes coming from India and Iran to the Mediterranean coast in the era preceding the establishment of the Suez Canal. Hence came the idea of the dry canal project, which restores Iraq's effective role in trade exchange between East Asia and the Arabian Gulf with Turkey and Europe by extending a road that ensures the possibility of goods arriving in a land journey not exceeding 15 days instead of a sea journey of up to 30 days, with two paths, one of which is a railway line with a length of 1176. Accordingly, this research aims to study the geo-economic development path in its extension within the borders of Iraq and its impact on the economic structure of Iraq and a spatial analysis of the railway transport project, the total length of which reached about 2893 in 2022, with 4 main lines linking the Iraqi governorates together, and the number of trains reached about 33 trains with a traffic volume estimated at about 143 thousand passengers and about 406964 tons of goods for the same year, compared to an expected traffic volume in the future after the completion of the line estimated at about 14.5 million passengers and about 2 million tons of goods annually in its first stages of operation, so that the research can estimate the levels of spatial and economic efficiency of land transport by railway, and look to the future in short and long-term time stages until 2050.

The craft of blacksmithing is one of the traditional heritage crafts that has accompanied man since ancient times, and its tools and industries have varied. It is one of the basic crafts that cannot be dispensed with throughout the ages that man has lived, as its products are diverse and their uses are different. In addition, its workers are keen to excel in the manufacture of traditional tools by continuing to preserve the ancient machinery and keeping pace with technical development in the formation of their crafts. The most ancient tools that appeared in metal and mining crafts hundreds of years ago are military weapons, represented by (arrows, sword, spear, The axe, the shield, the helmet, and the shield (Recently, iron-based products have appeared, including (weapons, doors, windows, some parts of home furniture, modern technical devices, etc.)
The Shamiya district was characterized by the continuation and spread of the blacksmithing craft In its administrative units, with the district center maintaining the first place in the number and size of workshops and the number of workers in it, followed in second place by the Saliha district, then Al-Mahanawiyah, and finally the Ghams district.
This craft has helped raise the economic level of its workers as a result of the increase in individual income, and this is reflected in all life facilities through Achieving economic and social well-being for them.

Belarus' location in Eastern Europe is of great geopolitical importance, as the country's location historically and currently has contributed to making it the focus of attention of major powers, including Russia and the European Union, which consider it a pivotal state in strengthening their influence due to its distinguished position in political, economic and military strategies. Its location has qualified it to be a vital bridge between Russia on the one hand and the Baltic states and Europe on the other hand. Its location has also strengthened its political and economic influence after the passage of energy pipelines from Russia to European and Asian countries. These lines extending through its territory have enabled it to obtain financial fees, in addition to achieving industrial development for Belarus and becoming an important resource for it. Due to the importance of its location, the Russian trend came from Russia's geopolitical calculations to proceed with the implementation of the fourth political theory, which focused on extending Russian influence in the Eurasian space and preserving it and not relinquishing it, because it would expose Russia's entity to the risks of Western expansion led by the United States and its European allies. In addition, its location has contributed to strengthening the Russian position militarily towards Ukraine. When Russia invaded Ukraine.

This research aims to analyze drought and its trends by using the Standard Rainfall Index (SPI) based on processing climate data for monthly rainfall rates for 12 climate stations based on data from the General Authority of Meteorology for the period (1990-2022). When applying the Standard Rainfall Index (SPI) to the stations of the study area during the seasons (autumn, winter, spring) and for 32 rainy seasons, the results showed that the category of moderately humid seasons and the category of moderately dry seasons constituted the largest proportion among the categories of the Standard Rainfall Index (SPI) with a percentage of (32% - 37%) respectively from the total categories of the index, which is eight categories and ranges from the category of very humid seasons to the very dry seasons
As for the other categories, their percentages were graded as follows: The category of very humid seasons constituted the lowest percentage among the other categories with an amount of (1.64%) only, followed by the category of very dry, very humid and very dry seasons with very close percentages as follows: (%4.34 - %3.99 - %3.55) respectively, then the medium dry seasons category represented a percentage of (%6.25) among the other categories,
and the medium wet seasons category came in third place with a percentage of (%10) of the total other categories. The study concluded that the percentage of wet seasons is greater than the percentage of dry seasons for all stations in the study area, as the percentage of wet years reached (%54) while dry years (%46)

The fluctuation of snow and the low supply of safe water for human settlements are a direct reason for revealing the preferred sites for implementing snowmelt water harvesting projects using the Normalized Snow Index (NDSI) and the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), as well as 3-hour water flow forecasts provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting for the GEOGloWS ECMWF Stream flow System. The research aims to develop water resources in northern Iraq based on the Arc Map program to identify the preferred sites for implementing water harvesting technology to manage the supply of safe water. To implement this, the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) was used to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of snow. The Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) water accumulation model will be applied by determining the flow direction layer and the water accumulation areas. The research reached several results, namely determining the snow cover for the period from (27-12-2023 to 13-12-2024), in addition to determining the river network that reached the fourth rank. And extracting the volume of flow in cubic meters and then the places where water from melting snow collects and facilitating the task of making planning decisions to manage the water supply in the study area.

The problem of the study was represented by the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as a result of a strategic American-European meeting that goes back in its roots to the common intellectual and political characteristics between Europe and America on March 17, 1948 AD, and was determined at that time to confront the growing communist tide in Europe in the aftermath of World War II, as these countries concluded that they were unable to carry out this confrontation alone, which prompted them to negotiate with the United States and sign the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949 AD, in order to confront the Soviet Union. After the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States of America had strategic goals for the survival of NATO in the long term to ensure its security in the first place, and this is what led the alliance to expand its vital area. Today, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has become a force with unique military capabilities in the world, and an executive tool in the hands of the United States of America. After dominating Europe and ending the dangers such as the Soviet Union, the United States of America worked to use the human and military energies of this organization in any operation it intended to carry out for the purpose of investigating the cost of wars so as not to involve itself in bearing the expenses of the war and then distributing them among the members of the organization. The number now is 31 countries, and today there are many opponents of the expansion of the vital area of this alliance, including: Russia, China, North Korea and Iran.

The study provides a geopolitical analysis of the elements of human The study provides a geopolitical analysis of the elements of human and economic power in the State of Yemen for the period (2010-2020) and an explanation of their geopolitical importance. Therefore, to prove the validity of the hypotheses, the study focused on analyzing the elements of human and economic power, and at the forefront of these elements (population size and growth - and their geographical distribution). The study also required an analysis of economic elements. Including oil and gas, agriculture, industry, and fisheries. The study also required an analysis of the most important economic indicators in the state of Yemen, because of their importance in its strength or weakness, stability or instability.

This research explores the topic of the "Phenomenology of Urban Expansion," which refers to observing a human phenomenon occurring in most cities. The study focuses on one of the old neighborhoods of Baqubah with an environmentally interwoven character that combines rural and urban features—Shifta Neighborhood. Geographic Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) tools were employed to analyze the unregulated urban expansion in this historically significant area and its effects on agricultural lands and open spaces between 2003 and 2023.
The study utilized cartographic analysis of aerial imagery and topographic maps to examine land-use changes and identify temporal trends. The results indicated an increase in built-up areas with an annual growth rate of 5.73%, at the expense of agricultural lands, which experienced a significant decline. This reflects a rapid urban expansion that threatens the sustainability of agricultural resources in the region.



The study recommends adopting planning policies that ensure a balance between urban growth and the preservation of agricultural lands, as well as enhancing the use of GeoAI tools to monitor future changes and support planning decisions. This research aims to contribute to urban studies in human geography and its relationship with modern technologies and artificial intelligence.

Animal production is a fundamental component of agricultural production, representing the second essential part that complements plant production. Fishery resources are one of the important types of animal production due to their nutritional, industrial, and economic significance, and they serve as a crucial source of income for farmers in Salahuddin Governorate. Despite their importance, fishery resources have significantly declined in recent years due to numerous obstacles hindering their development and growth.
After producing more than 11,500 tons of fish during the period 2017-2022, production has drastically dropped to less than 3,000 tons. Among the most prominent obstacles facing fish production are the reduction in the availability of water resources, limited government support, fish diseases, and competition from imported fish from outside Iraq. This study aims to identify these obstacles and explore ways to address them to promote the development of this important agricultural sector.

Urban agriculture has received great attention in all countries of the world due to its role in enhancing global food security, as it allows the possibility of meeting the family's food requirements in a safe and acceptable manner in terms of material cost, as urban agriculture is viewed as a tool through which a positive contribution can be made to both urban food security and in terms of increasing local production and activating urban employment, as it has made a significant contribution to feeding a significant portion of the city's population, in addition to creating job opportunities for large numbers of city residents, and thus it can be a strategic tool to reduce the phenomenon of poverty in those areas, as global experiences have proven that urban agriculture has a role in combating hunger, alleviating malnutrition problems, and facilitating access to fresh and healthy foods at the lowest costs.
In terms of urban sustainability, urban agriculture plays a role in improving and raising the level of sustainability in cities by increasing environmental quality such as recycling wastewater, recycling some urban waste, reducing air temperatures in residential neighborhoods, raising air quality, reducing dust, and enhancing biodiversity, not to mention its social benefits by creating an interactive green space for residents in the city, most notably in reconnecting residents with the food system and the natural environment and improving the mental health of city residents. The research included three axes. The first axis discussed the concept of urban agriculture, its forms and types. The second axis discussed the benefits and importance of urban agriculture and its role in enhancing food security. The third axis sheds light on food security variables and global experiences. The research came out with a set of results, proposals and recommendations, based on the fact that urban agriculture is widely related to food security through food production in cities and reducing demand and pressure on agricultural lands to secure daily needs.
Urban agriculture research.

This research aims to study and analyze the phenomenon of vegetation cover change in the center of Daquq District using cartographic modeling techniques integrated with the CA-MARKOV model, which is considered an effective tool for predicting future changes in geographic and environmental phenomena. The study relies on integrating Remote Sensing techniques with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze spatio-temporal data related to vegetation cover.
Data were collected from satellite images for different time periods, with advanced processing techniques applied to extract vegetation indicators such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). These data are analyzed to identify historical change patterns and are then used as inputs for the CA-MARKOV model, which combines Cellular Automata (CA) and the Markov model to simulate future change scenarios with high accuracy. The results demonstrate the capability of the CA-MARKOV model to predict spatial changes in vegetation cover for future years—particularly the target year of 2050, representing a 26-year projection—thus providing a scientific tool to support sustainable environmental planning in the region.
The study highlights the importance of cartographic modeling in forecasting environmental changes and offering insights that assist decision-makers in taking measures to preserve vegetation cover and mitigate the impacts of environmental degradation. It also presents a practical framework that can be applied in other regions with similar environmental conditions.

The study explored spatial modeling to identify optimal sites for water harvesting in the Wadi Al-Khazrajia Basin using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It compared two approaches: unconstrained modeling, which includes all spatial data without exclusions, and constrained modeling, which filters out irrelevant or low-impact categories. While the unconstrained method allowed a broad analysis, it sometimes included non-significant factors, reducing accuracy.
In contrast, the constrained approach used the Raster Calculator and the “Con” function in ArcGIS to apply logical conditions that excluded unsuitable areas. This method aligned more closely with the study’s goals and improved model precision.
The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the weight of each influencing factor through expert surveys. These weights were applied using the Weighted Overlay technique. Factors considered included geology, rainfall, slope, elevation, vegetation, soil texture, drainage networks, and proximity to roads and settlements.
Results showed that constrained modeling improves accuracy by eliminating unsuitable areas, such as steep slopes and regions outside drainage networks. The study concluded that constrained modeling is more effective and realistic, making it a valuable tool in environmental planning and sustainable water resource management.

If the concept of national security means what the state does to preserve its sovereignty and stability, the concept of food security means what the state does to ensure that members of society have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their nutritional needs for an active and healthy life, based on the concept of food security as defined by the World Food Summit held in 1996, so the importance of food security lies in.
1. Providing a healthy and sound life for individuals
2. Ensure community stability
3. Achieving peace and security
Food security is closely related to sustainable development, and the concept of sustainable development as defined by the Portland Commission is to meet the needs of the age without destroying the power of future generations to meet their own needs, it is a process of change aimed at coordinating between a set of economic and social goals on the one hand and managing the environment on the other, taking into account the needs of future generations.
Therefore, there is a close relationship between food security and sustainable development, as food security means (sufficient and safe food to meet needs) and sustainable development of agriculture means (food sustainability and well-being).
Based on the previous concepts, the role of cereal crops in achieving Iraqi food security and its implications for sustainable development (the barley crop as a model) will be examined, as strategic crops such as wheat play a key role in achieving Iraqi food security.
Research Problem
The need for food is one of the important physiological needs that are indispensable for humans, so the provision of food to society by the state is considered one of the main pillars of achieving psychological security for the individual and society, and the lack of food and thus the lack of food security will lead to a number of economic and social issues that shake the security and social peace and therefore it was necessary to shed light on the topic of food security and the role of strategic crops in achieving that security and link it to the topic of sustainable agricultural development in Iraq, especially under the current circumstances that the world is going through such as the Ukrainian war and the Gaza war and its resultant consequences.

The recycling industry is an important industry that contributes to the movement of industrial, economic and social activity The industry provides new products using pre-used materials as a low-cost raw material that reduces the cost of production and reduces the amount of waste released to the environment in addition to providing jobs. It contributes to economic development by supplying it with essential products, whether finished goods or semi-manufactured raw materials, which are in many industries, creating an important industrial linkage between different industries.
The recycling industry in Basra governorate has included (6) types they are (Metal recycling industry, plastic recycling industry, oil recycling industry, semi-manufactured material recycling industry, battery recycling industry, recycling machinery industry and robots) These industrial types have been spread over (3) districts (Basra, Zubair and Qurnah) with a total of 52 industrial facilities and 1,328 workers. There was a disparity in geographical distribution at the level of administrative units in the governorate, where Basra district ranked first in the settlement of recycling industry facilities and numbering (31) facilities amounting to 59.61% of the total number of recycling industry facilities in the governorate, and the number of the workers occupied by the recycling industry in the Basra District (391) Workers (29.44%) of the total number of the workers in this sector, and Zubair District ranked second in the settlement of the recycling industry in Basra governorate with (19) facilities (36.53%) spread over different areas of the governorate, and has the most workers in the recycling industry in the governorate (912) Workers (68.67%) of the total number of workers, while the Qurna District is ranked last with two facilities comprising (25) workers. The industry suffers from some problems, including: the problem of cheating with raw materials, fluctuating prices and the problem of energy and fuel, especially its high cost and programmed cutting. Most industrial facilities have owned their own diesel generators, raising the cost of production. The marketing problem is one of the most important problems facing the recycling industry in Basra governorate, although manufactured products are of high quality. However, they can be difficult to market for being recycled from pre-used materials The recycling industry also suffers from problems in the allocation of industrial plots as this industry requires large areas for the purpose of industrial facilities and storage, In addition to the problem of government support, climate, industrial fraud, funds, labor and pollution.