Journal of college of Law for Legal and Political Sciences

It is recognized in our current era that the existence of a law regulating electronic transactions is a necessity after resorting to electronic transactions of various types, whether by natural or legal persons, has become a common thing in daily dealings, and even a binding matter, as is the case in Iraq in light of the recent trends of the government to resort to electronic payment methods to pay fees or wages due on some transactions and actions.
purpose of establishing the legal frameworks regulating electronic transactions, the Iraqi legislator issued payment methods to pay fees or wages due on some transactions and actions.
For the purpose of establishing the legal frameworks regulating electronic transactions, the Iraqi legislator issued Electronic Signature and Electronic Transactions Law No. 78 of 2012 after the issuance of this law was delayed compared to the laws issued regulating the aforementioned transactions in many Arab and foreign countries. If the issuance of this law represents an important stage in the framework of seeking to regulate electronic transactions. However, this law was marred by many shortcomings, which makes achieving the objectives it set a matter that faces many difficulties. This research aims to clarify the objectives that the legislator seeks to achieve by issuing this law. Then, clarify the provisions that this law has decided for some electronic legal transactions or actions

Contemporary relations between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China are marked by increasing tension and complexity, driven by the intersection of deep economic interdependence and intensifying geopolitical and strategic rivalry. Despite strong trade relations and deeply interconnected supply chains, the two powers face growing disputes over sensitive sovereignty and security issues, most notably the Taiwan question, disputes in the South China Sea, the trade war, and competition in advanced technologies.
Looking ahead, the bilateral relationship is expected to remain characterized by long-term strategic competition. However, there may be opportunities for pragmatic cooperation on global issues of mutual concern, such as climate change, pandemic preparedness, and the regulation of the global financial system—provided that both sides demonstrate a minimum level of political trust and willingness to engage constructively.

Cyber terrorism has become an obsession that the whole World fears, as the world today has become vulnerable to terrorist attacks via communication networks and the Internet, through Which they practice their terrorist and destructive activities from anywhere in the world and with minimal capabilities, and the risks are increasing every day due to the continuous technological development in the World, which is unable to protect the state's information assets and unable to protect People from electronic attacks. Countries have taken measures to protect their existing Systems and put in place precautionary measures to avoid cyber attacks if they occur, limit the effects resulting from such action, protect their national security and sovereignty, and control the destabilization of societies and their cohesion.

Studying the practical legal issues that hinder the implementation of international human rights law within states is of paramount importance as it aids in identifying obstacles to achieving justice and protecting individual rights on a global scale. By understanding these issues, the international community and policymakers can work towards developing practical strategies and solutions to address legal and regulatory gaps and enhance the ability of judicial systems to hold rights violators accountable. Additionally, such studies contribute to raising awareness about the importance of harmonizing national and international laws and providing necessary support and reforms to ensure the effective implementation of international standards. Furthermore, understanding the challenges associated with the application of human rights enhances the ability of states to improve their legal and legislative frameworks, ultimately leading to better protection of individual rights and ensuring respect for human rights worldwide

The research, "The Digital Transformation of Economic Diplomacy in the Middle East: An Analytical Study for the Period 2020-2025," examines the impact of digital technologies on economic relations between countries in the region, Digital transformation is emerging as a key tool in strengthening economic diplomacy, using technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and data analytics to improve trade negotiations, attract investment, and enhance international cooperation.The research focuses on understanding the impact of digital transformation in the period 2020-2025, by examining the digital tools used and their effectiveness in promoting economic cooperation between countries in the region, It aims to analyze challenges, such as the digital divide and cybersecurity, and opportunities, such as increasing transparency and efficiency in economic processes.The research reviews the experiences of selected countries in adopting digital technologies to support their economic diplomacy and provides recommendations for decision-makers on how to leverage digital transformation to achieve sustainable economic growth and enhance international cooperation, The research relies on a comparative and inductive analytical approach, providing a comprehensive view of the impact of these transformations on the economy and diplomacy in the Middle East.

Diplomacy has witnessed remarkable development in recent years. A number of modern concepts have emerged in its practices. In a world characterized by speed and dynamism, diplomacy has become one of the most important means enabling a state to confront external challenges and achieve progress and development. Consequently, diplomacy has moved beyond the political sphere and expanded to include cultural, security, and economic diplomacy. The latter has gained an ever-increasing international influence due to the policy of openness to the world, which relies on the state's internal resources and capabilities on the one hand, and diplomatic relations with other countries on the other. It is also due to the influence of the economic factor and its significant increase in importance. Furthermore, we find that foreign policy is often shaped by economic objectives, and there is a dialectical relationship between politics and economics, as political conflicts are linked to economic interests. Most studies related to diplomacy have approached diplomacy from a traditional perspective and addressed specific, recurring points, while economic diplomacy is a modern topic. New political and economic realities have produced profound transformations within the international community, encouraging international actors to become interdependent and making trade essential. Therefore, if an international actor wants to be effective and have a place in the international community, it must not confine itself to the narrow framework of political diplomacy. Battles, conflicts, and disputes are raging with equal ferocity, if not greater intensity, in the fields of technology, economy, and culture.

This study aims to examine parliamentary oversight of Iraq’s Medium-Term Budget Law, introduced as a major shift in the country's fiscal governance framework. The research begins by exploring the conceptual and legal distinctions between medium-term and annual budgets, grounded in the Iraqi Financial Management Law No. 6 of 2019. It analyzes the constitutional foundations of fiscal oversight and differentiates between real-time and post-execution parliamentary controls. The study finds that while Iraq’s Parliament has a formal mandate for oversight, several structural barriers weaken its effectiveness—including delays in submitting annual tables, limited analytical capacity within financial committees, and the non-binding nature of parliamentary recommendations. The research concludes with the need for legal amendments, institutional strengthening, and technical capacity-building to ensure more effective legislative oversight of multi-year budgets

Infectious diseases are among the deadly and hidden weapons that the victim cannot see or defend himself against, and this is what prompted many criminals to develop new behaviors and methods in their crimes by using methods of transmission of infection to their victims. Infectious diseases, whether intentionally or unintentionally, will be in front of criminal responsibility, so the call is renewed to confront these risks with the intervention of the legislator to criminalize acts of transmission of infection and determine their legal scope, with a special provision that punishes the offender who transmits a disease to another person, so these acts are not left without criminalization depending on the general rules of criminal law, or by analogy with other crimes stipulated in existing laws:

Contemporary Saudi-African relations have witnessed significant development in the political, economic, and security fields. This development has been reinforced by the nature of Saudi policy, which aims to strengthen its economic and political presence on the African continent, as it represents a promising market and a center for investment within the Kingdom's Vision 2030. In light of the geopolitical and economic developments taking place globally, relations between Saudi Arabia and South Africa have emerged as a model for study and a vital field of research due to their pivotal roles in Africa and the Arab world. This necessitates shedding light on contemporary bilateral relations between the two countries, particularly in the areas of economic, political, and cultural cooperation, as well as assessing opportunities to strengthen these relations in the future

e study aims to explore the discovery known as genetic fingerprinting and how it differs in importance and application from forensic evidence matching genetic fingerprints. The study's objective is to clarify how the use of genetic fingerprint matching in forensic evidence can lead to misuse and violations of the sanctity of private life, as well as the legal value of genetic fingerprinting in forensic evidence. Genetic fingerprinting is characterized by being easy to read, recognize, record, and store in a computer until needed. Among the most significant findings reached by the researcher: The genetic fingerprint is defined as (the genetic pattern formed from recurring sequences within the non-functional DNA, which is distinct for each individual and does not match between two distant persons but can match in identical twins). The genetic fingerprint is a conclusive and fixed evidence for proving a person's identity, as it possesses unique characteristics and traits that vary among individuals and do not coincide between two people. The technique of genetic fingerprinting provides decisive and conclusive authority in resolving paternity disputes, confirming the truth of parentage, and even types of other familial connections, indicating measurement, interest, and alignment with the intention of the legislator

The Middle East represents a strategic pivotal point in the balance of power in the international system, due to its unique geographical location and vast natural resources, in addition to its control over several vital sea lanes for global trade and energy. This location has been a center of attraction for major powers, led by the United States and Russia, which have historically competed to expand their influence in the region, each according to its own vision and interests. Amid this international competition, China has emerged as a rising power seeking to strengthen its presence in the Middle East through tools different from those used by traditional powers. Instead of military interventions or political alignment, China has adopted a pragmatic foreign policy focused on long-term economic interests, employing initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative to strengthen economic and logistical ties with countries in the region. Chinese policy toward the Middle East is characterized by caution and balance, as Beijing seeks to expand its partnerships without entering into axes or conflicts, and maintains balanced relations with both Moscow and Washington. At the same time, China is keen on regional stability as a prerequisite for the success

The laws of The Hague and Geneva have established principles that led to the codification and widespread adoption of the rules and principles of international significant issues in international humanitarian law and human rights due to their severe impact on civilian populations, including crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes. Given the frequency of such conflicts, international legal rules have imposed obligations on the parties involved to provide minimum standards of protection that reflect human rights. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the two Additional Protocols of 1977 focus particularly on protecting displaced persons as civilians. who are not participating in hostilities. Of special importance is Common Article 3 of the Conventions, which is considered a “mini-convention” binding for protection in non-international armed conflicts.

The issue of compensation for variable damages arising from infectious diseases is an important topic at the present time, as many people are infected with infectious and transmissible diseases, which then develop into complete inability to perform duties, and eventually inevitable death. The damage resulting from infection with an infectious disease is the reason for the establishment of civil liability. The most important element of civil liability is the damage, which represents the beginning of the right to compensation, as it represents the nerve of this liability. If the damage is absent, civil liability is absent.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, which led to the rise of the United States as a dominant power in international politics, and with the emergence of globalization, patterns of conflict and wars changed in a way that required the use of multiple methods, which prompted Russia and other international powers to employ mercenary groups to achieve their strategic goals. At a time when the Russian-Ukrainian war is escalating and appears as a confrontation between two regular armies, it seems that there is another aspect to this war represented by the involvement of mercenary groups in the conflict. This portends the emergence of a wave of extremism and terrorism that may pose a major threat to security in the European continent and around the world. From this perspective, and to demonstrate the extent of the participation of mercenary groups represented by the Russian (Wagner Group) in the conflict, and the parties that support them, with a focus on the future risks that may threaten the security of the countries of the European continent that believed that they would remain far from violence and extremism as long as they were an active party in proxy wars in other countries, mercenaries played an important role in implementing their strategies thanks to their financial and military capabilities, and this was clearly demonstrated by the employment of mercenaries (Wagner Group) Russia and their involvement in the Ukrainian war, but the employment of mercenaries has led to violations of human rights and national sovereignty, and the deterioration of humanitarian conditions in the affected areas, and that the use of mercenaries poses a challenge to international laws and raises questions about adherence to them, and can lead to the replacement of official armies with mercenaries and the exacerbation of conflicts.

Foreign policy varies from country to country and can increase or diminish a country's importance and may be based on neutrality, balance, realism and tranquility, or on the contrary The policy may be based on neutrality, balance, realism and tranquility, or on the contrary, it may move in the following direction, while it may move towards polarization, interlocutor policy and intersection of interests with the regional and international environment, So the role of the decision maker in framing the State's foreign policy on the basis of principles, constants, anchors and pillars In this role, the State's foreign policy deals with the national ocean beyond its borders in its foreign policy, This role must be balanced and rational and reflect mutual interests with all Foreign policy deals with the State's environment beyond its geographical boundaries and is called foreign policy, This study aims to highlight the phenomenon of neutrality in Iraq's foreign policy and its impact on making Iraq a politically, economically and socially stable country as well as identifying the characteristics of Iraq's foreign policy and highlighting the challenges and constraints it faces, It identifies the main challenges and constraints facing Iraq's foreign policy, analyses the role of neutrality in guiding this policy and sets out a direction for Iraq's foreign policy, It identifies the most significant challenges to Iraq's foreign policy after 2020 on the basis of unchanged circumstances and responsibilities as a result of its strategic position in the region

Legal security is one of the most essential pillars of contemporary legal systems that aim to achieve security and stability for individuals’ legal positions through the law. It is a principle that seeks to establish a degree of relative stability in legal relationships and a minimum level of security and stability for contracting parties. Legal security means that individuals are protected from sudden changes or amendments to the legal rules governing their legal positions.
‏It’s ultimate goal is to safeguard legal rights and statuses, thereby fostering public trust in the legal system. Thus, the need for legal security becomes even more pronounced in situations characterized by instability, particularly in apparent legal statuses.
‏Apparent ownership involves a discrepancy between the legal titleholder and the actual possessor. In other words, the individual exercising actual authority over the owned property differs from the person legally entitled to exercise such authority. This discrepancy can undermine the security and stability of contractual transactions, especially when a third party who is in good faith acquires a right in the property. In such cases, there is a need to establish more secure solutions for all parties involved to maintain contractual stability and security within society.
‏The apparent owner is an individual who appears to be the real owner and exercises actual control over the legal right, They may hold certain powers or prerogatives associated with the legal right, creating a common belief among third parties that they are, in fact, the legal titleholder, Such third parties, acting in good faith, are led to assume that the apparent owner is the rightful holder of the legal right in question

Strategic balances are a vital component of international relations, as they reflect the distribution of power and influence among states and determine the trajectories of alliances and conflicts on the global stage. International powers play a pivotal role in shaping these balances through their foreign policies, military alliances, and economic influence, leading to complex patterns of mutual influence between regional and global powers. This study explores the concept of balance and strategic balance to understand its theoretical dimensions. It then examines the factors influencing regional and international balances, such as military power, economy, and technology. The research also discusses the role of global powers in shaping the balance of power worldwide and the requirements for the influence of regional and international balances in shaping the global order. Finally, it addresses the issue of mutual influence, which reflects the dynamic interconnection between regional and international powers, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of strategic balances in the modern era

Commercial arbitration is the arbitration that resolves a dispute that has arisen in the context of a disagreement over an obligation under a legal relationship related to a commercial activity, whether this relationship is contractual or non-contractual. This requires us to define and establish specific standards through which we distinguish between commercial and non-commercial activities and define the concept of international trade, so that we can establish a specific standard for commercial business. In addition to the inability of jurisprudence to find a specific standard suitable for distinguishing international commercial arbitration from other forms of arbitration, this inability was translated through the rules of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985), with the amendments adopted in 2006, which did not provide a definition of international commercial arbitration. Thus, it is possible to agree to apply those rules even with regard to domestic arbitration in the absence of an internal text prohibiting that

The media plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion on criminal cases, particularly those related to terrorist crimes that attract widespread public interest. This research aims to analyze the impact of media coverage on the accused in terrorist cases, by examining how the media covers these cases and the extent to which they adhere to the presumption of innocence and the rights of the accused. The research also examines the negative repercussions of biased or prejudicial media coverage, which may lead to the social stigmatization of the accused before a final court ruling is issued, thus violating the principle of criminal justice. The research also discusses the media's influence in directing public pressure on investigating and judicial authorities, which may affect the impartiality of legal proceedings. The research concludes the importance of establishing strict professional and legal controls for covering terrorist crimes, ensuring respect for human rights and balancing media freedom with the requirements of justice

Operation "Noah's Flood," the surprise attack launched by Hamas against Israel on October 7, 2023, marked a turning point in the dynamics of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, with far-reaching repercussions for regional security in the Middle East. Tensions escalated as the conflict spread to other fronts, such as Lebanon and Yemen, highlighting the fragility of regional security. Regional alliances were also clearly affected. Israel strengthened its alliance with the West, while the axis of resistance (represented by Iran, Hezbollah, and the Houthis) actively confronted it. Within the context of the war, the positions of Arab states differed, with some calling for calm and others rejecting normalization. This study examines the direct and indirect impacts of this major event on regional stability, focusing on the balance of power, regional alliances, and repercussions over a specific period.

The topic of constitutional protection for people odetermination constitutes an important focus in legal and rights-based studies, as ensuring the rights of this group is a fundamental duty in achieving the principle of justice and equality upon which modern states are built. People of determination represent a significant segment of Iraqi society, and granting them the necessary protection is not only a legal obligation but also an expression of respect for their humanity and unique abilities, ensuring their active participation in building society in Iraq. The constitution provides a fundamental legal framework that guarantees rights and freedoms for all citizens, including people of determination. However, implementing this protection requires translating constitutional provisions into effective legislation and practical measures that create a supportive environment and eliminate the obstacles they face.

State intervention in various aspects of economic and social life has created a need for state administrations to serve public interests. Consequently, the concept of the social function of property rights has been adopted. This has led to the emergence of certain restrictions stipulated by law, limiting the owner's authority over his property. The most important of these restrictions are nationalization, confiscation, and expropriation. What concerns us in this study is seizure, whereby the administration seizes real estate in violation of the law, i.e., without justification. As is clear, seizure occurs temporarily and in special cases. The laws in Iraq have specified the duration of seizure. Although the law grants the public administration the authority to seize individuals' property, the administration is subject to judicial oversight during the seizure process, and the legality of its actions is subject to the courts. Judicial oversight is the true guarantee of protecting legitimacy.