Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

The importance of the subject of slaves and the views of Orientalist studies on
it is highlighted by the fact that it sheds light on a segment of the Islamic society
or non-Arab Muslims who embraced the Islamic religion and whose origins were different, including Persians, Abyssinians, Romans and other peoples who entered under the banner of Islam and participated in building society at all levels. Orientalist
studies came to show that slaves and clients were oppressed and wronged by the
Islamic state socially and economically. This research attempts to prove that slaves
and clients are equal to Arab Muslims and everyone enjoys rights and duties. Thus,
Islam’s view of slaves and clients is shown as being part of Islamic society. It reveals
the suspicions and slander of Orientalists and their false accusations against Islam
with weak texts condemned to injustice and slander

After the Arab-Islamic conquest of Andalusia, peoples entered it in large
numbers from all sides, as the conquerors and these immigrants contributed to changing the religious, linguistic, historical and scientific face of that
country, and Andalusia witnessed a remarkable development in various sciences and knowledge, in addition to the fact that the city of Al-Bireh has
importance. It is also a large and important scientific center for the Arab
countries in general and for the countries of Andalusia in particular, as studies and arts were concentrated there and it became an important cultural
center after the capital, Baghdad.

The 1962 revolution in Yemen and the declaration of a republican regime
were a political shift that occurred against the monarchy. Britain was opposed
to the establishment of a republic in Yemen and did not recognize it. It provided
support to the opposition groups, represented by the royalists, and worked to
eliminate it, considering it a direct threat to its colonial authority in South Yemen. The British continued to hesitate in recognizing the republic in 1962, and
its policy toward the republican regime was determined by a set of vital interests. The Aden base played a key role in protecting its economic interests in the
region, and it feared the influence of the republican regime would extend to its
areas of influence, thus threatening its colonial interests

The Orientalist phenomenon had a great interest in all aspects of the scientific, cultural, intellectual and political life of the Islamic nation. This explains the
abundance of Orientalist production and the abundance of studies and research
conducted by Orientalists with different orientations and objectives regarding the
Arab Islamic conquests. Contemporary Orientalist studies focused on the conquest
of North Africa and Africa as part of the Islamic conquest, providing a comprehensive view of the regions through primary Arabic sources. These studies contributed
to understanding the history of the Islamic conquest of the region, with a focus on
the various stages and main leaders, in addition to the circumstances that preceded the conquest.

The Mongol invasion of the Islamic world in the seventh century AH is considered one of the
bloodiest and most influential chapters in Islamic history, leaving profound cultural, religious, and political impacts. The great historian Ibn Kathir al-Dimashqi )d. 774 AH( documented the details of this
invasion in his famous book, “Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah,” providing important historical testimony and
an analytical perspective on those events. In the seventh century AH, the Islamic world witnessed one
of the greatest historical catastrophes when the Mongol hordes swept across the Islamic kingdoms
east and west, destroying cities, toppling states, and shedding blood, in a bloody scene unparalleled
in history. The fall of Baghdad in 656 AH/1258 AD at the hands of Hulagu was the most prominent
of these events and effectively marked the end of the Abbasid era in Baghdad. In this turbulent context, the importance of the descriptions and analysis recorded by Muslim historians of that tragedy
emerged. The historian Ibn Kathir al-Dimashqi )d. 774 AH( is considered one of the most prominent
scholars who addressed that era in his famous book, “Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah.” It is a historical encyclopedia that will benefit students of knowledge at all times, as it includes a history of the Islamic
world, beginning with the history of humanity since the 12th century. The creation of Adam, peace be
upon him, and the end of his era, specifically until the year 768 AH / 1366 AD

The Egyptian Revolution of January 25, 2011, was a significant event that
reshaped Egypt’s Political landscape. Historians have diverse Perspectives
on this revolution, with some viewing it as a genuine people’s uprising
against corruption and dictatorships, While others see it as a movement
that was later manipulated by various Political forces, Some historians emphasize the role of social media and youth movements in mobilizing the
protests. While others highlight the study explores the opinions of Egytian
historians on the revolution, by presenting the evidence they relied on.

The Mamluk era lasted for 275 years, representing a significant historical period. Despite
the political instability that characterized parts of it, this era remains one of the most remarkable and unique periods in Islamic history, having achieved a level of success unmatched
in the annals of governance. The Mamluk Sultanate was notably ruled by individuals who, in
most cases, did not share a common lineage—indeed, many of them did not even come from
free backgrounds. Rather, they arrived in Egypt as slaves and gradually ascended through the
military and administrative ranks until some attained the highest position of Sultan.
Such is the case of Sultan Husam al-Din Lajin (696–698 AH / 1296–1299 CE), whose reign,
though brief—lasting approximately two years—was marked by significant administrative undertakings, most notably the Rukn al-Husami (Husami Land Survey). This survey serves as a
prime example of an economic measure with considerable political implications during the
Mamluk era. This research explores the political impact of the Husami Rukn as a model of how
economic organization could influence political structures .
The study is divided into several sections: the first addresses the concept of the Husami
Rukn; the second focuses on the economic policies and reforms introduced by Sultan Lajin;
and the third analyzes the political consequences of these measures. The main body of the
research is preceded by an academic introduction and followed by a conclusion and a comprehensive list of sources and references.

The study of the history of international relations has garnered significant interest among researchers, particularly concerning
the relations of major powers, most notably France, due to its role in various political, military, economic, and social developments
witnessed by the modern and contemporary world.
France possessed military and technological capabilities that positioned it as a leading global power, bolstered by its colonial
possessions and interests across different regions of the world. Conversely, New Zealand maintained distinctive relations with certain global powers due to its status as a member of the Commonwealth and its geographic location overlooking the Pacific Ocean.
However, the arms race between the major powers in both the capitalist and communist blocs, and their pursuit of weapons of mass
destruction, had an impact on New Zealand’s political developments, particularly its stance on the nuclear tests conducted by France
in certain islands in the Pacific Ocean. New Zealand’s ports often served as rest stops for military ships and vessels.
In light of the research titled “The Auckland Affair and Its Impact on French-New Zealand Relations”, it can be said that New
Zealand, due to its Pacific location and the evolution of its political system, witnessed a strong opposition movement to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. This context gave rise to the activities of Greenpeace, which used New Zealand as a base
for its environmental campaigns. The organization targeted French nuclear tests to limit their nuclear activity amid the global race
for nuclear weapons. France perceived this as a direct challenge to its armament efforts, influenced by both internal and external
political factors, including pressure from the Soviet Union.
In light of these developments, France devised a secret plan to dismantle Greenpeace’s operations by targeting its fleet docked
at Auckland port. However, the exposure of the perpetrators of the bombing had repercussions on French–New Zealand relations.
Despite the generally positive political and economic ties between the two countries, New Zealand approached the incident with
great caution. Its response evolved in three stages:
First stage: The bombing was considered an act of sabotage, a purely criminal matter rather than an act of terrorism.
Second stage: As evidence emerged linking the bombing to a state actor, the president described it as a “dirty act of state-sponsored international terrorism.”
Third stage: Upon confirming France’s involvement, the New Zealand government ceased referring to the incident as “terrorism,” instead labeling it a criminal attack that constituted a violation of international law and state responsibility .
Auckland, French, New Zealand, Mitterrand , Greenpeace

The Banu Aws tribes are from the Azdi Arab tribes that inhabited Medina.
When Islam appeared, these tribes played an important role in supporting
the Islamic religion in general and their effective role in the Islamic armies to
conquer Iraq and the Levant in particular, as well as leading some important
battles and achieving victory in them. I divided the research into two sections:
First: the lineage and clans of the Aws tribe, and second: the military role of
the Aws tribe.

Britain and Lebanon have had economic relations, and these relations
were crowned by a series of agreements, which were considered the closest economic ties between the two countries. Relations between the two
countries also witnessed a major development, due to the Lebanese civil
war and its impact on the Lebanese economy, and the accompanying (Israeli) invasion of Lebanon, which destroyed the Lebanese infrastructure,
which prompted countries to provide economic aid that contributed to
the restoration of the Lebanese infrastructure. Therefore, Britain provided economic aid directly, or through aid provided through the European
Union, to which Britain was considered a major contributor.

Alice Paul was an American feminist activist who advocated for women’s suffrage
and equal civil rights for American women. She was a key leader in the passage of the
Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, which prohibited sex-based
discrimination in voting rights.
This research aims to highlight the political and social role Alice Paul played in
achieving her goal of securing American women’s right to vote. From her work with
Christabel Pankhurst, leader of the Women’s Social and Political Union in Britain, to her
return to the United States of America and founding of the National Woman’s Party,
she effectively pressured the U.S. government to adopt the Nineteenth Amendment.
Ratified in 1920, this amendment granted women across the United States of America
the right to vote, ensuring equality with men.

This research dealt with the women who were mentioned in the Holy Quran, whether before or after Islam, due to their roles in many events that took
place throughout the ages. The research referred exclusively to the women
mentioned in the Holy Quran, although there are plenty of women that Quran
didn’t name them inspite of their fame and playing big role in history.

The research topic, entitled (Christianity in the book Biography of the
prophet Muhammad by the Orientalist Emile Dermenghem), aims to identify
Dermenghem's methodology in his book Biography of the prophet Muhammad
and his views on the life of the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).Dermenghem is considered the most prominent Orientalist of the French Orientalist school in the twentieth century. We have concluded that the Orientalist
Emile Dermenghem carriec a Catholian culture,which was the primary motivation for studying lslam and the life of the prophet Mohammad (a scholar). In
addition, in his professional life, Emile Dermenghem was part of the administrative structure of the French colonial administration in Algeria, along with some
Moroccans residing in France, which gave him the opportunity to gain more
Arabic knowledge.

Undoubtedly, the study of historical figures constitutes a vital component in the broader effort
to write and interpret history. While certain historical schools emphasize the role of the masses as
the primary force shaping historical events, this should not lead to the neglect or underestimation
of the individual’s role in influencing and shaping history.
In this context, the history of the United States witnessed the emergence of one of its most
influential figures—Louis Brandeis, a leading advocate of Territorial Zionism. Unlike Settlement Zionism, which required direct immigration and settlement in Palestine, Territorial Zionism—promoted
by Brandeis—did not necessarily call for immediate relocation. Instead, it emphasized financial and
political support for the Zionist project and the broader process of Jewish resettlement in Palestine.
Brandeis devoted his life to the Zionist cause.
Brandeis held prominent judicial positions, most notably as a Justice on the United States
Supreme Court. He is considered one of the most influential justices in the history of American
jurisprudence. Through his tenure on the Supreme Court and his close relationship with President
Woodrow Wilson, he contributed significantly to the development of legal thought, the protection
of individual rights, and the reinforcement of the principle of separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Following his affiliation with the Federation of American
Zionists, Brandeis also played an important role in securing the Balfour Declaration and in advancing
the Zionist settlement process in Palestine.

The Iraqi oil sector occupied a significant space in the discussions of the Iraqi Parliament
during the period (1950–1958). Issues of administrative and financial corruption emerged as one
of the main challenges facing the exploitation of oil resources for national development. As oil
grew in importance as a primary source of revenue, attention increased regarding the management of this sector, amid concerns about the abuse of power, mismanagement, and manipulation
of oil contracts by both domestic and foreign entities.
Parliamentary discussions during this period included demands for stricter oversight of contracting processes with foreign companies, ensuring the fair distribution of oil revenues, and preventing corruption in the institutions overseeing the oil sector. The deputies also explored ways
to enhance transparency and accountability in the management of oil wealth, particularly amid
rising national sentiment and calls to reduce foreign influence in the Iraqi economy.

The Darfur problem remains intractable due to the horrific humanitarian crimes
committed there. The United Nations, as the primary sponsor of human rights and
the only legitimate body capable of protecting the freedom and rights of citizens,
failed to resolve the issue. Consequently, many countries rushed to intervene—most
notably the United States of America, driven by its interests and ambitions in this
resource-rich region abundant in oil and minerals. The events in Darfur and their
internal and external repercussions have led to what can be described as a crisis
situation, approaching a point where governance and control were nearly lost.
Control

During its rule over the Maghreb states, the Ottoman Empire adopted a strategy
based on its role in promoting maritime jihad against the ships of European countries
that refused to pay tribute in exchange for the entry of their trade into Ottoman ports.
The Ottoman Empire used the Maghreb maritime jihad as a pretext to activate its military aspect, with the aim of strengthening its role in confronting the European countries that declared war against it. Therefore, the Maghreb maritime jihad contributed
to putting an end to European colonial expansion and their attempts to extend their
religious and economic goals, through those countries’ control over Islamic ports and
cities, in addition to obstructing European maritime trade in the Mediterranean. Therefore, the Ottoman Empire, in return, committed to supporting the Maghreb states with
all naval and military means and capabilities, with the aim of ensuring the protection of
its sovereignty and deterring European expansion

The possession of nuclear weapons by India, and subsequently by Pakistan, was a significant political and military event not only
on the regional level between the two countries, but also globally—especially since nuclear weapons had been limited to the major
powers, the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Among those countries, the existence of nuclear weapons
created a state of balance between international powers, maintained through global understandings and strategic equilibrium.
Given that both India and Pakistan are considered part of the Third World, their acquisition of nuclear weapons posed a serious challenge to the First World. Furthermore, the fact that the two countries have long-standing disputes—particularly over the
Kashmir region, with each claiming rightful ownership—led to several wars and military skirmishes, creating a persistent threat in
the region.
Israel supported India in the development of its nuclear capabilities, resulting in a nuclear and military alliance between the
two. This prompted Pakistan to seek financial and strategic backing to produce a weapon it viewed as a deterrent to India. Pakistan
turned to its Islamic depth for support, especially since Israel’s backing of India’s nuclear ambition was believed to serve strategic and
expansionist goals—possibly at the expense of Muslim and Arab nations. As a result, an Arab-Pakistani alliance emerged in response
to the Indo-Israeli nuclear alliance, placing the Arab world in a potential confrontation with both India and Israel—one that could
escalate to a nuclear level, thereby threatening Arab and regional security.
This study addresses the nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan and the Arab stance on it, beginning with the outbreak
of conflict between the two countries in 1948 and covering the progression of their nuclear arms race up to the year 2000, when the
race reached its peak. This escalation raised global concerns, particularly among Arab countries, which had consistently supported
Pakistan’s nuclear program. This support positioned the Arab states in direct opposition to the Indo-Israeli nuclear alliance

Shakib Arslan was one of the most prominent Arab intellectuals in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries. Known as the “Prince of Eloquence” (Amīr al-Bayān) for his
rhetorical brilliance and compelling arguments, he dedicated himself to defending
the causes of the Islamic and Arab world. Raised in an intellectual environment, he was
deeply influenced by the political and ideological currents sweeping the Muslim and
Arab regions, particularly amid rising colonialism and the fall of many Islamic lands
under European domination. Arslan adopted a unique stance, balancing his defense of
the Ottoman Empire—which he saw as a symbol of Arab unity—with his advocacy for
Arab nationalism. He viewed Arab nationalism not as contradictory to loyalty to the
Ottoman Caliphate but as part of a broader reformist project aimed at reviving the
Muslim Ummah and rescuing it from subjugation and fragmentation.

This study sheds light on Qatari-US relations during a crucial period in Qatar’s
history, the reign of Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. It contributes to the nature
of these relations, which marked a significant turning point. It also highlights the
importance of strategic and military cooperation between the two countries and its
impact on regional and international security.
By analyzing historical documents and signed agreements, the research provides
new insights into how relations between Qatar and the United States evolved and
their impact on both countries.
The study reaches several key findings, including: Qatari-US relations have developed significantly since Qatar’s independence, contributing to enhanced security
and stability in the region. Military cooperation between the two countries has had
a significant impact on the defense capabilities of the Qatari military.
Qatar’s role as a mediator in regional conflicts has played a significant role in
increasing Qatar’s strategic importance in international politics.

The study focused shedding light on the efforts of Muslim scholars particularly in al- Andalus ,in documenting medical knowledge during the 6th century AH/12th century CE using scientific methodology
based on observation and experimentation .This contributed to the discovery of new medicines that
served as a foundation for many treatments seen today in modern medicine
The research centered on the book Al-Jami’ by the physician Abdul Mallik Ibn Zuhr (d.557AH) as
a model of Andalusian physicians’ ingenuity in developing medicines .The book is considered a complementary addition to this earlier work, Al-Taysir fi Al-Mudawat wa Al-Tadbir, It is characterized by its
simplified, making it a reference for physicians,specialists,and even those with knowledge in the medical
field .The study aimed to introduce Al-Jami’, evaluate its scientific significance, and review the therapeutic methodologies derived from physicians’ experiences in treating illnesses with herbs and medicinal
substances. The findings of the research revealed that Abdul Malik Ibn Zuhr was one of the greatest
physicians’ of the medieval period, benefiting from his rich scientific environment Al-Jami’ presented
precise therapeutic prescriptions based on herbs and natural substances . Ibn Zuhr’s scientific methodology established his works as a foundation for later medical practices. Finally, the research highlighted
the influence of Andalusian physicians, such as Ibn Zuhr, in transmitting medical knowledge to Europe
through Al-Andalus, which significantly contributed to the advancement of modern medicine .

Islamic law has given special importance to diplomacy, as the Prophet (peace
and blessings be upon him) sent messengers and ambassadors to other countries, and also received messengers and ambassadors from kings.
The messengers and ambassadors is one of the most prominent topics in
international relations. I feel I don’t exaggerate when I say that it is the core of
the foreign relations of countries, because the distinguished ambassador who is
skilled in his mission, is given the respect and appreciation that enables him to
draw threads of cooperation,
building bridges of trust, establishing the foundations of peace, and removing the spectre of war, thus achieving world peace, which is the main goal of
Islam. It is the most delicate mission, to which the Prophet Mohammed (peace
and blessings of Allah be upon him) delegated from among his companions the
wisest, most knowledgeable, and the strongest in argument, and those who fulfilled the qualities of the Messenger in terms of his message and appearance.
All this attention from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is
evidence of the importance of the work of messengers and ambassadors.

Our study reveals that all sciences are interconnected with the science of history, including
the phenomenon of hypocrisy before and after the advent of Islam. Hypocrisy is considered one
of the most delicate subjects that requires special attention in writing due to its ambiguity and
hidden nature. For this reason, and because of the incidents the Prophet (peace be upon him
and his family) experienced during his life with hypocrites — as well as the diverse opinions surrounding these incidents — our research delves into this topic to portray the Prophet’s (peace
be upon him and his family) position in each event involving them.
The goal is to offer readers a clear image of the approach the Prophet (peace be upon him
and his family) adopted when dealing with hypocrites. His choices reflected the easiest and least
confrontational paths that did not hinder his mission nor drain his energy. His concern was to
respect and assess the prevailing circumstances, especially considering that the Islamic state
was still in its early stages. It would not have been wise to attract new enmities that could obstruct or delay its progress. Without a doubt, this approach embodies the methodology that the
Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) established for Muslims throughout his life journey

The Yemeni civil war between 1962 and 1967 represents an expressive model of
the overlap of regional and international dimensions in the internal conflicts of developing countries in the post-colonial era. This war revealed the extent of competition
between the major powers, as the Soviet Union sought to exploit the Yemeni republican
revolution as an opportunity to strengthen its presence in the Arabian Peninsula and
oppose the Western influence rooted there for decades. The Soviet position at the beginning of the crisis was characterized by enthusiasm to support the republican regime,
especially through Egypt, which was Moscow’s most important regional partner at that
time. As the conflict developed, Moscow moved towards more cautious and pragmatic
policies, taking into account the complexities of the Yemeni situation, the nature of the
conflicting forces, and the necessity of not exhausting its allies in side confrontations at
the expense of more important regional issues such as the Arab-Israeli conflict. Accordingly, the Soviet position in Yemen was not governed only by the ideological dimension
or the desire to support national liberation movements, but was the product of precise
calculations that combined political geography, military balances, and international
competition. This marked the beginning of a new era of Soviet presence in the Gulf and
Red Sea region, with relations later extending to South Yemen and a number of other
countries in the region. This makes this phase of Yemeni and Soviet history a key milestone for understanding the dynamics of the Cold War in the Arab world.

This study dealt with the impact of Islamic civilization in the city of Tabaristan
during the Abbasid era 132-656 AH / 750-1258 AD, with a special focus on the scientific life witnessed by the region, despite its distinguished geographical location
between the mountains of northern Iran and the Caspian Sea, which gave it relative isolation, the study relied on the analysis of educational institutions, scientific
flags, and distinguished knowledge magazines. The research has shown that the
flourishing of science in Islam was not limited to major cities, but was based on a
network of active regional centers, such as Tabaristan, which expressed the resilience of Islamic civilization and its ability to integrate local particularities into its
intellectual fabric.

The study of cities has gained special importance within the field of humanities, particularly in the study of Islamic history, as cities serve as reflective mirrors of urban development in various aspects—political, economic, social, and cultural. Moreover, such studies
enable researchers to trace transformation paths and understand the mechanisms adopted by the state to manage public affairs, organize urban planning, distribute resources, and
measure the impact of religious factors such as endowments (waqf), mosques, temples,
and churches.
The city of Sirhind stands out as one of the most ancient cities in Asian history in general, and in the history of the Indian subcontinent in particular. It is distinguished by its
early establishment and ethnically and culturally diverse population, granting it a unique
civilizational character. Sirhind became a meeting point for various ruling dynasties that
successively governed it, which enriched its history with a blend of political, religious, social,
and cultural dimensions. This diversity contributed to shaping a vibrant city that witnessed
continuous interaction among different ethnicities, sects, and traditions. As a result, a rich
and dynamic cultural scene emerged, reflecting a multiplicity of lifestyles and the wealth
of local traditions—making Sirhind a unique model for studying civilizational plurality within
the broader Islamic Asian context.

The city of Hodeida is considered one of the most prominent coastal cities
in Yemen. This study explores the Hodeida Governorate through three main sections.
In the first section, a brief overview of the city is presented, highlighting its
growth since its establishment in the 18th century, thanks to its vital port which
contributed to commercial activity. It also discusses the reasons behind the Ottoman occupation of Yemen, which aimed at controlling trade routes and securing borders, making Hodeida a strategic target, The second section addresses
the Ottoman policies in Hodeida, focusing on the political and military conditions that enhanced control and security, as well as the challenges in education
and the economy resulting from weak infrastructure and the tax system. It also
highlights health conditions, noting the establishment of hospitals to improve
healthcare, Finally, the third section examines significant Ottoman reforms that
contributed to the development of infrastructure and improvements in education and healthcare in Hodeida Governorate, positively affecting the social and
economic life of the city