Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

The aim of the study was to develop an educational program based on a systematic
approach and to demonstrate its effectiveness in acquiring geographical concepts and in
developing the values of tolerance and dialogue among fifth-grade literary students. The
study sample consisted of (60) students, who were equally divided into two groups: one
experimental and the other control. The researcher rewarded the two groups on a number
of variables. He also designed a test for acquiring geographical concepts and a scale for
measuring the values of tolerance and dialogue, ensuring their validity, interindividuality and
reliability. He also designed the educational program that he taught to the students of the
experimental group. The researcher used a number of statistical methods, such as t-test
for two independent samples, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and chi-square. The results
showed that the students of the experimental group, who studied the educational program
based on a systematic approach, outperformed the students of the control group, who studied according to the traditional program, in terms of acquiring geographical concepts and
in developing the values of tolerance and dialogue

يهدف البحث الحالي إلى ما يأتي:
ّ التعـرف الى أثـر اسـراتيجية الأنظمـة الرمزيـة المختلفـة في تحصيـل طـاب الصـف الثـاني المتوسـط في مـادة الكيميـاء
وتفكرهـم المنطقـي ، ولغـرض التحقـق مـن هـدف البحـث قـام الباحـث بصياغـة الفرضيتـان الصفريتـان ، وقـد اختـر
التصميـم التجريبـي ذا الضبـط الجزئـي ، مـن نـوع تصميـم المجموعـة الضابطـة العشـوائية الاختيـار ذات الاختبـار البعـدي
للتحصيـل للمجموعتـن التجريبيـة والضابطـة والتفكـر المنطقـي ، واختـار الباحـث عينـة البحـث مـن طـاب (ثانويـة ذو
النوريـن للبنـن) الصـف الثـاني المتوسـط في قسـم تربيـة التاجـي والطارميـة التابعـة للمديريـة العامـة لربيـة بغـداد الكـرخ/
الثالثـة بطريقـة قصديـة، وبلغـت ( ) ً 40طالبـا وكوفئـت المجموعتـان في متغـرات (العمـر الزمنـي بالأشـهر، المعلومـات
الســابقة في مــادة الكيميــاء ، واختبــار رافــن للــذكاء) وتــم تحليــل البيانــات بالاســتعانة ببرنامــج الحقيبــة الاحصائيــة في
معالجـة البيانـات ( ، )SPSSتألفـت اداة البحـث مـن الاختبـار التحصيـي مـن( )40فقـرة موضوعيـة مـن نـوع اختيـار مـن
متعـدد تـم التحقـق مـن صدقـه وخصائصـه السـيكومرية وتـم إيجـاد ثبـات الاختبـار بطريقـة كيـودر ريتشاردسـون- 20
وللتفكـر المنطقـي تكـون مـن ( )29فقـرة ، اظهـرت النتائـج وجـود أثـر اسـراتيجية الأنظمـة الرمزيـة المختلفـة في تحصيـل
طـاب الصـف الثـاني المتوسـط لمـادة الكيميـاء لصالـح المجموعـة التجريبيـة، وكذلـك للتفكـر المنطقـي ، وفي ضـوء نتائـج
البحـث أوصى الباحـث باعتـاد اسـراتيجية الأنظمـة الرمزيـة المختلفـة في تحصيـل طـاب الصـف الثـاني المتوسـط لمـادة
الكيميـاء.

The aim of the current research is to identify the relationship of technological competencies to the life and
profession skills of physics teachers for the middle school in Baghdad Governorate. For the purpose of achieving
the research goal, the descriptive approach was used for its suitability to the current research, where a measure
of technological competencies consisting of (30) items was constructed A scale for life and vocational skills consisting of (43) items. The validity and reliability of the two scales were verified by presenting them to a group of
experts and specialists in the field of computers, educational technology, teaching methods, and psychology, and
conducting statistical analysis and verifying the content validity of Scale A. After that, the two scales were applied
to a research sample of (400) teachers Of the middle school teachers in Baghdad Governorate, After analyzing
the data statistically using the SPSS program, and using the necessary statistical methods represented by the arithmetic mean and the hypothetical mean and comparing them with the t-value and Pearson correlation to find the
correlation of the paragraphs with each other and with the overall scale. the results of the research showed that
Baghdad Governorate teachers possess general technological competencies and applied technology competencies
for males and females. It was also found that there is a weakness in possessing the competencies for employing
modern technology in education for both males and females The results of the research also showed the existence
of a positive correlation between technological competencies and life and vocation skills, as well as the existence of
a positive, statistically significant correlation between the competencies applied to technology with life and vocation skills, and the absence of a statistically significant correlation between the competencies of employing modern
technology in education with life and vocation skills. In light of the results and conclusions of the research, a number
of recommendations and proposals were reached. ..

The research aimed to find out (the effect of the systemic approach on the acquisition of the prosody subject among students of the Arabic Language Department in the Colleges of Education for the Humanities. The experimental method
was adopted as a method for his research. The researcher adopted the test (Al-Awsi,
2014) as a tool for his research, verified its validity and reliability, and used appropriate statistical means in treating... His data, and after applying the test he reached
the following result: There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students and
the average scores of the control group students in the achievement test and for
the benefit of the experimental group.

The current research aims to identify the effect of Mediated Learning through Instrumental Enrichment in acquiring religious concepts in the Holy Quran and Islamic Education book
for the first intermediate grade. The researcher adopted the experimental method by designing the control and experimental groups with random selection. The research community consisted of first intermediate grade female students in the schools of the Second Karkh
Education (Rashid sector). The research sample consisted of (68) female students from Umm
Al-Mu’minin School, with (36) in the experimental group and (32) in the control group. The researcher intended to build a test of religious concepts included in the Holy Quran and Islamic
Education book for the first intermediate grade. The test consisted of (30) paragraphs. The
researcher verified the specifications and characteristics of the choice. The research results
showed a real effect of the performance enrichment strategy for learning mediation MEL in
increasing the acquisition of religious concepts. The effect size was medium for the strategy.
The researcher presented some recommendations and suggestions based on the research
results

This research aims to identify emotional adjustment and determine the significance of differences in the emotional adjustment variable based on gender (male/female). It also seeks to
understand cognitive insight and the significance of differences in the cognitive insight variable
based on gender (male/female), as well as the correlational relationship between emotional
adjustment and cognitive insight among students in the dormitories of the Technical Institute/
Najaf. Furthermore, it investigates the significance of the strength of differences in the relationship between emotional adjustment and cognitive insight among students in the dormitories of the Technical Institute/Najaf based on gender.
To achieve this, the researcher translated and adopted the scale by (Lazarus & Folkman,
1984), ensuring the validity of the translation. Its final form consisted of 16 items after fulfilling
the conditions of validity, reliability, discriminatory power, and internal consistency. For the
cognitive insight scale, the researcher constructed a scale based on Beck’s theory (2004), comprising (19) items.
The researcher administered both scales to a sample of (278) male and female students
from the dormitories of the Technical Institute/Najaf, selected using a stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation. After collecting and statistically processing the data
using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the study found the following:
* Students in the dormitories of the Technical Institute/Najaf demonstrated a high level of
emotional adjustment and cognitive insight.
* There were statistically significant differences in both emotional adjustment and cognitive insight variables, in favor of male students

The research aims to “the effect of the information tree strategy on the achievement of second-grade
female students in the Holy Quran and Islamic education.” The following hypothesis was formulated:
“There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average
achievement scores of the female students of the experimental group who study the Holy Qur’an and
Islamic education by adopting the information tree strategy, and the average achievement scores of the
female students of the control group who study according to The usual way.”group who study it according to the usual method.
The current research was limited to a sample of female students in the second intermediate grade
in the third governorate of Baghdad/Al-Karkh/Taji and Tarmiyah districts for the academic year (2023-
2024), and the number of female students in the second intermediate grade in the research sample was
(70) female students, including (35) female students who were studied using the information tree strategy. The other was a control group that included (35) female students who were taught in the usual way.
The researcher rewarded the students of both groups on the variables of “intelligence test, the
chronological age of the students, the previous year’s grades, and the academic achievement of the
parents.” The following statistical methods were used in processing the data: “T-test, chi-square (K2),
Pearson correlation coefficient, the difficulty equation, the discrimination coefficient equation, and the
alternatives effectiveness equation.” The results showed that the female students of the experimental
group outperformed the control group, and in light of this result «The researcher recommended emphasizing the use of the information tree strategy in teaching the subject of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education. In continuation of this research, the researcher suggested conducting other research on samples
in different grades and other stages of study for both genders.

The researchers adopted a descriptive approach based on content analysis, relying on the
unity of the concept (i.e., how explicit and implicit masculine attributes are in the curriculum
and repetition). The research community comprised the Quran and Islamic education textbooks used by intermediate school students (first, second, and third intermediates). Accordingly, the research sample represented the content of these books. To develop the analytical
tool, several studies and literature related to book content analysis were reviewed, adopting
explicit and implicit concepts as units of recording, repetition, and measurement. The validity
of the analysis was verified by presenting it to a group of arbitrators. The Cooper equation was
used to measure the reliability of the analysis. The reliability coefficient between the two researchers and the first analyst was (90.9%) while it was (90.9%) between the two researchers
and the second analyst, and (90.9%) between the first and second analysts.

The research aims to investigate the effect of the Creative Acceleration Strategy on
the achievement of fourth-year scientific stream female students in the Arabic language
subject. To achieve the research objective, three null hypotheses were formulated, and the
experimental method with two equivalent groups was adopted, utilizing a post-achievement
test as well as pre- and post-tests for scientific thinking. The experiment was conducted
during the first semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. The research sample consisted
of 20 students, with 10 students in the experimental group and 10 in the control group, who
were selected randomly. The scale was applied to both groups before and after the experiment. The results of the statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant difference at
the (0.05) significance level between the two groups, with the Creative Acceleration Strategy proving superior in developing future thinking, in favor of the experimental group. The
researcher recommends employing the Creative Acceleration Strategy in teaching Arabic at
the secondary stage and conducting further similar studies at different educational stages
and with new variables

This research is summarized by achieving its main objective, which is to find an answer to the following question: “Does the Pressly model have an effect on developing the coordination thinking skills of
fourth-grade science students in physics?” The researchers intentionally chose “Abdul Rahman Al-Ghafiqi
Intermediate School” affiliated with the Nineveh Education Directorate to apply the experiment in it and
determined its sample, which amounted to (92) students distributed into two groups: “experimental and
control”. The researchers rewarded the two groups in several variables, which are (last year's average,
previous information, intelligence test, as well as the coordination thinking skills test). They prepared a
test consisting of 30 paragraphs in the form of (situation). They confirmed its stability, the validity of its
paragraphs, its difficulty coefficients, and the strength of its discrimination for each paragraph of the
test. The test was applied to fourth-grade science students (the research sample). By analyzing the data
statistically, they extracted the averages of the students' answers and dealt with them using the T-Test
for two independent and related samples, in order to confirm the validity of the null hypotheses of the
current research. The first and second null hypotheses were rejected and the third hypothesis was accepted. After extracting the data, the following most important results appeared: The Pressly model had an
impact on developing coordination thinking skills in the physics subject for the fourth scientific year with
a size of (0.08). In light of this, the researchers developed a number of conclusions, recommendations
and proposals.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of an instructional learning program based on the digital approach in improving the academic achievement and developing
the computer skills of fifth-grade science students, The research sample consisted of 70 female students, divided equally into two groups: an experimental group and a control group,
with 35 students in each, The groups were matched on several variables, including chronological age, Raven’s Progressive Matrices scores (for intelligence), prior subject knowledge, and
pre-existing computer skills.
To achieve the research objectives, two instruments were developed: an achievement
test and a computer skills observation checklist, The first instrument included 30 objective
items, while the second consisted of 35 items distributed across six core computer skills,
After implementing the instruments and applying appropriate statistical analyses, the results revealed a significant superiority of the experimental group—who received instruction
via the digital-based program—over the control group in both the achievement test and the
computer skills checklist, Based on these findings, the researcher presented conclusions and
recommendations, and proposed several suggestions for future research.

The current research aims to standardize the Philip Carter and Russell Mental Ability Test for middle school students.
To achieve this goal, the researcher followed the scientific steps in preparing the test, starting with translating the test
items and instructions from English into Arabic. Then, the test items were prepared for the exploratory application, which
included (the test items booklet, a separate answer sheet, and the test answer key). The test was applied to a sample of
(560) male and female students (fourth, fifth, and sixth grades) in middle school, both scientific and literary branches, in
Baghdad Governorate schools. They were selected using a stratified random method. The items were analyzed using four
characteristics for selecting the items: the degree of difficulty, the discrimination coefficient, the item validity index, and the
fourth criterion, the false alternatives effectiveness coefficient. The validity of the test was determined in two ways: the first
was by presenting the test instructions and items to a group of specialists in educational and psychological sciences (thus
achieving the apparent validity of the test). The second was by verifying some theoretical assumptions, represented by individual differences between individuals in the measured characteristic, as well as the internal consistency between the items
of the Philip Carter and Ken Russell Mental Ability Test, using factor analysis using the principal components method. The
reliability of the test was determined using the split-half method: The reliability coefficient for the test reached (0.78), and
after correcting it using the Spearman-Brown correction equation, the reliability coefficient reached (0.87). The standard
error of the test was also extracted, with a value of (4.6). The results of the statistical analysis of the items revealed their
validity in measuring what they were designed to measure. Thus, the test, in its final form, consisted of (40) items. These
items were applied to a criteria-derived sample of (1,120) male and female students, selected using a stratified random
sampling method from middle school students in Baghdad. Statistical analysis of the variables associated with the criteria
revealed the following results:
- There were statistically significant differences in mental ability between students in the scientific and literary branches, in favor of the scientific branch.
- There were statistically significant differences in mental ability between (males and females), in favor of (males).
- There were statistically significant differences in mental ability among students in the three grades, in an ascending
manner.
As a result of the statistically significant differences in the variables of gender, specialization, and grade, the researcher
extracted the percentile ranks for the scores of males and females, for the scientific and humanities specializations, and for
the four grades separately. The researcher reached a set of conclusions and recommendations.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the Cognitive Struggle Strategy on
conceptual comprehension among second-year middle school students in physics. The researcher used the experimental method to investigate the effect of the independent variable (Cognitive Struggle Strategy) on the dependent variable (conceptual comprehension).
The research sample consisted of (61) students from the second intermediate grade,
divided into two groups, one experimental group consisting of (31) students and the other
control group consisting of (30) students. The researcher also prepared the study tool,
which is a test to know the effect of the mental conflict strategy on the conceptual comprehension of the experimental group and compare its results with the control group.
The results of the study showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students of the experimental and control groups in the
test of comprehension of physical concepts in favor of the experimental group. Based on
the research results, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations
and proposals.

The current research aims to
1 - identify the productive thinking skills necessary for Islamic education teachers in the
intermediate stage.
2 - evaluate the performance of Islamic education teachers in productive thinking skills. To
achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive approach and relied
on a number of procedures that included defining the research population, which was limited
to Islamic education teachers in the morning intermediate schools affiliated with the General
Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Karkh III for the academic year (2024-2025), totaling (72)
teachers. The researcher used an observation checklist adopted from a related study as a tool
to collect research data, which consisted of (27) items distributed across (5) main areas: (fluency, flexibility, originality, explanation, deduction), representing the productive thinking skills of
Islamic education teachers. The researcher used the following statistical methods: (Chi-square
to test the validity of the items in the judges’ responses, Cronbach’s alpha to find the reliability
of the study instrument, and Pearson correlation coefficient to reveal the internal consistency
between each item and its axis in the questionnaire, as well as each axis and the total score, and
the weighted mean

The current research aims to identify the relationship between the trend towards hybrid education
and academic resilience among computer teachers at the intermediate level. The researchers relied on
the descriptive correlational approach. The research community consisted of computer teachers at the
intermediate level, numbering (70) male and female teachers. A random sample of (32) male and female
teachers was drawn using the proportional random stratified method. The researchers built two research
measurement tools: a scale for the trend towards hybrid education and a scale for academic resilience.
They extracted their psychometric properties of validity and reliability to be ready to measure what they
were designed to measure. The research results showed that computer teachers have a trend towards
hybrid education, and there are no statistically significant differences in the trend towards hybrid education between male and female teachers. The results also showed that computer teachers have academic
resilience, and there are no statistically significant differences in academic resilience according to their
gender. The results also showed a strong correlation between the trend towards hybrid education and
academic resilience. The researchers presented recommendations and proposals based on the research
findings, including (conducting studies This study is concerned with developing educational, social, and
psychological programs that include various activities and events to determine their effectiveness in
modifying computer teachers’ attitudes toward hybrid learning. Similar studies will be conducted on
middle school students.