IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Field experiments were conducted during winter season of years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 at Al-Wahda Agriculture Research Station–Ministry of Agriculture (40 Km south of Baghdad), on clay loam soil to study the response of six bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to Irrigation by saline water. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) was used as split plot arrangement with three replicates. Treatments included three water salinity levels (1.2 , 4 and 8 dS/m) and six wheat cultivars (Am Rabia, Sham8, Sham3, Sham4, Abu Ghraib-3 and Sham6). Result revealed that significant effect of saline water above 4 dS/m on all wheat cultivars studied, nevertheless cultivars were different in responses to tolerance water salinity. Abu Ghraib-3 cultivar was superior with grain yield and yield components as number of spikes, number of grain per spike and weight of grains as well as dry matter weight. Therefore, it can be conclude that Abu Ghraib-3 cultivar efficiently tolerate saline water comparing with other cultivars.

A field experiment was carried out at Alsuwayra Experimental Station during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. Seeds of 8 durum wheat cultivars, ACSAD 65, ACSAD 1105, ACSAD 1107, ACSAD 1187, ACSAD 1207, ACSAD 1229, ACSAD 1245 and Baghdad 2, the new released cultivar as a control, were seeded in 3 seeding rates (120, 140 and 160 kg/ha) by 3 replications. Days to 75% flowering, plant length, spike length, grain yield and its components were studied. Data statistically analyzed by RCBD with the split plot of cultivars (sub plots) on seeding rates (main plots).
Results showed the exceeding of control cultivar (Baghdad 2) on the other cultivars under investigation in the test growth traits, grain yield and some of yield components, and out yielded 5704kg/ha with differential productivity of more than 400 kg/ha over the best yield cultivar (ACSAD 1229) which yielded 5292 kg/ha. Seeding rates showed no significant differences for the most test traits and however seeding rate of 120 kg/ha gave the highest grain yield (5269 kg/ha), 1000 seed weight (31.69 g), spikes/m2 (402.3), plant height and 75% days to flowering. It's concluded the ability to extent the release of cultivar Baghdad 2 with the seeding rate of 120kg/ha in the irrigated agriculture of Iraq.

A field experiment was carried out in the college of Agriculture fields of agriculture fields, University of Wasit during seasons 2011 and 2012 to study the effect nitrogen and boron on growth and yield of two cultivars of bread wheat (EPA95 and Fatteh) The experiments was applied by in split-split plot design with cultivars represent main plot and nitrogen (Uoraea) fertilizer levels (zero, 200 and 300 kg / ha) sub-plot was used forv control treatment (distilled water spraying ) and the treatment of spraying organic compound Borogreen 11% boron with average of 1.5 ml / l sub–sub plot.
Results indicated the superiority EPA 95 cultivar which gavea higher quotient of grain (4.096 and 4.112 t/h) for both seasons sequentially and the cultivar gave good qualities in (spike length, number of grains and the number of spikes) while Fatteh cultivar surpassed in plant height and flag leaf area.
Fertilization treatment gave 300 kg N / he holds the highest total grain
(3.912 and 3.964 t/h for seasonal respectively) and this gave excellence in plant height, flag leaf area and spike length, number and weight of grain.
The treatment of spraying boron gave the highest rates in leaf area, number of spikes , the number and weight of the grain, and this increased yeild to (3.788 and 3.792 t / h) for two seasons respectively while compared of non- spray- gave 948 and 947 kg / da for seasons respectively
The best combination it recorded for (EPA 95) with treatment (300 kg N /ha and boron spraying application which gave the highest yield(4.560 and 4.824 t / h) which achieved an increase in grain yield 20%.

This study had been conducted in the area of Agriculture College, University of Basrah, in spring season, 2011. The propose of this study was to examine the effect of alternation between irrigation water on growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) variety Bahoth 106.
Four irrigation water treatments were used. The first treatment was (irrigation water of low salinity, EC from 2.0 to 2.2 ds.m-1).The second was (irrigation water of high salinity, EC from 7 to 8 ds.m-1) .The third was (di- alternation; high salinity water- low salinity water) and finally the last treatment was (trio- alternation; high salinity water – high salinity water- low salinity water).
Drip irrigation method was used in this study, while the soil was a clay texture. The amount of irrigation water used was 100% from Evapotranspiration with addition of 20% as leaching requirements.
The leaf area of the crop and leaf area index have been accounted by taking one plant for 2m from the treatment, and applied the Montgomery equation (27). After air drying the sample of the plants was dried in an electric oven at 65 co for 48 hours. Consequently, the dry weight of the sample has been accounted in ton.ha-1. The production was accounted by collecting grain production for all treatment of plants and weight with ton.ha-1. Monolith method, the proposed by Weaver and Darland, has been used to estimate the effect of treatments study on the number of the roots plant.
The results show that there is a significant reduction in corn parameters with the increase of the rate of salinity water in irrigation cycle (leaf area, leaf area index, dry matter weight and grains weight), 956.63, 918.94, 893.59, 833.81cm2 and 1.37, 1.31, 1.28, 1.19 and 12.4, 10.86, 10.13, 9.42 ton ha-1 and 5.81, 4.95, 4.65, 4.40 ton ha-1 and 238, 213, 199, 188 root plant-1 for F, SF, SSF, S respectively.

An experiment was carried out during spring season 2013 in experimental field / Al-Raaba station/ Horticulture office / Ministry of Agriculture .
The aim of this is study to figure out the interaction effect of Mycorrhiza(Glomus moassea), Biochar and mulching under three level of chemical fertilization recommended in total yield and antioxidants contents (Lycopene, xanthophylls and β- carotene ).
experiment designed with split-split plot design in three replects ,when chemical fertilization represented mean treatment which added in three level(0,50,100) from recommended fertilization and sign as(SO, S1, S2) To represent it respectively.
Mycorrhiza represented the secondary treatment were did not treat as control and add at rate 100 gm (mixture soil ,root and spore ) per plant and characterize as(BO, B1) to represent it respectively , mulching and Biochar were the sub–treatment where mulching did not treat as control and added in the 10 cm thickness layer sign as(MO, M1) to represent it respectively.
Biochar treated as control and added at rate 5 ton /h which sighed as(CO,C1) to represent it respectively ,the experiment was irrigated under drip irrigation.
The experimental results can be summarized as follows:
The results showed that chemical fertilization, Biochar, Mycorrhiza and mulching increased significantly the antioxides , the interactive treatment S2B1M1C1 record higher values were(8.767, 1.923, 0.553)mg.100-1ml juice for Lycopene, β- carotene and xanthophyll respectively, which it is not found significant deference with the interactive treatment S1B1M1C1 were (8.600, 1.867, 0.521)mg.100-1ml juice for Lycopene, β- carotene and xanthophyll respectively .
All factors study increase significantly the total yield and the interactive treatments S1B1M1C1 recorded the higher yield value(44.87)ton.h-1.

A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Field of Hort. Dept/ College of Agric. Abu-Ghraib/University of Baghdad during the spring growth season and autumn of 2013, to study effect gamma rays and the magnetization on Growth and production of medicinal pumpkin from fixed oil and its components, the experiment included two factors, First was irrigation with normal water (A1), irrigation with magnetized water 500 gauss(A2) and the second factor included six types of physical treatments which were: control (B1), the magnetization of seeds with 2500 gauss (B2), 3500 gauss (B3), irradiation of seeds with 20 Gray (B4), 40 Gray (B5) and 60 Gray(B6). The experiment was implemented within Nested design and three replications for spring season (open field) and autumn season (green house). The results showed that the highest significant increase in leaf area was at treatments of B6, B5, B4 with A1in the open field (170.8,164.6,160.7 dsm2 respectively). Highest dry weight was at treatments B6, B4 with A1 in the open field (203.9, 183.3 g respectively), and at treatment of B3 with A1 in green house (215.8 g). Higher yield of fruits, seeds and oil has reached at treatment of B4 with A1 in open field (79.9 ton. h-1, 568.6 kg.h-1, 108.8 kg.h-1 respectively) and at treatment of B5 in green house with A1(31.0 ton.h-1, 366.9 kg.h-1, 112.2 kg.h-1 respectively). Reached highest percentage of oleic acid at B3 with A1 in open field and B5 with A2 in green house (58.3, 18.4% respectively), and the highest percentage of linoleic acid at B2 with A2 in open field(32.9%), while sterols have reached the highest rate at treatment B6 with A2 in open field (2.13%) and at the treatment of B2 with A2 in green house (1.9%).

Field experiment was carried out in autumn 2012 on summer squash in the plastic houses of horticulture office,to study general and specific combining ability,gene action and another genetic parameters.Six inbred lines were crossed infull diallel crosses to produce hybrids ,crosses,parents and F1 hybrid (Casandra) were tested in yield and other traits. Results obtained revealed that the best hybrids in the yield per plant,fruit number/plant,and fruit weight were in(5×6 )and(4×5 ).Geneaction for plant yield and fruit number was non additive while gene action fruit weight and fruit length in Reciprocal hybrid was additive action. However (h2.bs)was high in all characteristics tested ,and (h2.n.s)was high in average fruit weight and fruit length. The best (gca) and (sca) were in parents (4,5,6 )where their crosses (5×6) and ( 4×5 )gave high yield per plant (3.179 , 3.160 kg/plant respectivelg) than other hybrids and surpassed the imported hybrid Casandra (3.115 kg/ plant)

The study was conducted in Palm Research Station in Azizia / Wasit province during the season 2013-2014 to evaluatee insecticide efficiency Marshal G and Force G and pathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in a single or integrated in control of the fruit stalk borer Oryctes spp the treatment of seedlings heart with Force G alone and spraying the suspension of M.anisopliae caused decreasing of average lif e and increasing mortality to higher numbers .
The results showed that mixing granular insecticide Force G and Marshal G and fungal pathogens B.bassiana and M.anisopliae cuused highest efficacy in controlling on insect fruit stalk borer , also mixing suspension of foungal Metarhizium anisopliae and Force G caused good results in decreasing the damage on Fruit stalk to least average in addition to increasing the individuals mortality .
The average of damage decreasing gradually in fungal treatment but fastal decreasing occurred in insecticide treatment compared with increasing damage in control treatment in addition to increasing mortality in individuals of insect until the end of stude season which continue to ten months.
The treatment of the palm seedlings heart with granular insecticide and fungal suspension achieved hight efficiency with significant effects to reducing the average of damage and increasing insect individuals mortality compared with treatment the soil around the palm seedlings and the treatment of foliage growth and soil around plants .
The study showed that the persistans time of fungal M.anisopliae and B.bassiana on treatment plants in the field reached to seven month.

Statistical analysis results denoted significant differences in the content of Phytic Acid and in the chemical composition of the tested types of flour; such as moisture, protein, ash, fat and carbohydrates. The highest portions of protein, ash, fat and Phytic Acid was in the flour used in the preparation of the Arabic commercial bread. The contents were 13.3%, 1.55%, 1.96% and 0.78%, respectively. Whereas the moisture content decreased to 11.9% from other types of flour. On the other hand, the flour used in the preparation of the electrically-baked bread premiers in the content of moisture with 13.7%; whereas the content of protein, ash, fat, and Phytic Acid decreased to 10.5%, 0.68%, 0.95% and 0.51%, respectively. While the content of Phytic Acid in the fermented dough of the same bread types 0.62%, 0.44% of dough weight respectively. The degradation percentage of Phytic Acid was higher in the Arabic commercial bread and reached 0.45% and was lower in the electrically-baked bread and reached 0.31% and this was a significant decrease from what is found in the flour and dough.
The chemical analysis results such as moisture, protein, fat, ash and carbohydrate in the locally made wheat products types that the Grits premiers in the content of moisture with 11.3%, ash 1.17% whereas the protein content decreased to 9.3% and fat to 1.0%. The Macaroni product increased in the content of fat to 1.5% and ash decreased in Bulgur to 0.94%. The results showed that the Phytic Acid content for Bulgur, grits was 0.45% and 0.56% before cocking and they were 0.32% and 0.44% after cocking respectively. On the other hand, in the Macaroni and Vermicelli, the Phytic Acid content was 0.33% and 0.24% before cocking and they were 0.14% and 0.11% after cocking, respectively, here the decrease is remarkable.

The research aims to find out the investment climate in Iraq and whether this climate is attractive for foreign direct investment or not, presumably Find that Iraq's agricultural sector will be affected positively the entry of foreign capital, even if some of the negative effects appeared the superiority of the positive effects will reduce the negative ones harm, and concluded researcher He studied the competitiveness of the Iraqi economy show a capability of the Iraqi economy to attract investment when taking into consideration the total exports, including oil while reflected it at oil excluded from the equation export which underlines the importance of oil funded essential for the general budget, but with regard to economic openness and the adoption of the proportion of the value of exports Non-oil GDP to show that Iraq shall not have a suitable economic openness and confirms the previous result of the Iraqi economy Rei economy is heavily dependent on oil exports, as well as non-Iraqi non-oil goods, including agricultural and ability to compete with foreign goods.

The research aims to study the most important factors affecting the agricultural investment Iraqi, presumably Find the existence of a set of variables affecting agricultural investment which have a significant impact and the other to have an effect is weak, and the study concluded the importance of reducing the interest rate on domestic investment process due to investor's preference for interest rates low to borrow and get into investment projects, and the researcher recommended the development of strategic plans to promote investment in Iraq and be closely linked to the requirements of the implementation of agricultural plans, as well as the presence of coordination between all stakeholders when developing such plans with the need for an official body to be responsible for the development of investment promotion and counseling strategy The investor and the follow-up and implementation of the plan and use all the mechanisms and modern means of communication with investors.

This study aimed to indentify a knowledge need particularly in field of soil – Irrigation- fertilization for farmers of protected tomatoes produce at Al – Kadhimiya area Baghdad province , as well as identifying of socio – economic characterization of indepemdment factors such as age, education level, years of farmers experience in the field of protected tomatoes production, income, number. of green house, participating in extension activities such as field days , training course which related to management of soil Irrigation and fertilization .To achieve of the objective this study, a questionnaire form was prepared which contain of two parts. The first part cover the socio- economic characterization (independent factors) and the second one included exam inaction the measurement of management knowledge need for farmers of protected tomatoes produced by method of a suitable alternative test which consist of 40 items were divided into three components which were, soil management (13 items), irrigation management (13 items) and fertilization management (14 items), where gives score one and zero for right and wrong answer respectively. The highest score in the exam is 40 and the lowest is zero. Data were collected in July and August 2014 by a stratified radom with 140 samples were selected to implement a person interview. The farmers were represented 45% of certain sample (63 farmers).
The results showed a significant correlation between knowledge need level and indepemdment factors (age, education level, years of experience for produce of protected tomatoes, income number of green houses, participating in extension activities such as field days , and training course).
The researcher recommends that need to meet the knowledge need in the fields of soil irrigation and fertilization related to producing the protected tomatoes through preparation and implementation of extension activities such as intensive and specialized training course sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture and extension and training office with take into account the individual differences between the frames of protected tomatoes produce when preparing of training course which keep up with new knowledge and technology, as well as issuing a folders to supply the new information to reduce the huge gap in this regard.

The objectives of the present study were to: describe research area and respondents, determine diffusion level of new technologies in natural resources sustainable for wheat cultivation, determine New technologies application level by respondents technologies in natural resources sustainable cultivation identify the productivity for wheat, know result from application new technologies. To achieve these objectives, prepared flowchart describing procedures used in study: fifteen large scale such as : (conservation agriculture, organic fertilizer, green forage crop, crop rotation, modern irrigation, water quality resource, lessen pollution of irrigation water, seeds resource, variety adopted, chemical control , amount and quality of pesticide, the seed furrower, tractor, planting date, harvesting date). Adoption level can be measured in three large scales (number of farmers adopted new technologies, the application area, application period (duration) .The data collected from randomly sample included seventy two farmers in al - Nahrawain city by interviewing survey. also, using previous documents and reports issued from agricultural section in city has been reviewed extensively. The results showed implementation of new technologies between (0-100%). There is 46% from adopted new techniques were recommended (the seed Varity adoption, green forage, crop rotation, using chemical control , seed furrower, water quality resource, less pollution of water irrigated) applied between 76-100% from respondents. Indeed, the application area for these new techniques about (0-100%) from total wheat planting areas .There is 53% from adopted new techniques were recommended (the seed Varity adoption, green forage, crop rotation, using chemical control, seed furrower, water quality resource, less pollution of water irrigated) applied area between 76-100% from respondents . The duration time for applying these techniques were recommended ( green forage , used chemical control, seeds resource, adopted variety, using seed furrower, trucker, water quality resource, less pollution of water irrigated)on continuous adopted more than three years. Income, There is 76.3%from respondents were applying (6-10) new technologies ratio between (44-66.6%) this between credit diffusion level. Indeed the implemental productivity from respondents in last year's (2011, 2012 and 2013) levels appeared under desiring level from production with non-significant differences in year coming increased production. According to the results, research recommended that,: Al Nahrawain city should take more attention from ministry of agriculture to improve the production inputs such as land, water and development of cereal crop production and other agricultural and plant production in wide, express way to implemental aim. Indeed, the people who have the decisions should take more attention and put efficient strategy to improve agricultural sector to provide food security production for people in my country .

This investigation was carried out to determine the level of knowledge needed in organic Fertilization inside plastic houses in Numania-Wasit Governorate, requirement of each sector, the relationship between knowledge and personal character of farmers in this field. The research sample comprised all plastic houses owners with in Numania that numbered 320 farmers. A random sample comprised 25% of the population (numbered 80 farmers). The obtained data was analyzed via spss and included percent mean standard deviation, correlation coeeficient and t-test.
The obtained results revealed high degree of knowledge as far as organic fertilization is concerned valued between 86-98% with an average of 89.85%.
The investigation recommended that the Agricultural extension section should inform and let farmers know the scientific bases and experts practice in this field. It is also recommended to establish a scientific cooperation between Agricultural colleges and organization and farmers involved in organic fertilization as to work together in this vital field.

This study aims to identify the level of the diffusion Yasmin and Furat varieties1 in AL-Najaf ALAshraf governorate. To achieve this objective, a scale of (6) items designed to measure the diffusion level of these two rice varieties.These items included: number and the percentage of growers of these cultivars, area of these cultivars ,developing of growers and varieties area, continuity of rice cultivars application, future vision to expand varieties area with rice varieties, future vision towards application continuity. Data were collected from multistage random sample of (125) growers by questionnaire and interview as well as reports and office statistics. The results showed that the percentage of Yasmin and Furat1 varieties growers increased 86% , 3% sequentially in 2013 ,this increment more than 10% per year and more than 1% per year for Furat1.The percentage of cultivated area with Yasmin and Furat1 varieties increased79.2%,3.2% sequentially. The percentage of Yasmin cultivated growers 68.8% and 15.2% to Furat1 cultivated growers of total numbers of cultivars i n 2013. Resulting in yearly decreasing in the number of Anbar-33 growers and area percentage. The results showed that 67.6% of Yasmin and Furat1 growers recommended that they will continue in adoption and growing both of varities. The research gave some conclusions and recommendation to develop the process of Yasmin,Furat1 and Anbar-33 planting.

Another factor is the level of the farmer's control on these weeds and this by itself is highly influenced by the level of his knowledge in this field. Therefore, the objective of this recent research is the objective of defining the level of knowledge that the wheat producers have concerning the ways of controlling weeds in Abu-Ghraib agricultural section. A cognitive standard scale is prepared as being constituted of 24 items divided on two main axis. They are safeguarding (precaution) from weeds and the chemical treatment. The data was collected from a random sample of producers in Abu- Ghraib's agricultural section. The sample contains about 69 wheat producers. The methods used are the questionnaire and of the personal interviews during November and December of 2012.
The research has come up with the conclusion that the highest digital values of the samples knowledge of controlling the weeds has reached 42 degree and the lowest value reached 31 degree with average 35.8 degree on knowledge measurement with 57 degree as high level and 24 degree. As low level the and the knowledge of 67% of the samples is described as being weak. The reason behind reaching such results can be summed up to be related to the decrease in the guidance activity in concerning this subject. Also, it is related to the absence of providing the pure quality of corp. seeds. This is the reason behind decaling the corp production.

The research aimed at identifying the role of non-governmental agricultural companies in the field of system deployment agriculture in greenhouses in the Province of Karbala and to identify the reactions of farmers about the roles of these companies , and to achieve the objectives of the research a scheme of the roles of 17 item and 5 axes such as: the role of extension, supplying role, installation and monument, lending, follow–up. A scale is designed to measure the reactions consisted of 15 items. Data were collected from Data collected from users of the system mentioned farmers in the province and agricultural companies concerned and the Directorate of Agriculture in the province for the period between 14/9-12/14/2013 by resolution and in a way the personal interview. Search Results showed that agricultural companies carried out 89 extension activity for the years 2006 - 2010 and that farmers surveyed all of whom said they were involved in guiding the activities carried out by those agricultural companies in the field of agriculture in greenhouses, and the number of farmers obtaining the greenhouses of those 620 companies a farmer who represent 67% of the total plastics processors peasant houses in the province. And it emerged that the greenhouses equipped for farmers has been installed and erected by non-governmental agricultural companies 5% of the farmers surveyed said they had received a loan from one of the agricultural companies. said 57% of the respondents that representatives from agricultural companies have to follow up greenhouses that have been equipped by. Research recommended the importance of strengthening the private sector partnership in the process of deployment of modern agricultural technologies, and this is in line with agricultural development plan for the years 2013-2017 modern global trends that emphasize private sector partnership in spreading modern agricultural developments.

Wheat is the first strategic crop in Iraq; it however undergoes consistent decline in productivity which is influenced by the level of applying and maintaining modern agricultural technologies. Introducing and providing farmers with modern agricultural technologies is the responsibility of governmental institutions.
The goal of this paper is to assess the governmental extension activity in the spreading of modern techniques of seed types and chemical fertilizers in cultivating the wheat crop in Al-Mahaweel Department- Babylon province, in addition.
The sample was collected from a proportional random sample of 80 farmers by using interview survey, in addition extension activities in the cultivation of wheat in the years 2009/2010 and 2011/2012. The paper came to the conclusion that extension activities to farmers working in the cultivation of wheat for the three seasons were limited. The mean number of extension activities implemented in this department is 1.7 activities per year.
The researcher reached to the conclusion that poor performance of governmental institutions concerned with agricultural extension to get farmers familiar with wheat seeds and recommended chemical fertilizers and provides them with guidance on how to use such supplies is a key factor in the modest spread and application of these two technologies. The researcher recommended the importance of improving performance of governmental extension institutions by providing them with enough staff and different training methods to improve their skills on modern agricultural technologies. He also suggests that follow-up and continued assessment reflects well on the performance of agricultural extension systems that will help in improving lives of the rural community and improve their productivity.

The research aimed to determine the tomato growers application level of correct methods implemented in the protection from tomato leaf miner through three areas as follows: Chemical control, Agricultural control, Pheromone and optical traps control. Also, to determine the reasons prevented growers application from correct method. The research population included all tomato growers in the Aljazeera /61 /province region in Karbala Province (504) growers The sample was (50) respondent,(10%)The results showed that the level of application of the right tomato growers of methods used in general was low tends to center in the center of chemical control the application level is low and in the center of agricultural pest, the average application level either at the application level in the axis control fisheries pheromone and light was non-existent , The researcher recommended :The adoption of research results by the department of extension and extension centers and agricultural offices in Karbala province , Providing all the requirements for the insect control, Getting the growers satisfaction through the application of new techniques of insect control in their farms, Awareness of growers about the dangerous uses of pesticides on human health.

The requirements for improving agricultural sustainability need to redefine soil quality.An abundance of soil fauna such as mites and springtails an important way to investigate on the soil health.Because they are multifunctional in improving physical, chemical and biological soil fertility. Chemical and biological processes can influence the stability of soil structure.This review focuses on the effect of temperatures on extraction of soil fauna.To assess soil fauna, several methods have been proposed for use in the standard laboratory method such as heater box method to assess the abundance of mites and springtails on the soil which are reflect of soil health. The goals of this research were (i) to investigate on the best temperature to extract mites and springtail (ii) the effect of site on extraction of mites and springtail.
Therefore using temperature is the best way to measure the diversity and abundance of soil fauna has potential to be assessed. There were significant differences (P<0.001) in the number of mites/m3 when extractions were conducted at different temperatures. Also, there was a significant effect of temperature (P<0.05) on the number of springtail/m³. Also sites were effect on the number of extraction for mites and springtails.