Journal of Al-Farabi for Humanity Sciences (JFHS)

Abstract :
The Kaaba has a great status among Muslims. It is the Sacred House of God. God made it a beacon of monotheism and a symbol of worship. It is the most sacred house in the sight of God. God has made clear its importance by giving it many names. The most famous description with which God described the Kaaba is the word (the House), as God Almighty said: (And when We made the House a place of rest for the people and a place of safety)In addition to the ancient house, it was given this name due to its antiquity or because it was freed from tyrants and tyrants, and it was described as (the forbidden house).This word came from the tongue of our master Abraham, peace be upon him, when he said: (Our Lord, I have settled some of my offspring in an uncultivated valley near Your Sacred House), in addition to many names by which the Kaaba and its parts were called.The House of God is a place of our security. God made it a reference point for people whose hearts attach to it. So God purified His House of idols and prepared it for those who wanted to circumambulate, pray, seclude themselves, and so on.Keywords: House of God, house, Kaaba, words.

Abstract:
The word wading, which indicates entering and walking in water, was then borrowed to express some vile and base meanings, to raise the status of the Qur’an above mentioning it, due to its foolishness and baseness, which the lowest and most foolish people would be above, so how would it be if it came from the elite and wisest of people?! From here, scientific curiosity took me to know the meanings of this word and its topics, and what is the reason for warning against it?!, or approaching it?! And why did the Qur’an link it to the verses?!; Therefore, this word was the title of my research entitled: (Verses of wading in the Holy Qur’an - An Objective Study)

Methods of interpretation are considered part of the science of the principles of interpretation, and the science of the principles of interpretation is part of the science of interpretation. Interpretation is one of the most important sciences of the Qur’an that scholars of the nation have addressed, past and present. By knowing it, a Muslim can stand on solid ground from which to start interpreting the Book of Allah, the Almighty, relying on comprehensive rules that help in understanding the Qur’an, following the example of the righteous predecessors. By examining this topic and extrapolating the introductions to the interpretations, the research is divided into two sections: definitions and sources of interpretation.

Surah Fatir is one of the Meccan surahs that carries many deep messages and meanings that require careful contemplation and precise understanding of the semantic cues that converge to direct these meanings. This study aims to explore how the semantic cues in Surah Fatir converge and direct the meaning in a way that enhances the understanding of the Quranic text and its impact on the reader. The importance of this research lies in providing a deeper understanding of how semantic cues function in the Quranic text and their role in directing meaning. This understanding aids in a deeper contemplation of the surah and enhances the reader's ability to grasp the Quranic messages and apply them in daily life. Additionally, the research contributes to enriching Quranic studies by focusing on Surah Fatir as a model for analyzing the impact of semantic cues. The research problem lies in how to identify and analyze the converging semantic cues in Surah Fatir and understand their role in directing meaning. The research raises several questions about the nature of these cues, how they interact with each other to form specific meanings, and their impact on the reader. This research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how the semantic cues in Surah Fatir converge to direct meaning and their impact on the reader. By analyzing these cues and understanding their interaction, deeper contemplation of the Quranic text can be achieved, which contributes to enhancing Quranic understanding and its application in daily life.
Keywords: Arabic language, semantic cues, directing meaning, Surah Fatir.

Summary of the research
Praise be to Allah, with praise that we open the doors of His grace, and may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon our master and leader Muhammad and his pure and good family Now then:This research is entitled “Features of righteousness and maintaining kinship ties between reality and social communication, an applied study in the Holy Quran and the Noble Prophetic Hadith.” It deals with what Allah the Almighty has commanded and the hadiths of the Prophet (may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) have directed the believers to do with good kinship ties (parents, wife, children, neighbors, etc.). The sanctity of this relationship between peers has become clear in the narrations transmitted from the Prophet (may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family): .... On the authority of Ibn Abi Umair on the authority of Jamil bin Diraj, he said: I asked Abu Abdullah (peace be upon him) about the saying of Allah the Almighty: (And fear Allah, through whom you ask one another, and the wombs. Indeed, Allah is ever, over you, an Observer.) ( ), “He said: He said: They are the wombs of people. Allah has commanded to maintain them and to magnify them. Do you not see that He made them from Him?” ( ). That is, some of you ask one another, saying: I ask you by Allah, and its root is you ask one another; He linked it to His name in the command to be pious, so he made the wombs a conjunction with God, meaning, fear the wombs and not sever them, as mentioned in the hadith: (And a man is kind to his relative who is known by his lineage, even if their blood is distant) ( ).And he linked it to being kind to them and worshipping God Almighty with the true worship; so what came with His Almighty saying The Holy Verse mentioned a series of Islamic rights including the rights of servants, the rights of relatives, the etiquette of social interaction and good behavior.God Almighty urged His noble Messenger (may God bless him and his family) in this Holy Verse, which included all aspects of righteousness and maintaining kinship ties, to be kind, treat kinship ties well, behave properly and preserve rights due to their great importance in building a society characterized by the qualities of relative perfection such as cohesion, strength and harmony, and the connection between its components in particular and between it and kinship ties in general. It is the most important pillar necessary for treating society. Islam is keen on this relationship in all aspects, the best of which is social communication, which has become non-existent in our present society or has almost disappeared. We find that Islam has warned against the sin and corruption resulting from severing ties and destroying the basic building block. The Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Messenger of God were nothing but a method for the lives of Muslims. To consolidate these features in communication and adopting righteousness in all its manifestations and aspects, and as a reminder of what a Muslim must adhere to towards relatives, this study came objectively to shed light on the narratives of righteousness towards relatives and non-relatives and their effects on the life of society through social communication. Keywords: Features / righteousness / social communication

There is no doubt that this is an important issue at all times and places that can awaken the conscience and responsibility within people.It is a matter that occupies the minds of many people at all times and places. Some may not realize that not paying off debt has consequences and that eating people's money is forbidden by Sharia. Therefore, it is necessary to pay off debt and not procrastinate in paying it off.

Abstract:
My research came with traces related to his secret، may God bless him and grant him peace، in the Battle of Badr، Khaybar، and the conquest of Mecca. My humble research was devoted to the traces in which Abu Dawood contradicted the narrations that came in this blessed book (Al-Mawrid Al-Hani). I explored the Sunni books in particular regarding this narration to stand on the narrations in which the narrations came out and to find out who agreed or contradicted one of these two books or both of them. The book of Imam Al-Nabulsi is one of the valuable books in which he focused on Hadith، which makes it rare in the library of biography، and an isolated pearl in the Sunni library.Keywords:Comparison - Al-Mawrid Al-Hani - Abu Dawood - Prophetic Biography - Hadith

summary:
This research aims to discuss one of the components of the Islamic faith and theology, namely vision, in terms of the possibility of its occurrence or non-occurrence, in this world or the afterlife, or both, with a presentation of the sayings of each of the theological groups, and a presentation of the evidence of each group and a discussion. It came in two sections urging each A research subject to what was necessitated by the necessity of research: Seeing permissibility impermissibility verbal Comparative

Abstract
Aqeedah (faith-based) education is considered one of the fundamental pillars of Islamic education, as it contributes to building a balanced personality that adheres to Islamic values and principles. This research aims to analyze the different methods used in the Aqeedah education of children and youth in Islamic societies, and to evaluate the challenges faced by this process in light of globalization, social, and technological changes. The research aims to understand the traditional and modern methods used in Aqeedah education, identify the challenges faced, and their impact on children and youth, and provide recommendations to improve Aqeedah education methods and ensure their effectiveness. The importance of this research is highlighted by the urgent need to strengthen Aqeedah education in the face of external cultural influences that may threaten Islamic identity. By understanding the methods and challenges, educational strategies can be developed to help nurture a generation that adheres to its faith roots and can interact positively with modern changes. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, where data were collected from written sources such as books and articles, as well as interviews with experts in Islamic education. Surveys were also conducted with a sample of teachers and families to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges and methods used. Aqeedah education faces many challenges in the modern era, such as the impact of globalization, modern technology, and social changes. These challenges require the search for new and effective ways to improve education methods and ensure the nurturing of a generation that adheres to its faith values.

Abstract:
The discussion of reason enters into many topics of the science of faith, especially rational issues in which there are no texts other than reason. Since reason does not contradict transmission, but rather is its proof and its leader, without reason there would be no text that is understood; therefore, the research includes “rational issues in which Imam al-Farahari responded to philosophers and responded to some theological groups, especially the Mu’tazila and the Karramiyya, and agreed with the narration of some theological groups, especially the Maturidiyya. He would state his responses by saying (with me or with us), meaning “with us” by the Maturidiyya. His preference is characterized by clarity and precision. He has collected and fulfilled what is characterized by the precision of the explainer and the scrutinizer, and his preferences are characterized by knowledge and honesty in transmission and expressing opinion. Keywords: (Knowledge, reason, duty, choice, senses).

Research Summary:
I counted in my research this issues that violated by Ibn Hazm (Allah mercy of the public) in the funeral section, has referred to the issues that violated by Ibn Hazm (may Allah have mercy on him) from his local book, and compared them to the four famous schools, and sometimes mention the Zaidi doctrine, and I was very careful not to be fanatical to the doctrine, and what I chose from the sayings according to what appeared to me from the evidence, in order to reach the right, and Ibn Hazm (may Allah have mercy on him) one of the prominent jurists in the virtual school, which sat the origins of the doctrine, and became famous The virtual school in his name
Keywords (jurisprudence, disagreement, Ibn Hazm, audience, funerals

Among the agreed upon sources of Islamic legislation is analogy, which comes fourth after the Holy Qur’an, the pure Sunnah, and the consensus of jurists. It has received more attention from scholars because it is the basis of ijtihad, and from it jurisprudence branches out. Considering that the texts of the Qur’an and Sunnah are limited and that consensus is difficult to transmit and obtain, analogy was an urgent necessity to find rulings for issues for which there is no text and no consensus has been established. Imam Ali al-Qari discussed analogy in several places because it is an argument in deriving rulings and what is related to it.
Keywords: analogy, Hanafi, Ali al-Qari

Summary
The poetic dictionary in the novel Khadra Al-Damn by Mona Al-Maawali constitutes one of the prominent marks that distinguished the novelist, as the semantic fields played an exceptional role by employing them directly linked to the narrative text, which provided a multiplicity of elements on which he based his vocabulary, such as nature, sadness, and color. , silence, and body, and thus this study came to converge the vocabulary that gave the novel an aesthetic dimension and artistic significance. Keywords: poetic dictionary, connotation, nature, sadness, silence, color.

Modern critical studies have paid attention to the structure of the poetic text, the form and function of the poem, and the dramatic structure is one of the most important pillars of the poetic text and the pillars of its development. Perhaps the coexistence of the poetic structure with the dramatic structure is not new in poetry, but the poet’s awareness of this issue is an intended goal among the poets who made an effort to consider the elements of drama and the intersection of the arts. Others, such as collage, cinema, and the rest of the various visual arts. The participation of drama had an effective role in enriching the intellectual and psychological content, or in constructing the artistic poem. These developments came as a result of the requirements of living reality.

Abstract:
The letters of meaning (huruf al-maani) are among the challenging aspects of grammatical studies faced by novice researchers due to their extensive usage and the diversity in their meanings, as well as their phonetic similarities. This often leads to confusion among students, making it difficult for them to distinguish between different letters, such as the conjunction "waw" and the "waw of accompaniment," or the conjunction "fa" and the "fa of causation," among others.From this perspective, our study aims to explore a significant aspect of the confusion between similar letters, albeit small in scope but substantial in its benefit, specifically the differences between "Lam al-Juhud" and other types of "lam." Given the broad nature of this topic, we have chosen to focus on one of the most prominent sources in the study of the letters of meaning, the book "Al-Jana al-Dani" by Al-Muradi.
Our objective in this research is to create a roadmap for students, highlighting a set of differences derived from the rules governing the "lam" letters, providing clear guidelines for students to gain knowledge.
Keywords: Differences, grammatical, Lam al-Juhud, Al-Muradi, Al-Jana al-Dani

Abstract:
The Arabic language is characterized by the richness of its connotations and the breadth of its meanings. The meaning of words does not stop at one meaning or connotation, but rather the connotations are multiple according to different contexts imposed by the text and required by the contexts of position and position.Whoever deviates from the language’s logical speech, and alters its words from the original for which they were created, and this includes the derivatives in the Arabic language, as those derivatives depart from their original meaning to other meanings, then the derived word carries a meaning different from the original word for which it was created, and this is what appeared clearly in The active participle is the subject of our research, as the active participle is modified into other forms and connotations, including what we find in morphology studies.The search for morphological forms that carry the meaning of the active participle was the motivation that prompted us to write this research, to discover the most important morphological forms that carry the meaning of the active participle, including the conversion of the active participle to the active participle, the suspicious adjective, exaggeration, and the infinitive, and an explanation of the most important connotations that it generates. This is the morphological modification of the active participle, starting with defining the active participle, and mentioning its morphological formulation before examining its significance in the first section, and then talking about the change of the active participle form to other forms in the second section, arriving at the most important results expected from the morphological modification of the active participle in Arabic, Taking some Qur’anic verses and poetic evidence as an example of this, and the most important opinions of scholars on that.
Keywords: (morphological adjustment, passive participle)

This research will discuss the concept of syntactic correctness and its significance in the Arabic language, highlighting the distinction between grammatically correct sentences and ungrammatical constructions according to the classification of Sibawayh. Additionally, the concept of reference (Ihāla) and its types will be explored, focusing on its role in achieving textual coherence. The research will also address the importance of grammatical direction and the role of inflectional markers in determining correctness and reference in linguistic structures. Key words:(Straightness - Referral - Sibawayh. Significance

Introduction
Reading the title of this study one might think initially that these two chapters have features to be chapters from morphology just as the chapter on verbs (nawasikh), derivatives, and infinitive verbs. However, these chapters do not contain the linguistic elements that follow the syntactic or morphological rules.Nevertheless, if we take the (nawasikh) as an example, we might find it divided into sections: some raise the subject and place the predicate in the accusative as in (Kanna and its sisters) and others are the opposite, place the subject in the accusative and raise the predicate as in (Inne and its sisters), and each section has features that distinguish it from others. Even in the same section, words are distinguished from others as in (Kana) has features of deletion and placing its predicate before the subject, and more other features that would not be found in its sister, as it is mentioned in the grammar books. Therefore, each chapter from these chapters can be studied under a sub-chapter as the proper noun (al-alam) has several sub-chapters such as demonstrative pronouns, definition articles, and relative pronouns in which each one of these sub-chapters has its own rules that reach the correct pronunciation. However, choosing the title of the chapter is not because of what has been mentioned above, but because the pioneering scholars used to give one title to what could be grouped. As in Ibn Jinni’s book entitled “Al-Khasa’s” (392 AH) we find the titles of studies grouped under one chapter such as (the Burden on the Better of the Two Ugliest One) the chapter on (Decoding the Forms) the chapter on (The Irregular Cases of Hamza) and the chapter on (The Strength of the Wording for the Strength of the Meaning). The current study tries to combine two subjects into one study since they share features that what fall under them and do not conform to standard rules that apply linguistic rules. Moreover, the study focuses on the occurrence of this phenomenon in contemporary Arabic dialects and explains its relation to Arabic argumentation: The study plan is divided into:Section One: the chapter on Features and Merits Section Two: the chapter on Poetry and a PoetKeywords: Features and Merits, Linguistics, Poetry and a Poet,lrregular plural.

Abstract
Our research entitled (Irrigation projects in Iraq through the minutes of the House of Representatives (1925-1936) Al-Gharraf, Al-Habbaniyah, and Al-Naqarat is an example) included addressing the importance of these irrigation projects and their great importance in reviving large areas of agricultural lands and restoring life to their inhabitants, and the historical importance of this study as it begins with the establishment of the Iraqi House of Representatives in 1925 and ends with the first military coup in the history of contemporary Iraq on October 29, 1936, as Iraq witnessed during that period political, economic and social crises due to various factors, and the positions, proposals and defense of agricultural issues by the members of the House of Representatives, especially the tribal representatives, as most of the tribal representatives are farmers. Through this brief study, we will try to shed light on the agricultural conditions of Iraq and how the irrigation projects were before the establishment of the Iraqi state, in addition to the most important irrigation projects by explaining each of those projects in terms of location and the strategic and economic importance of that project and how the tribal representatives in the Iraqi parliament played an important role in proposing and finding some solutions, treatments and serious demands to establish those projects and their role in improving agricultural issues. As for the conclusion, it included the most important conclusions reached by the study.

Abstract:
In his huge book, The History of the City of Damascus, Ibn Asakir translated 47 Mosul figures who varied between a hadith scholar, jurist, judge, poet, preacher, and others. In documenting his information about these translations, he relied on hearing from the sheikhs and on written sources, the names of which Ibn Asakir did not reveal, and he contented himself with mentioning the names of their authors, in addition to the fact that some of the translations Ibn Asakir wrote about her as a result of his personal acquaintance with his translator, as he was one of his contemporaries, whether sheikhs, lovers, or opponents, which gives the translations scientific value, as they reflect a picture closer to reality than the personality. Ibn Asakir was keen to emphasize the precise definition of his translator, distinguishing him from others by mentioning the four names. And five or more, and indicating the difference in name and surname, if any, and identifying the country of the translator for him if he was not originally from Mosul, or the country in which he settled if he was a Mosul who left Mosul, and their surnames, their tribal lineages, their doctrines of jurisprudence, the reasons for their entry to Damascus, their conditions, and his opinion of the translator for him, or he may convey the opinions of the scholars of jurisprudence and modification in them, and he mentioned Their journeys and movements, as well as their sheikhs, students, narrations, places of birth and death, and the scientific books they heard or read, and the importance of this topic in identifying the books in circulation at that period. Certainly this does not mean that all

The current research seeks to identify the evaluation of the geography book for the preparatory stage in light of sustainable development. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the study relied on the descriptive approach by evaluating the geography book based on preparing a questionnaire for sustainable development consisting of three areas (economic, social, environmental). The researcher was keen to verify the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. After applying it to the book, the study reached the following:• The reality of the economic dimension in the geography book for the fifth preparatory grade, as the indicators indicate that the economic dimension in the subject of the study is being carried out and in a good way, and this can be confirmed by statistical indicators at the general level, as the weighted arithmetic mean was (4.48), and a low degree of dispersion in the sample's answers confirmed by the standard deviation of (0.55) and a relative importance of (0.89).• The reality of the social dimension in the geography book for the fifth grade of middle school, as the indicators indicate that the social dimension in the study area is being implemented and in a good way, and this can be confirmed by statistical indicators at the general level, as the weighted arithmetic mean was

Abstract:
The most dangerous thing that can happen to a person is determining the thought that guides his life, and an intermingling of ideas may pass through his culture, causing him to become disturbed or deviated from the origins of the society in which he lived. Habanka was alerted to this situation, so he wrote several works, including intellectual ones, that address and correct the path for the Muslim in order to create in him an Islamic personality that defends His principle is to live successfully during his life and have a role in building and developing his society, so that he can struggle against every intruder programmed against Muslims.
Keywords: (Habankism, Zionism, Machiavellianism, capitalism, communism)

Abstract
The study aimed to identify the political role of Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938), President of the Turkish Republic (1923-1938), who is considered by the Turks to be an unrivaled heroic leader who saved Turkey from the fate of fragmentation, disintegration and division between the Armenians, Greeks, Russians and English, and built the modern Turkish Republic. However, in the eyes of his opponents, he is their enemy and the destroyer of the Caliphate. In a few years, he was able to emerge as a military leader and then as a political leader. He abolished the Ottoman Caliphate and established modern Turkey in its place. He is also the founder of modern Turkey and the leader of the Turkish national movement that occurred in the aftermath of World War I. He inflicted defeat on the Greek army in the Greco-Turkish War in 1922. After the withdrawal of the Allied forces from Turkish territory, he made Ankara his capital and established the modern Turkish Republic, abolishing the Islamic Caliphate and declaring the state secular. He was secular and nationalist, and his policies and theories became known as Kemalism.

Objectives: The research aims to study the position of Iraqi newspapers during political crises, and the crisis of electing the Speaker of the Iraqi Parliament for the period from 14-11-2023 to 14-2-2024 was addressed in Al-Zaman and Al-Mada newspapers and to know the positions and levels of interest of both newspapers towards that crisis Methodology: The research belongs to the survey method within descriptive research and relied on the method and style of content analysis to analyze the material subject to the research and the analysis form was used as a main tool in this research Results: At the end of the study, it was found that the Iraqi newspapers had formed their positions on the crisis of electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives through the different reactions through their transmission of statements, news and articles related to the subject of the crisis. Also, both newspapers had paid remarkable attention in their transmission of the different points of view on the repercussions of the crisis, in addition to the variation in journalistic arts that were employed by the Al-Zaman and Al-Mada newspapers towards the crisis of electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives during the research period.
Abstract: The study aimed to reveal the position of Iraqi newspapers towards the crisis of electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives for the period from 11/14/2023 to 2/14/2024. The content of news, articles and newspaper columns in Al-Zaman and Al-Mada newspapers, representing Iraqi newspapers, was analyzed. Three topics were identified for the study. The first topic included the research methodology and included the research problem, its importance, objectives, research areas and the scientific method followed in it, in addition to data collection tools, validity and reliability. The second topic included the field study of the research, which included analyzing and interpreting the tables and discussing them. The third topic included the results, conclusions and recommendations, reaching the sources Keywords: Iraqi newspapers, political crises, Iraqi Council of Representatives, Al-Zaman and Al-Mada newspapers

:
There is no doubt that the active international forces have a great impact on the performance of Iraqi political parties, whether by directly influencing them or through their impact on the entire political process and on the security and stability of the state, and this reflects on the performance of political parties in one way or another, and these countries have sought and struggled not a short time ago in order to have influence in Iraq and the region, and they have played a major role in pushing Iraq into many futile wars to exhaust it and take advantage of the opportunity to control it, and this has been achieved through the reckless policies of the defunct regime, the latest of which is the invasion of Kuwait, to exploit the active countries this, especially the United States of America and its allies from the European Union countries and others to destroy Iraq and then occupy it in 2003, and then to practice policies that would prolong the presence of its occupying forces in Iraq by stirring up sectarian strife to strike the national unity and allow the entry of terrorist groups and logistically support and work to create chaos and destabilize security and stability in Iraq, all in order for Iraq to be weak, unable to face challenges and need them to ensure its continued dominance over the state, and this shows the extent of the impact of these active forces on Iraq and on the entire political process this was reflected in the performance of the political parties, especially with the enactment of the principles of sectarian quotas and consensual democracy

The trend towards settling construction contract disputes through amicable settlement methods, especially mediation, has emerged as an alternative to the arbitration system and traditional judicial procedures, due to the flexibility of this method, as it addresses the causes of the dispute more than all its legal aspects. It also aims to reach a quick settlement of disputes arising from the implementation of construction contracts, and to maintain the contractual relationship for the purpose of establishing the agreed project on the specified date. This method does not bind the two parties to the dispute without their consent, as the mediator who carries out the amicable settlement process does not issue binding rulings or decisions, but rather presents proposals for settling the dispute to the two parties to choose what they see as closest to achieving a settlement that satisfies them. Keywords1_ Reconciliation
2_ Alternative methods3_ Disputes

Abstract
The executive Authority in the parliamentary system enjoys having its means to interfere in the work of the parliament, including its convening and dissolving, and the right to reject its laws. The most significant means is demanding solving the parliament. It is considered a constitutional action that shall make an unnatural end of the parliament within one elections course. This demand must be based on constitutional reasons. The aim behind the idea of a solution is to achieve a balance between the executive and legislative authorities. It is a right owned by the government in exchange for the ministerial responsibility of the legislature to withdraw confidence from the government .There is no doubt that the right to dissolve the parliament is the most serious right stated, however, the executive authority may deliberately use such right as a means to put pressure on the legislature, making it unable to cope with the government.

The geostrategic ideas of the thinker Zbigniew Brzezinski are among the most important basic pillars that American decision-makers relied on in drawing the foreign policy directions of the United States of America. Therefore, this research came to take a look at Brzezinski's scientific and political biography, which contributed greatly to his intellectual tendencies, and to shed light on the nature of his geostrategic ideas, and how they influenced the formulation of American foreign policy, and the extent of their application for the purpose of achieving American national interests, and its uniqueness in leading the world. To achieve the goal of the research and reach conclusions, the researchers divided the research into three requirements preceded by an introduction. The first requirement focused on Brzezinski's personal and scientific biography, the second requirement focused on Brzezinski's geostrategic ideas, while the third requirement was devoted to the geostrategic applications of Brzezinski's ideas in American foreign policy. The research concluded with a set of conclusions with a list of sources. The study reached conclusions, the most important of which is that the central elements of Brzezinski's geostrategic ideas are the grand chessboard, which drew a global vision for the United States of America to achieve unique global hegemony. In practice, American foreign policy sought to apply Brzezinski's geostrategic ideas to achieve American national interests in its quest for global hegemony.

The research aims to identify (the effect of employing two strategies for teaching natural geography based on obstetric questions and reciprocal teaching in achievement and attitude among fifth grade literary students). There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of students of the three research groups, the first experimental group that studies natural geography with generative questions, the second experimental group that studies by reciprocal teaching, and the control group that studies the same subject in the usual way in the post achievement test. 2- There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of students of the first experimental group that studies natural geography with generative questions and the second experimental group that studies the same subject with reciprocal teaching in the measure of attitude towards physical geography. The experimental approach was followed. The sample was (90) students, (107) behavioral goals were formulated according to Bloom's classification, and (18) teaching plans were prepared for each group. The validity and reliability of the two tools were extracted, and the results showed the superiority of the students of the two experimental groups over the control group in the achievement test, and the superiority of the first experimental group over the second experimental group in the attitude scale. The researcher concluded that the generative questions and reciprocal teaching are among the types of effective learning in increasing achievement and the measure of attitude for the longest period in the minds of students more than the usual method that is long forgotten after a period of time. As a complement to the research, the researcher suggested conducting a study with the same two strategies on other samples. Keywords: physical geography - generative questions - reciprocal teaching - achievement - attitude - literary fifth grade students.

Abstract
The current research aims at measuring the level of emotional organization at kindergartens in general and the non-public kindergartens. Moreover, it aims at investigating the differences in the level of emotional organization among individuals in terms of several variables namely, type of kindergarten (public / non-public), and gender (male / female).The sample of the study has been consisted of (250) children males and females which have been distributed into (11) kindergartens (public / non-public) in Mosul city. An Emotional Organization Scale has been prepared by the researcher. It contains two fields, the first field refers to the type of emotion (anger, grief, pain, joy, fear) and the second one is related to the (15) emotional situations. The factor of validity has been computed by distributing it to jury members who are experienced in the field of Educational and Psychological Sciences. Furthermore, the reliability factor has been found by the re-test method (0.89). Pearson coefficient correlated and t-tests for one and two independent samples have been used as statistical means. The results have shown the following:
- There is mid emotional organization in terms of public and non-public kindergartens.
- There are significant statistical differences between public and non-public children’s kindergartens in the emotional organization and for the benefit of non-public one.
- There are no significant statistical differences in the level of emotional organization in terms of gender (male /female) variable.As a point of departure, the researcher has put several recommendations for instance, the importance of considering the emotional organization greatly in the public kindergartens by the administrations as well as supporting them with various activities and situations. In addition, there must be educational practices which can give children’s kindergartens chances for emotional organization and expression. Finally, some suggestions have been formulated by the researcher which are connected with the emotional organization topic.

Abstract
The current study examined the relationship between psychological adaptability and educational cognitive processes among secondary school students, aiming to understand the correlation between psychological adaptation and educational cognitive processes among secondary school students. The sample consisted of 60 students. We attempted to apply fundamental concepts to this sample, specifically academic diversity, to serve the descriptive approach used in this study. This approach was employed to obtain statistical differences and indications that distinguish students' ability to psychologically adapt based on the fundamental elements underlying educational cognitive processes. It sheds light on how students pursue the best and most appropriate solutions that align with the situations they encounter in their academic achievements, especially in their social and psychological lives in general.

The generative transformational approach has gained wide popularity among linguistic schools, and has occupied a high position among modern linguistic schools, as it is concerned with the analytical and interpretive aspect instead of the descriptive aspect in a new attempt to present a clear, comprehensive picture of the structure of language and its human characteristics. 

Abstract
The current dissertation project examines, in light of the pragmatics study, speech acts in Mua’llaka a novel by Atiya Khalili, according to the theory of John Austen. The meaning of this theory is that the speaker accomplishes an action or event by saying something, that is to say in an oral manner. This is normally achieved by linking speech to a specific context and common knowledge that represents the basis of common understanding between the sender and the addressee, and an intention that contributes to understanding the secondary meaning behind the linguistic text, leading to the achievement power. Austin distinguished a class of sentences with declarative and constructional forms, and then expanded the concept to include verbal, accretive, and affective verbs. The researcher follows the descriptive-analytical approach in studying speech acts in contemporary Iranian novels, as this approach requires description and analysis of the techniques for using speech acts in light of the theory of John Austin. The study concludes that the speech acts in the novel are written in a colloquial style, so they played a vital role in developing the characters and moving the plot, as they contribute greatly to building the characters and the relationships between them, and are used as a main tool for conveying ideas and feelings.
Keywords: pragmatics, speech acts, Austin, commentator.

ABSTRACT
There is no doubt that climate change is one of the dangerous environmental phenomena that threatens the security of countries and the safety of humanity, as it causes a lot of damage and negative impacts due to natural and human changes and fluctuations, especially those caused by modern scientific and technological innovations that humanity has achieved, and over the past years the world has witnessed development. Amazing technology in various fields such as industry, communications, and energy sources. Despite the positive benefits of this development in all fields, it has left a negative impact on the environment, especially with regard to climate changeToday, the International community is aware of the seriousness of climate change and its impact on environmental security and human life. Therefore, countries and organizations at the global and regional levels have sought to address and confront this phenomenon, and this has been reflected in the international efforts made by the United Nations to encourage effective measures to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. The rise in temperature in the atmosphere and its resulting effects, as well as measures and policies adopted by the United Nations to limit and mitigate those effects.
Keywords: United Nations, climate change, Framework Convention, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement.

ABSTRACT :-
Social networking sites، led by Facebook، are among the modern tools that have revolutionized the field of communication and dissemination of information. Millions of people around the world use Facebook daily to interact with content and share news and information. In this context، the role of Facebook appears as an effective platform for health awareness. This research aims to identify The level of public relations practitioners’ employment of Facebook in health awareness. The research used a survey method based on the research community of fifty individuals selected using a comprehensive inventory method، from workers in the public relations department in the Ministry of Health. The research reached a set of results، the most important of which are:
1- The facilities provided by senior management to public relations practitioners to employ Facebook in health awareness depend on providing financial support، providing technical support، in addition to training and developing staff.
2- The interaction methods used by public relations practitioners to build trust with the public depend on transparent and honest communication in providing clear and honest information about the organization and its services.
3- The most successful strategies used by public relations practitioners in health awareness via Facebook depend on using diverse and attractive content such as explanatory photos and videos، and sharing success stories or personal experiences.
4- The challenges facing public relations practitioners in using Facebook for health awareness are identified by the spread of fake news and the difficulty of distinguishing between true and misleading information.
Keywords: public relations practitioners، Facebook، health awareness، Ministry of Health.

This study examines the syntactic awareness among Iraqi university students, specifically their use of the syntactic placeholder "Empty it" in academic writing. "Empty it" constructions, where the pronoun 'it' serves a grammatical but non-referential role, are pivotal in English syntax, often manifesting in impersonal or introductory statements crucial for academic discourse. This research delves into the ability of non-native English speakers, like Iraqi university students, to employ these structures effectively, which is essential for coherent, persuasive academic writing. The paper analyzes patterns, trends, and common errors in the usage of "Empty it" among these students, highlighting the syntactic challenges posed by their native language structures and educational background. It explores comparative implications of "Empty it" between native and non-native speakers, revealing that while native speakers acquire these structures intuitively, non-native speakers require more deliberate educational interventions. Recommendations for enhancing syntactic competence in academic writing within the Iraqi context include targeted instruction, utilization of digital tools, and comprehensive pedagogical training. This study contributes to the broader understanding of second language acquisition and the specific challenges faced by Iraqi university students, offering insights into effective strategies for improving their academic writing skills. Keywords: Syntactic Awareness, Academic Writing, University Students, Iraqi.
المستخلص

This study means to fundamentally examine the subject of depression and the absence of correspondence in Samuel Beckett's original work, "Waiting for Godot" inside the setting of Absurdist Theater. It looks to investigate how these subjects are depicted, their importance in figuring out the human condition, and their suggestions for the more extensive existential talk. The targets of this study are to look at the existential ramifications of the characters' disconnection and their battles to impart. Utilizing a subjective methodology, this examination includes close perusing and printed investigation of " Waiting for Godot" Drawing from scholarly analysis, existential way of thinking, and dramatic hypothesis, the review inspects key exchanges, character connections, and sensational components to uncover the fundamental topics of dejection and absence of correspondence. It investigates the strain between the characters' longing for significance and their powerlessness to track down it, featuring the intrinsic ludicrousness of presence and the breakdown of customary methods of correspondence. All in all, this examination highlights the significant existential subjects present in the play especially the unavoidable feeling of depression and the breakdown of correspondence. Beckett's investigation of these subjects from the perspective of Absurdist Theater offers a strong critique of the human condition, welcoming crowds to face the ridiculousness of presence and the difficulties of viewing as important in an impassive world.
Keywords: Absurd Theatre, Loneliness, Communication, Waiting for Godot

Whoever explores the history of German literature from the perspective of its writers finds that the close relationship between Thomas Mann and Hermann Hesse was a relationship worthy of attention. Despite the difficult circumstances of their time, both writers played an important role in the development of German literature through their works and opinions, until they were able to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.Accordingly, in this research, we would like to explain in the first part of it when and how this relationship arose, by identifying the motives for this friendly relationship, so that we can then in the second part explore the life aspects of both friends in order to know more details about how and why their friendship remained alive for a long time. Therefore, in the third part, we will try to contemplate this friendship from a different perspective in order to be able to clarify to what extent their relationship was a human relationship, and where the human aspects lie in it, which will enable us in the fourth and final part of this research to know the reasons for attracting this friendship to such importance in German and human literature over a long time and up to this day
Schlüsselwörter: Hesse. Mann. Freundschaft. Humanität

الملخص
كان ولا يزال الادب الجزائري هو الادب الاكثر تاثيراً والاكثر انتشاراً في الادب المغربي وادب شمال افريقيا ، وخلال العقدين الأخيرين ظهرت العديد من ألاصوات الجديدة مجال الفن الجزائري ونشأت الكثير من المجاميع الادبية في شتى انواعه . هذا الجيل الجديد من الادب المعاصر يعكس الواقع بكل حذافيره وبكل ما يتعلق بالتغيير الاجتماعي والسياسي والديني في الجزائر. ولا يخف ان الكتاب الجزائريين المعاصرين وجدوا باستخدامهم اللغة الفرنسية، طريقة سهلة ومعاصرة ومؤثرة للتعبير عن ما يجول في خاطرهم ولنقل معاناة شعبهم وماساتهم وعذاباتهم الى شعوب العالم دون خلق اي صراع او نـزاع فكانت هذه الروايات وسيلة للتقريب بيـن الثقافات ووسيلة لنقل الواقع العربي بكل جوانبه بأسلوب حديث يمزج أصداء البلد الأصلي مع الإيجاز الفرنسي فالأدب كان ومازال مرآة للمجتمع . لا يخلو الادب المغاربي من المواضيع المعاصرة والتي من اهمها موضوع المنفى والذي اتخذ العنصر الاساسي لكثير من النتاج الادبي ومن بين الروائيين الذي ابدعوا في هذا المجال الروائي كاتب ياسين والذي يعتبر من بين اهم روائي شمال افريقيا الذي كانت رواياته تحكي معاناة المغترب والمنفي وحنينه الى بلده وكانت سطـوره تروي قصص الاشتياق الى الوطن والى الام والاهل والذكريات السعيدة المرتبطة به ذلك الوطن الذي غادره مجبرا دون رجعة . الكلمات المفتاحيــــــة المنفى ، الهجرة ، الوطن الام ،الحنين الــى الماضي ، الضياع ، التشتت .

Speaking Difficulties Among English Language Learners English language consists of four main skills; reading ,writing ,listening and speaking.Speaking skill is one of the oral skills that can be used by all people for the purpose of communication.Those who learn English language give an interest to speaking because it is the most desired skill among other language skills.In order to speak properly,learners need correct choice of words and structures One of the main difficulties in speaking is stated as a feeling of anxiety in the process of speaking skill by some learners. The main aim of this study is finding out the main reasons of speaking anxiety among learners of English language and providing certain techniques to decrease their anxiety inside the classroom. The sample of the study is chosen to be students of the first year at Department of English –College of Basic Education –First course in the subject of (Conversation) during the academic year 2021-2022 The results of the study reveals that students face a number of difficulties in speaking skill as fear of making mistakes , negative evaluation from others , limits of English contact and shyness .The study submits certain suggestions and recommendations due to the aims of the study.Keywords: Speaking difficulties in English language.