iklil for Humanity Studies

Ancient Iraqi architecture was characterized by some features that made it differ from its counterparts in the countries of the ancient Near East. This is true to urban planning, materials and method of construction, as well as the basic and secondary architectural elements used in that building in general, in addition to other internal components that include the internal divisions of buildings, which differ based on the type, function of the building and the time period to which it belongs. Perhaps one of the most important elements used in ancient Iraqi architecture is the column, which was - and still is - an important and indispensable architectural element in most buildings, regardless of the function, type and form of the building, which can be seen in many Mesopotamian buildings, taking into account some of the developments and changes which have occurred over the ages, as well as with the difference in the natural (spatial) environment, which is considered the primary influencing factor on human civilizations in general and humans in particular. Here, one of the most important factors that made Assyrian architecture partially different from its Sumerian and Babylonian counterparts becomes clear to us, as all of them were under the influence of the natural environment and what was available in it from raw materials and other auxiliary factors that affected the nature of the individual and society and reflected on the material waste of those societies in one way or another. With regard to columns and their uses in Assyrian architecture, they were undoubtedly the outcome of those accumulated developments left behind by the Sumerian and Babylonian civilizations, based on the artistic scenes revealed by archaeological excavations, as well as the architectural remains, in which it is clear that the column was used as an architectural element since prehistoric times and it continued to be used in different forms and styles. Each of them had a specific function and purpose which suited the cultural development in general and architectural development in particular, which in turn was the result of a bundle of factors, the most prominent of which was the human interaction with the natural environment.

This study aims to develop a sustainable model for rehabilitating heritage buildings In Samarra, focusing on Qasr al-Jawsaq al-Khaqani, using eco-friendly materials derived from locally recycled resources. The research adopted an integrated methodology, including: degradation analysis via 3D laser scanning and thermal imaging, design of a new mixture of hydraulic lime and treated palm fibers, and laboratory/field testing under simulated climatic conditions. Results demonstrated the superiority of the new mixture in compressive strength (+166%), moisture resistance (-80%), and salt resistance (+300%) compared to traditional materials, with a 77.5% reduction in carbon footprint. It also preserved the aesthetic identity of the palace by reproducing ornaments with 0.1 mm precision using LiDAR data, boosting cultural tourism with a 140% increase in visitors. The study provides a practical framework for aligning heritage conservation with sustainable development goals, applicable to similar archaeological sites.

The Kingdom of Maysan was one of the most important Iraqi kingdoms that emerged in the southern Mesopotamian plain, extending from the Arabian Gulf during the classical eras – before and after the birth of Christ.
Due to the strategic geographical location of the Maysan market, both by land and sea, it enjoyed economic prosperity that made it the focus of attention for the great powers of the ancient world, particularly the Parthians and Romans, until it eventually fell to the Sassanid Persians in 222 AD.
The Kingdom of Maysan witnessed a significant historical phase characterized by the diversity of Greco-Roman civilizations, which had a notable influence on Arab tribes. Tribes that settled in Maysan played a vital role and formed the foundational base of ancient Iraqi society.
These dominant tribes practiced many crafts and became well known for trade, in addition to agriculture and industry. Due to the development and prosperity of the Maysan economy, Maysan established important trade relations that linked it with the East and the West. It served as a bridge for transporting and exchanging goods between Eastern and Western countries, which greatly contributed to the economic prosperity of the region.

The research chronicles a historical phenomenon that emerged in the ideas of some historians of Islamic history, including the historian Ibn Kathir; which is the improvement of the image of Yazid ibn Muawiya and the overlooking of his mistakes and justifying them. Due to the significant danger of this phenomenon, we have highlighted it in this research and divided it into several axes. In the first axis, we explored the historian's attempts to describe Yazid as wise and intelligent. The second axis detailed the weighing of narratives, accepting and rejecting them. The third axis discussed how the historian portrayed Yazid as good at management and politics. The fourth axis addressed his justifications for Yazid's non-involvement in the poisoning of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) and the events of Karbala. The fifth axis exonerated him from the crime of the incident of Al-Hurra and the destruction of the Kaaba.

Muslims used the term Ahl al-Dhimma to refer to the peoples they conquered—Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, Sabians, and Samaritans. They enacted a set of legislations to regulate these communities’ new lives under Islamic rule, in accordance with what came to be known as the Umari Pact (ʿAhdah ʿUmariyyah).
Orientalists have addressed this issue through perspectives that emphasize the claim that the Umari Pact should be attributed to the Umayyad Caliph ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (ʿUmar II), rather than the second caliph, ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (ʿUmar I).
The Jewish orientalist Malka Levy-Rubin engaged with this topic by arguing that ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb was a relatively simple figure, unlikely to have drafted such detailed legislation, while ʿUmar II possessed the administrative capability to do so—particularly under the influence of policies adopted by earlier empires such as the Romans and the Sasanians, which had developed similar legal systems for governing subject peoples.
The central point Rubin aims to convey to the reader is the legislation of al-ghiyār—special clothing that members of conquered communities were permitted (or required) to wear, according to laws instituted by ʿUmar II. She emphasizes the element of humiliation embedded in these dress codes and how they were used as tools of social differentiation and subjugation.
Levy-Rubin also discusses how Arab Muslims were influenced by the legal frameworks of the Roman and Persian empires, which had previously imposed such regulations on the indigenous populations of occupied regions, including Arab lands. This is explored in her study: “Dhimma in Early Islam: From Submission to Coexistence.”

Ruby is one of the most prominent precious stones in the Islamic Maghreb, which caliphs, princes, and governors competed to obtain on one hand, and the families of the people, the rich and the wealthy on the other. Ruby was used in many industries, perhaps the most prominent of which is the manufacture of jewelry and related craftsmanship and textile industries, the most important of which is decorating the clothes of princes and governors and the clothes of their women, as well as in leather industries, especially bookbinding and decorating them with precious stones, especially ruby, in addition to iron industries, as it was used in inlaying beds and sword handles and wooden industries, and in palaces and mosques, as it was used to decorate pulpits. Ruby was also one of the most important precious stones, the acquisition of which was a dream for many kings and princes. It is no wonder that it was among the valuable gifts given to them due to its small size and high value, estimated at thousands of dinars. Ruby was one of the most important materials that Moroccan merchants competed to obtain from neighboring countries.

At the end of our study of the political features of the Prophet's state, we examined the nature of the relationship between the inhabitants of Yathrib before Islam. We found that the demographics of Yathrib differed from those of Mecca. Unlike Mecca, Yathrib was unstable in terms of security, which contributed to the Prophet's call to the people of Yathrib to migrate to the city to achieve security and stability. From the social perspective of the call to migrate, we concluded that the call to migrate primarily aimed to form a new Islamic community. It is based on solid foundations of stability and civilization, and as far away as possible from individualism and isolationism. Secondly, it aimed to prepare the first strong nucleus of the Islamic army to carry out its missions in jihad and fighting the infidels. We studied the organizations of the Prophet in Medina and it became clear to us that these organizations played a major role in organizing the society of Medina and bringing it to a state of stability and harmony and forming an ideological army that would undertake to spread Islam and defend Muslims through it. We touched upon the types of authorities in Islam such as legislative, executive and judicial authorities and we found that Islam preceded the West by many centuries in the issue of separation of powers. We made a comparison between the judiciary among the Arabs before and after Islam, and it became clear the supremacy of Islamic law and the importance of the judicial authority in Islam.

The book (Dala’il al-I’jaz) by Abd al-Qaher al-Jurjani (d. 471 AH or 474 AH) is one of the most important works of Arabic rhetoric and criticism, and its purpose is to research the secret of the miracle of the Holy Book. The third is a summary, and the fourth is a lesson. But they differed in the date of its authorship, did it come first before his other book (Asrar Al-Balaghah) or after it? Because his expressions are deeper, more comprehensive, and more mature than the secrets. Therefore, this research came to mention the opinions of scholars, and then to give conclusive evidence that it was late, and that it was the last of Al-Jurjani’s writings, based on a valuable text preserved by one of the manuscripts of the book.
I have mentioned the names of the professors and researchers according to the dates of their studies, whether those who preferred the evidence of the miracle or those who chose the secrets of rhetoric, with reference to the source of their words, trying to encompass those who have addressed this topic and have a scientific opinion, while clarifying the most prominent arguments for what they have gone to.

This research examines the last caliph of the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt, Al-Adid, and his reign, which was marked by weakness and deteriorating living conditions for the general populace. It explores how this once-powerful state declined and analyzes the causes behind its collapse, including the power struggles among influential viziers who dominated the political scene, rendering the caliph a mere figurehead.
The study highlights the pivotal role of Saladin (Salah ad-Din Ayyubi), who was originally summoned from the Levant by one of the warring factions. Seizing the opportunity, he consolidated power, becoming the chief vizier. His Sunni affiliation (in contrast to the Fatimids' Ismaili Shiism) ultimately motivated him to eliminate the Fatimid caliphate. The research details how Saladin systematically dismantled Al-Adid’s rule, ending the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt permanently.

The cities of Iraq were and still are a source of cultural and intellectual radiation throughout the ages. They included many cultural and intellectual cities, including the city of Ain al-Tamur, which contained many buildings, palaces and ancient fortresses, in addition to its geographical importance as a link between the East and the West, as well as the important economic aspect. Which represents supplying several regions in Iraq with dates and other crops and continuous trade. Therefore, Ain al-Tamr is considered one of the ancient cities and its history is believed to go back to more than a thousand years BC, and its old name is ((transparent// Shanatha)), which means in Aramaic (the pure clear one). The city has been mentioned by historians as being part of the Kingdom of Al-Hira, and the name Ain al-Tamr came from the many types of dates in it and its fame for its palm forests. People settled in it before Christ, especially in the second and third centuries AD, when it became famous and its importance in trade and agriculture increased after the Islamic conquest. It contains The city of Ain al-Tamr has many urban monuments from various eras, especially palaces that were built in the form of fortresses that performed service, military, and cultural functions. Among these palaces are Shimon Palace, Al-Ukhaidir Palace, or Al-Ukhaidir Fort, and others. There are also many springs of water and springs, making it one of the most important desert oases

This research is devoted to studying the general conditions of the city of Balkh, due to its significant role in the history of Khorasan in particular, and the Islamic East in general. It possesses natural factors that helped it to occupy such a wide space of importance. It was conquered by Al-Ahnaf ibn Qais, at the behest of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him). It was called "Mother of the Countries" due to its economic, agricultural, and commercial status; it was a great commercial market that brought together the surrounding countries. We reached several conclusions, the most prominent of which are: that it enjoys a distinct and unique geographical location, and it became clear that it was composed of three main elements: the Persians, who represent the vast majority there, then the Arabs and the Turks. It was subject to the rule of a number of independent families and states, whose rulers were keen to spread security and stability within it. These rulers obtained permission from the Abbasid Caliphate to rule these states. As a result of this stability and wealth, it witnessed a broad scientific renaissance, and scholars and writers were viewed with appreciation and respect.

The honorable kindergarten is the space between the house of the Prophet Muhammad (The house of Mrs. Aisha) and his pulpit in the Prophet's Mosque, located in Medina inside the Prophet's Mosque, and is one of the holiest and best parts of the earth after the Two Holy Mosques, and it is "Rawda from the Gardens of Paradise" as stated by the hadiths, which indicates its great bounty, bordered to the east by the Prophet's room, to the west by the pulpit, to the south by the Prophet's mihrab, and to the north by the end of Aisha's house to the pulpit, including prominent landmarks such as the tomb of the Prophet (, and the tomb of Abu Bakr and Umar (, the mihrab and the Prophet's pulpit.
The problem of the research is: determining the true meaning of the kindergarten and the interpretation of the hadith of the Prophet: "Between my house and the pulpit of a kindergarten from the kindergarten of Paradise", and distinguishing between the spiritual dimension and the historical and architectural dimension of the kindergarten and the pulpit.
As for the objectives of the research: it is to document the history of the honorable kindergarten and the Prophet's pulpit through heritage sources and manuscripts. And analyze the implications of the hadith related to kindergarten and pulpit, highlight the status of kindergarten and pulpit in the conscience of Muslims from a spiritual and religious point of view, and monitor the urban and artistic changes that have occurred in kindergarten and pulpit in different eras.
As for the results: Al-Rawdah Al-Sharifa is one of the greatest places on earth. The hadith has three main interpretations:
• It is like a kindergarten of paradise in mercy and happiness.
• Worship has a way to heaven.
• It is an actual part of Paradise to which it will be transferred on the Day of Resurrection.
The Prophet's pulpit had a great prestige, as it was the subject of the sermons of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and is considered a symbol of rhetoric and spiritual leadership. The kindergarten and the pulpit witnessed architectural and artistic developments, including the cladding of the columns with white marble covered with gold water, and the copper barriers that separate the kindergarten from the rest of the mosque.

This study aimed to classify merchants in Andalusia, identify their economic and social activities, and examine their relationships with the ruling authorities and neighboring kingdoms. This study then highlights the contribution of merchants to Andalusian public life at the cultural, social, and political levels, and examines the nature of the economic structure in Andalusia through an analysis of commercial activity.
To achieve this, the research relied on the historical analytical approach, by referring to historical, geographical, and documentary sources that dealt with economic life in Andalusia, and analyzing them with the aim of extracting a clear picture of the role of merchants. The social analysis approach is also used to understand the position of merchants within the social structure and to explain the extent of their influence on public life.
The study reached several conclusions, perhaps the most important of which is that it demonstrated that merchants constituted the backbone of economic life in Andalusia, stimulating internal and external trade, particularly through major ports such as Seville and Almeria. Merchants also played an active role in transferring knowledge and books from the Levant to Andalusia, contributing to the enrichment of the cultural and intellectual landscape, particularly given their openness to Islamic and Christian societies.
Finally, the study recommends intensifying research into Latin and European archives to uncover aspects of commercial interaction between Andalusia and neighboring Christian kingdoms. Comparative studies should be encouraged between the role of merchants in Andalusia and their counterparts in the Islamic East or Europe during the Middle Ages, and future studies should be directed toward analyzing the biographies of specific merchant figures to understand the mechanisms that shaped their commercial and social influence.

The Americans did not rush into the Middle East in general, and Turkey in particular, early on, as was the case with other countries that found their growing interests necessitating an attempt to dominate the economic, military, and political conditions in this Middle Eastern country. Perhaps the most important reasons behind this are the lack of an urgent need for American capitalism to access the markets of the Ottoman Empire, the dominance, penetration, and ambitions of other European countries in this empire, as well as the geographical distance between the United States and these countries, and the lack of sufficiently developed means of transportation to mitigate the impact of this distance. Therefore, it was natural that the Americans did not rush into this area much, and were late, compared to others, in their attempts to extend their influence into this region.

The policy of the United States of America towards Portugal was often characterized by cooperation and fruitful development, which contributed to strengthening relations between the two countries, and the presence of American communities in Portugal, and the presence of Portuguese communities in the United States of America early on in its colonies before their unification.
The Portuguese government is the maintenance of its close relationship with the United States of America, the cornerstone of its foreign policy as a result of the military and financial assistance it was receiving.
The two countries participate in most international organizations in order to achieve peace and prosperity, including NATO, as Portugal joined NATO in 1949, and the European Partnership Organization.

The Jewish community in the Kingdom of Morocco is an important historical part of the country's social and cultural fabric. Moroccan Jews participated in the administration of the kingdom through governmental and administrative positions. Additionally, they played a significant economic and cultural role in the kingdom. The Israeli entity seeks to gain the support of Morocco and African countries against the Arab movement opposing it, aiming to weaken Moroccan and African support for the Palestinian cause, as the King of Morocco holds the position of President of the Jerusalem Committee on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Furthermore, it seeks to strengthen Israeli diplomacy on the international stage. Thus, Israel has worked to establish close relations and major agreements with the Kingdom of Morocco. .
The apparent goal of its relations with Morocco is to balance Zionist-Arab relations, with the dominance of the Israeli entity reflected in a colonial dynamic that attempts to control the development of countries and direct them as part of an evolving strategy of comprehensive dependency over time.

The education sector in Lebanon is a large sector encompassing a broad segment of Lebanese society. It is also one of the most complex sectors in the country, with issues easily intertwined at various levels. The poor quality of education in Lebanon led to calls for new reforms. As a result, between 1958 and 1964, the public education system witnessed increased attention, particularly in expanding educational services to reach the most deprived groups, who had been virtually deprived of education in previous years. Successive Lebanese governments realized the importance of implementing reforms and focusing on development issues in the Islamic peripheral regions, given their impact on the political system and social relations. The minutes of the Lebanese Parliament showed the great interest of the members in supporting the public education sector in the primary stage. The representatives focused on analyzing the educational reality and diagnosing the ills that affected the social reality of Lebanese society and caused many problems that hindered social and political stability through the lack of access to education for a large number of people. Ignorance can create a suitable environment for the spread of many social and political diseases that constitute a fertile ground through which Lebanon's enemies can penetrate to destroy Lebanon by spreading chaos. Accordingly, the members of the Lebanese Parliament agreed to identify the field of primary education as a foundation that can be relied upon to strengthen the unity of society and build the new state. The members of the Parliament competed in presenting purposeful proposals for reform and urging governments to continue strengthening the government's role by adopting purposeful and productive education that achieves the aspirations of the Lebanese people in spreading primary education according to the latest successful international experiences. In this research, we will focus on official public schools.

Iraq witnessed a radical transformation in its modern history following the July 14, 1958 coup, which ended the monarchical rule and established a republican system under the leadership of Abd al-Karim Qasim. This coup had a profound impact on the political, economic, and social structures of the country, as it reshaped the state and its institutions, and brought about significant changes in the structure of power and social relations. .
However, despite these transformations, the nascent republic faced major challenges, including political tensions among competing forces, ideological divisions, and regional and international interventions, all of which contributed to ongoing political instability

The Pan-Germanic idea represents an expression of German national and political aspirations to unite German-speaking peoples under a single political or cultural umbrella. This idea arose in a complex European context of geopolitical transformations and national aspirations, particularly after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which reshaped the map of Europe based on the balance of power, without neglecting the concern to contain rising German nationalism. The roots of the Pan-Germanic idea go back to the nineteenth century, when it emerged as a reaction to the political disintegration suffered by the German states after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire. It found support in the thought of German nationalists such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Wilhelm von Humboldt. These ideas played a pivotal role in developing national consciousness and fueling the demand for cultural and political unity among the German peoples. After Germany's defeat in World War II, this idea disintegrated as a political project and became the subject of widespread criticism for its associated racism and national chauvinism, especially after the crimes of the Nazi regime were exposed. Europe subsequently shifted to a new concept of unity, based on political and economic pluralism within the framework of the European Union

The 1920 Revolution (Thawrat al-‘Ishreen) stands as one of the most prominent milestones in modern Iraqi history. It emerged as a widespread popular reaction to the British occupation following the end of World War I. The Iraqi people, who had aspired to gain freedom from Ottoman rule, were quickly disillusioned when they realized that the British occupation merely replaced one colonizer with another, and that the promises of liberty and independence were nothing more than hollow slogans.
Amid these circumstances, the spark of revolution ignited in the central Euphrates region after the arrest of Sheikh Shaalan Abu al-Jon. The uprising swiftly spread to various Iraqi cities, transforming into a nationwide revolt that included all segments of society—men and women, elders and youth—united by a shared patriotic spirit. Religious authorities played a pivotal role by issuing fatwas obligating resistance against the occupation, becoming central in guiding and morally supporting the revolutionary movement.
Iraqi women stepped beyond traditional roles into the sphere of action, participating in demonstrations, delivering supplies, and contributing cultural and social awareness by founding women's associations that became vocal in the national awakening. Alongside them, poets played a significant role in igniting enthusiasm and expressing the people’s pain and aspirations. Poetry became a powerful tool of mobilization and resistance.
The 1920 Revolution proved that the Iraqi people were capable of standing together against occupation regardless of the circumstances, and that the will for liberation cannot be defeated. Although the revolution was suppressed militarily, it laid the cornerstone for the formation of the modern Iraqi state and instilled a national consciousness that united weapon and word, fatwa and poem, men and women—in a rare revolutionary tableau in the history of nations.

This study examines the position of religious and cultural leaderships in the city of Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf regarding the events of the July 14, 1958 coup, which ended the monarchy in Iraq and established the First Republic under the leadership of Abd al-Karim Qasim. This event marked a profound political shift that significantly influenced the stances of religious authorities, scholars, and intellectuals in Najaf. Their views varied between cautious support, implicit rejection, and apprehensive observation, particularly in light of the division between nationalist and leftist currents within the Iraqi political arena

The image of authentic Arab morals is one of the distinctive phenomena in Arabic literature in general, and one of the most important features of Islamic Arabic poetry in particular, which has abounded in literary production in a striking manner. Especially the poetic output, and what we sensed in the poetic text of these poets and through our research entitled - Aspects of the Image of Arab Morals in Islamic Poetry - is the multiplicity of cultures and components in the society that the poets of this sect lived in. This, in turn, worked to reveal the various poetic virtues that contributed to shaping the text to become extremely magical and sweet. The research was divided according to the most prominent and brilliant morals and qualities that we found consistent in their poetry, to monitor a number of morals and their lofty role in the improvement of society. While emphasizing that it is the product of noble creation that was shaped by innate characteristics inherent in them, the research reached a simple and clear set of results that we proved in the conclusion of the research.

The concept of intentionality constitutes a central axis in communicative studies, particularly as it has shifted linguistic research from a closed linguistic system to linguistic expressions regarded as interactive, dialogical, social communicative events. This shift moves from sounds, words, and structures to context, text, and discourse, with a comprehensive view of all components. It operates through an interactive process that links the semantic aspects of those components with their functional and pragmatic dimensions. Meaning is no longer a fixed, prior entity inherent in the expression and detached from time and place—as presented in dictionaries and linguistic references—but rather a dynamic, interactive outcome collaboratively constructed, generated, and inferred.
Likewise, pragmatic intentionality is one of the core concepts in modern linguistic studies, as it represents the essential connection between the speaker’s intention and the listener’s comprehension. Due to the significance of this concept, it requires further research, investigation, and scholarly attention.
Research Problem:
To define the concept of pragmatic intentionality by discussing its philosophical and linguistic roots, and exploring the intersection between intentionality and communicative purpose in Arabic discourse by examining the relationship between pragmatic intentionality and the concept of intent in Arab heritage as well as in religious discourse, such as theological and juristic discourse.
Research Objectives:
This study seeks to contribute to bridging a knowledge gap related to the application of pragmatic-communicative concepts to Arabic discourse by utilizing its rich intellectual legacy, thereby enhancing our understanding of intent and the communicative purpose of language in both traditional and contemporary contexts.

We are looking for an interactive session with the victims but always in the location of the treasury, reports Al-Tasbu. Meaning of Wal-Sala, Fala'atfa Teaching by Janbaha Al-Dalali, Willis Al-Nafsi Different cultures are based on the definition of the required meaning .

Semiotics holds a distinguished place in critical and linguistic studies, having attracted significant attention from both Western and Arab researchers. It has been applied as a sign-based methodology that reveals the importance of narrative forms, headed by the novel, which has been a main concern for critics and researchers.
One of the most notable components of the narrative is the character, as it forms the foundational pillar upon which the narrative work is built and serves as the driving force of the artistic work. It constructs the language, establishes the dialogue, and touches the inner emotions.
Therefore, this study sheds light on the main character in, specifically, Iraqi women's novels, from a semiotic perspective. A selection of novels written by Iraqi female writers was studied and analyzed. The study includes a theoretical introduction regarding the concept of character in dictionaries and among critics and researchers. It also discusses the classifications and types of characters, relying on Philippe Hamon’s classification:
1. Referential Character: including historical, metaphorical, mythological, and social characters.
2. Deictic (Communicative) Character.
3. Reminiscent Character.
The study concludes with a summary of the key findings resulting from the research and analysis. Among the most significant results are:
1. Most female novelists focused on the deictic/communicative character, which had the most presence, followed by the symbolic referential character. The reminiscent characters had a limited presence.
2. The Iraqi female writers highlighted the suffering of two generations of women: one from the 1990s era marked by poverty, deprivation, and misery, and the other from the post-war era characterized by loss, immigration, killing, and displacement.

This study attempts to examine a text that falls within the context of "critique of criticism," namely the book "Al-Jawhara wa Al-Sayrafi: A Reading in the Discourse of Modern Scholars on the Uniqueness of Andalusian Poetry". This book is treated as a "third-level" text that engages with a "second-level" text, which itself was built upon a "first-level" text. The first-level text is Andalusian poetry; the second-level text comprises critical studies that explored the uniqueness and thematic directions of this poetry. The third-level text, then, represents a new reading that adopts the perspective of this research: that creative work is the first reading, criticism is the second reading, and what comes after — representing the critique of criticism — is the third reading. Accordingly, this study falls into what may be termed as post-third reading discourse.
One of the key outcomes of this research is the identification of multiple patterns of the third reading within the sample text. The study focused on two prominent patterns that formed a notable phenomenon: the assimilative third reading and the oppositional third reading. These two types of reading in the book operated through specific strategies and mechanisms that shaped their features — most notably through argumentation and reference, which are the two main stylistic phenomena upon which the third reading in the sample text relied.

The study of political elites occupies a large space in the field of social sciences, given its significant importance and the influential tools they possess in shaping, stabilizing, and shaping governance, thought, and ideological orientation. Since the emergence of interest in the study of human society, numerous questions have been raised about the nature of ruling groups and their relationship with the masses. Furthermore, the study examines the standards held by Western elites and the reasons for their duality in addressing international issues. The study highlights the important role of economic interests, historical alliances, and geopolitical strategies in shaping Western behavior on the global stage. A comparative approach is used to compare Western positions on the Russo-Ukrainian war and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, highlighting Western bias toward Israel and Ukraine. The study encompasses two main axes: the first is the concept and problems of the intelligentsia; the second is the double standards and their causes.

This study explores grammatical argumentation as a linguistic activity grounded in rational and textual reasoning, aimed at weighing grammatical opinions and explaining syntactic phenomena.
Although the term ḥijāj is relatively modern in linguistic discourse, it has deep roots in the Arabic tradition, and its manifestations are evident in classical grammar through scholarly debates and dialectical exchanges.
The research focuses on the argumentative features found in the completions (tatimmat) of al-Jurjānī’s Sarāʾir al-ʿArabiyyah (d. 730 AH), analyzing these completions as explanatory or corrective additions that contribute to constructing, modifying, or expanding grammatical judgments.
Adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study concludes that these completions represent a dynamic space for grammatical dialogue. They reflect al-Jurjānī’s awareness of argumentative tools such as analogy, reasoning, and the balance between transmitted and rational evidence—thereby enriching and advancing Arabic grammatical theory.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Master of the Messengers and the most honorable of all creation, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, his good and pure family, and his productive companions .
The Lord of Glory and Majesty has favored me by allowing me to peruse the collection of poems of the great poet Sheikh Mohsen Abu Al-Hab Al-Kabir. I found it to be a collection of poems rich in linguistic phenomena. One of those phenomena caught my attention, which is the phenomenon of vowel defects in general, and vowel defects by heart in particular, and that captivated me. Likewise, the words used by the poet are words worthy of phonetic and morphological study, and from here came the research entitled (Violation by heart in the collection of Sheikh Mohsen Abu Al-Hab Al-Kabir).
Since the phenomena that most morphologists and phoneticians have talked about are the phenomenon of vowelization in general and vowelization in particular, which are rules of phonetic morphology, I began to monitor a number of words to apply this phonetic morphological phenomenon to a number of poems in the collection.
Perhaps the most prominent problem in this research is the words chosen by the poet in composing his poems. Some of them appear to be subject to the strict rules of vowelization by heart, while others are used without those rules for the sake of sound poetic formulation, as if relying on poetic necessity, which permits poets what it does not permit others.
The objectives of this research are to unveil the modern poetry collections and shed light on studying them from the linguistic side, which is rich in phonetic, morphological, syntactic and semantic phenomena; especially since these collections are often the focus of researchers from the literary side in particular. I found that this collection is more deserving of studying the phenomenon of vowel change by heart and monitoring examples of this phenomenon in its poems. Therefore, they are suitable poems with simple words and meanings that came to depict a tragedy like no other, a tragedy that took place in the holiest spot on earth, Karbala.

This research examines the transformations of the digital poem in modern Iraqi poetry in terms of its structure and interactive aesthetics. The research stems from the question of how the digital technological revolution has influenced the form and content of the Iraqi poem after 2003, and how it has contributed to changing the methods of reception and interaction with the poetic text. The research presents a theoretical foundation for the concept of digital poetry and the interactive poem, reviewing the most important technical and literary features of this new genre of creativity. It then reviews the historical context of modern Iraqi poetry after 2003, the digital openness it witnessed, and the electronic publishing platforms that contributed to the emergence of interactive poetic experiences. The research includes an aesthetic and technical analysis of selected poems by contemporary poets to demonstrate the manifestations of digital interaction in their texts, whether through the use of multimedia or forms of communication with the reader. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology supported by a semiotic approach to uncover the symbols and signs in these poems. The study concludes with several findings, the most important of which is that the interactive digital poem in Iraq has become a literary genre distinct from the traditional poem in its structure, as the text is no longer mere letters on paper but has become an electronic space where words combine with image, sound, and movement, and wherein the recipient plays the role of an active partner in enriching meaning and shaping the experience. The research also concluded that the digital reader has become a pivotal element in the modern interactive poetic system, which necessitates the development of new critical concepts to keep pace with these aesthetic and technical transformations.

Buland Al-Haidari (1926-1996) is a poet whose poetry encompasses ideas that flowed from the nullity, despair, and disappointment of the contemporary during the 1940s and 1950s, and the subsequent periods of oppression that paved the way for humankind to rebel. He pursued these paths to dispel some of his own impulses and to draw closer to the modernity of the era. Buland was reading what literary and philosophical translations offered, such as Sartre’s existentialism (1905-1980 AD) and Camus’s absurdity (1913-1960 AD), which at that time were resounding cries in the ears of prominent Iraqi writers, Buland’s contemporaries, especially the poet Hussein Mardan (1927-1972 AD), who adorned for his friend the reliance of his poetry on the experience of displacement, and its coming with features other than those of the poetry of the three pioneers. Al-Haidari's early collections were characterized by a dark subjectivity, compounded by a strong sense of the tragedy of existence in Across the Three Dimensions. This prompted criticism to examine them and offer its own interpretations. This research will do so in three sections: Buland as a person, poet, and position; existence as a concept and then its manifestation in the aforementioned collection; and existence as a dramatic performance. These are preceded by an introduction, followed by a summary.

This research explores the manifestations of rhetorical irony in Ahmed Matar's poetry, revealing his skill in employing this rhetorical art to serve the causes of his society and homeland. It also investigates how the poet utilized irony to create impactful poetic imagery, combining apparent contradictions to unveil hidden truths.
The study analyzes how irony, with its inherent antithesis and contradiction, was not merely an ornamental tool in his poetry but became a fundamental element in the textual structure, contributing to the formation of his artistic vision and the delivery of his poetic message. The research examines how irony in Matar's poetry transcends the boundaries of traditional badi' (rhetorical figures), evolving into an artistic mechanism capable of generating complex and intricate poetic images that carry deep connotations and a powerful impact on the recipient.
Furthermore, the research uncovers how Ahmed Matar achieved the technique of irony through the strategic deployment of rhetorical devices in his poetry, such as similes, metaphors, antithesis ( tibāq), and juxtaposition ( muqābalah). He uniquely employed these to craft ironic poetic images that synthesize artistic beauty with rhetorical impact.

The study aims to provide a comprehensive scientific description of the linguistic disorders associated with Wernicke’s aphasia, with a particular focus on the direct cause of this condition—neurological damage affecting the left cerebral hemisphere, specifically the superior temporal gyrus. The objective is to determine the extent to which impairments in the neural regions responsible for language production impact proper linguistic formation.
The study examines Wernicke’s aphasia as one of the most well-known and widespread neurogenic language disorders. Individuals with this type of aphasia experience a loss of ability to understand and process language. Despite their fluency in producing speech, their output lacks accuracy in meaning and coherence, making communication with others ineffective.
A descriptive methodology was adopted to clarify the characteristics of this disorder, drawing on scientific literature that provides precise accounts of the disordered linguistic patterns observed in individuals with Wernicke’s aphasia. The aim is to develop a thorough and accurate understanding of the nature of this condition.
The study found that speech produced by individuals with Wernicke’s aphasia inevitably exhibits one or more of the following impairments:
Phonological impairments (such as deletion, distortion, and phonemic substitution).
Morphological impairments (errors affecting word structure and phoneme arrangement).
Syntactic impairments (deviations from grammatical rules).
Semantic impairments (difficulty in interpreting meanings).
Additionally, recent studies have revealed that Wernicke’s area is broader than what has been traditionally mapped in classical neuroanatomical models. Moreover, the concept storage center proposed by Lichtheim plays an integral role in language comprehension, although Lichtheim did not attribute it to a specific location in the brain.

Grammatical terminology represents a fundamental pillar in shaping the scientific framework of Arabic grammar. These terms have contributed to regulating grammatical concepts and unifying their meanings since the early centuries of the development of this discipline in the Hijri era. Classical Arabic dictionaries have played a pivotal role in preserving and recording these terms, becoming a primary source that documents the grammatical heritage with its various layers of definitions, explanations, and clarifications.
Despite this significant importance, a closer look at these dictionaries reveals a noticeable variation in the accuracy of defining grammatical terms and the extent to which these definitions conform to the established scientific concept as presented by grammarians and in books of rhetoric and exegesis. Some definitions tend to adopt purely linguistic explanations, detached from specialized grammatical precision, while others expand towards interpretative elaboration without a clear technical specification.
From this perspective, the importance of the present research emerges, as it aims to analyze a selection of grammatical terms used in a number of prominent classical dictionaries, such as Al-Ain, Al-Sihah, and Al-Qamus Al-Muhit, by examining the extent to which these dictionaries maintain definitional accuracy and their degree of consistency with the grammatical concept used in grammarians’ works. The research also seeks to highlight the challenges faced by researchers or students when consulting these dictionaries in order to correctly understand grammatical terminology.
This study relies on the descriptive-analytical method, by examining the term as it appears in the dictionary, and comparing it with its treatment in fundamental grammar references such as Al-Kitab by Sibawayh, Al-Muqtadab by Al-Mubarrad, Al-Khasa’is by Ibn Jinni, and Sharh Al-Mufassal by Ibn Yaish. The study will be presented through a discussion of the theoretical framework, a textual analysis of the terms, applied models, and finally a conclusion with results and recommendations.

The semantic form in dependencies and whirlwinds The treatise (The Disciples and Whirlwinds) by Ibn Shahid Al-Andalusi (4260382) is one of the stories that combine reality and the unreal, in shaping the Western image, which made us intend to classify its topics, reveal the existing harmony within it, and research the formation of its significance, arriving at the conclusion of the manifestations of contrast between Two worlds of reality (the world of Ibn Shahid and how to satisfy psychological potentials) and the world of non-reality (the world of the jinn as a means
Retaliation against opponents Revealing how significance is built in dependencies and whirlwinds will give us knowledge of the semantic system that governs their semantic formation at the levels of structure and content, and knowledge of the path of interpretation that allows identification of similarity, and enables the detection of similar characteristics and background that are not apparent in the context. Accordingly, research is conducted into how to direct the narrative type and how Multiple speech centers conflict

This paper explores how the vocabulary from the Qur’an is used differently in contemporary media texts. The paper looks into the way sacred terms are interpreted when they are presented in the media or on TV. The team uses a description-analysis and comparison approach to identify the terms that are most influenced, investigate changes to these terms and assess their effect on public understanding. The study suggests that media regularly interprets and dramatizes terms from the Qur’an, making distortions possible. The research finishes by suggesting how to use religious terms appropriately, to avoid changing the true meanings of the Qur’an.

One of the the most important findings of this research is the relationship between Ahmed matar s banners and Naji AL- Alis drawings in the AL- Qabas Kuwaiti newspaper in particular and Ahmed matar s verses of poetry and Naji AL-Alis drawings in general . this is Becouse the banner and the drawing share certain themes presented by the poet in the Form of words . while the Artist presented them in the form of lines , shapes and characters. The poet Ahmed Matar also made his banners a weapon to defend the Arab peoble . just as the artist Naji Al –Alis made his drawings aweapon with which he defended Palestine and the Arab people in order to break the shackles and liberate them selves from the authority . of the rules . there is no doubt that the artist and the poet have shown skill in employing graphic images in the banners and drawings until they were able to convey their ideas in away that effects the recipient . there is also the presence of a bold character in presenting the topics . the reasons that literature and other arts have avoided are well known . they are fear or personal gain .

The short story in general still requires many literary and artistic studies to identify the most prominent artistic elements employed by short story writers. Perhaps the most prominent of these elements is the symbol, which requires a special focus to identify the most prominent phenomena and trends used in narrative employment. The phenomenon of symbolism in the short story was the result of fear of political oppression, which used a policy of repression and suppression of most writings and publications, subjecting them to strict censorship. Al-Yousfi's sources of symbolism varied between mythological, literary, political, social, and other natural sources. The variation is clear in the degree of Al-Yousfi's use of symbolism, depending on his creative ability, the extent of his possession of artistic tools, his skill in selecting the appropriate symbol, and the extent of its integration and cohesion with the artistic structure. The writer attempted to modify the original meaning to align with his idea in writing his stories, in order to stimulate the mind and influence the recipient .