Journal of Kirkuk University Humanity Studies

Many deviant phenomena have spread in Islamic societies that represent a great danger to our children and youth, including the phenomenon of atheism. Due to the importance of this phenomenon, we decided to stop at it. Among the objectives of this study is to identify the following concepts (impact, atheism, contemporary) in language and terminology, and to explain the most prominent effects of contemporary atheism in the lives of societies, and to explain the ways to prevent it. The problem of the research lies in the danger of ideas. Atheism has become greater at this time due to the spread of social networking sites, as most of the users of these sites are young people and teenagers who do not have intellectual immunity and scientific fortification that helps them overcome doubts. The research included an introduction, a preface, three chapters and a conclusion. The preface included a definition of the title’s vocabulary, and the first chapter was about anxiety, psychological conflict, selfishness, individualism, loss of religious restraint and tendency. To crime, and the second topic is about the destruction of the family system and the spread of suicide and the destruction of societies and the unleashing of sensual instincts, and the third topic is about ways to prevent contemporary atheism, and a conclusion in which the most important results are that atheism is the deviation from the truth, and the denial of the existence of God Almighty, and His creation of the universe and leaving very dangerous effects on the behavior of societies These include anxiety, psychological conflict, selfishness, individualism, the tendency toward crime, the destruction of societies, and the spread of suicide. It is impossible to address the contemporary phenomenon of atheism unless we follow preventative measures, which include calling for the oneness of God, paying attention to the moral education of the Muslim, and confronting atheistic suspicions.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the dual-situation learning model (DSLM) on the achievement of fifth-grade literary students in the Holy Quran and Islamic education and the development of their systematic thinking. The researcher applied the experiment on a sample of (75) students from the fifth-grade literary students and used two tools to compare the experimental group and the control group. The first tool was an achievement test consisting of (50) paragraphs and the second test was a systematic thinking test consisting of (33) paragraphs. The researcher concluded that the experimental group that studied with the dual-situation learning model (DSLM) was superior in the achievement test and the systematic thinking test over the control group.
In light of the research findings, the researcher recommends a set of recommendations, including breaking the barrier of routine and focusing on diversity in teaching methods and strategies for the Holy Quran and Islamic education, and avoiding traditional, established, and commonly used methods in schools in general.
He proposes several proposals, including:
1. The effect of the Dual-Situation Learning Model (DSLM) on the acquisition of Islamic concepts among fifth-grade science students and the development of their global ethics.

The current study aims to investigate the effect of the Fishbowl Strategy on the information processing of fifth-grade literary stream students in the subject of history and the development of their lateral thinking. To achieve the objectives of the study, experimental research methodology was employed. The researcher randomly selected Al-Sumer Secondary School; Group (A) served as the experimental group taught using the Fishbowl Strategy, while Group (B) served as the control group taught using the traditional method. The research sample consisted of 68 students, with equivalence established in the following variables: chronological age (measured in months), parents’ educational level, previous academic year grades, intelligence, and pre-test scores of lateral thinking. Statistical methods used included the t-test for two independent and correlated samples. The findings revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group.

Assessing the sustainability of rural areas and its influencing factors is of paramount importance. This study aimed to measure the sustainability of villages in Shian Rural District, located in Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran.This research utilized a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population consists of 13 villages in the Shian Rural District, which were examined using questionnaires and field observations. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by subject matter experts, and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha test (0.907). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software.A significant difference was observed in the sustainability of the villages. Accordingly, the villages were ranked as follows: among the 13 villages of Shian Rural District, Karmere Sofla village obtained the highest score (133.84), and Tajar Karam of Panah Abad village had the lowest score (65.72). Subsequently, using the Wilcoxon test, it was concluded that according to the ranking table, the mean score before the construction of the dam was 19, while this value was 23 after the construction of the dam, indicating a positive and significant impact.The construction of the Shian dam significantly affected the sustainability of the villages, improving income and livelihoods.

The true Islamic religion emphasized the importance of knowledge and its status, and that seeking knowledge is an act of worship and an obligation in Islam. This is considered one of the first motives that encouraged Muslims to compose and write, and the beginning of the launch of their scientific and intellectual activity. They composed valuable works in various sciences and knowledge, including history. Among these works are books of biographies, translations, genealogies, local histories, autobiographies, individual biographies, and general history that preserved the heritage of Islam. It is the memory of the nation that stores the features of its cultural identity, and a feature that distinguishes them from other nations, and a wonderful example in embodying the Arab-Islamic civilization. The research dealt with studying the scientific output of the scholars of the Maghreb and Andalusia in the field of authorship through the book (Wafiyat al-A'yan wa Anba Abna al-Zaman) by Ibn Khallikan (d. 681 AH/1282 AD). The study sought to shed light in this research on the efforts of Moroccan and Andalusian scholars in the field of authorship and their works on various topics and in various branches of history, and they put forth valuable and extensive works in it. Many of them were characterized by scientific honesty. Criticism and extreme accuracy in historical documentation. The scholars of Morocco and Andalusia did not rely on books alone, but rather relied on narration by hearing and witnessing facts and events, and they mentioned their sources accurately to document scientific integrity.

British policy towards Egypt underwent major shifts in the 19th and early 20th centuries. After occupying Egypt three times, Britain solidified control in 1882 and maintained its dominance following the declaration of a protectorate on December 19, 1914, asserting itself as the primary authority. During World War I, Egypt endured severe British repression, with nationalists imprisoned or exiled.
In 1922, Britain unilaterally declared Egypt’s independence. However, the 1936 treaty curtailed true sovereignty, as British military presence remained. Egypt’s support for Britain in World War II was seen as a trade-off for eventual recognition as a fully independent state.
The study is structured into an introduction, two main chapters, and a conclusion.
The first chapter, “British Policy towards Egypt (1914–1924),” examines the end of Ottoman rule, the imposition of the protectorate, and Britain’s manipulation of Egypt’s weak political system. It also explores how the 1919 Revolution forced policy shifts, culminating in the declaration of Egypt’s nominal independence on February 28, 1922—a date later commemorated as a national holiday.
The second chapter, “British Policy after Saad Zaghloul’s Government in 1924,” analyzes negotiations, the assassination of General Lee Stack, the 1929 economic crisis, and the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty.
The research draws on key Arabic sources, including works by Abdel Azim Ramadan, Yunan Labib Rizk, and memoirs of Abdul Rahman Fahmy, as well as university theses. The conclusion highlights important insights into British-Egyptian relations during this transformative era.

This study examines the poetic vision and literary position of Nesrin Erbil, one of the prominent poets of contemporary Iraqi Turkmen literature. In her poetry, Nesrin Erbil gives considerable space not only to themes such as people, nation, freedom, and homeland, but also to childhood memories and past sorrows. The focus of this study is her poem Our Old Mansion (Eski Konağımız), included in her poetry collection Wounded Bird (Yaralı Kuş). In this poem, the poet evokes a deep longing for childhood memories, recollections of family members, and the emotions hidden in every corner of the old house, all conveyed through powerful imagery. The poem employs symbolic representations of figures such as the mother, father, and siblings, and offers an emotionally charged narrative of the past through depictions of places and objects. This analysis not only explores the thematic structure of the poem but also addresses Erbil’s descriptive style, assessing the influence of her interest in visual arts on her poetic language. Accordingly, Our Old Mansion is examined in terms of both form and content, and is presented as a representative example of memory-themed works in Turkmen poetry in terms of their literary quality.

Proverb is a long bridge from yesterday to today, a bond that connects yesterday to today. Proverb is a saying that expresses the experience and advice of a lifetime. These sayings often reflect the common sense of the people. These sayings are usually passed down from generation to generation. In addition, each proverb expresses a certain or a phenomenon in a symbolic language. It usually tells a situation, event, advice or a lesson in a concise and short-meaningful way. Therefore, it serves both as a social educator and an educator and keeps the language alive. Therefore, proverb always shows the cultural richness of a language. In this study that we have conducted, we have examined proverbs and shown the place of proverbs in Turkish literature. We gave the Kurdish equivalents of proverbs written in Turkish, and we saw that there are many proverbs in both languages that have the same subject or even the same meaning. Although they are different in terms of words, proverbs written in both languages are written for the same meaning and the same purpose in terms of meaning. In addition to all this, we think that it is also important to examine and compare proverbs from two different language families.

Sultan Muzafereddin Gokboru is a very important leader who has not been sufficiently researched. Although Gokboru is referred to with many titles such as king, sultan, padishah, prince in written sources, it is thought that his contributions to the Erbil Region have not been sufficiently examined due to misconception, ignorance or at best, lack of appreciation. This study touches on Gokboru\'s life, identity and contributions to the region. During the administration of his emirate, Gokboru did not give way to control of passions, on the contrary, he was extremely alert and careful about what was happening in the public and secret areas. He was able to intervene in emergencies in a prepared manner, and in addition, he was prepared for everything that was expected of him during the days when he entered the Atabey administration and when their administration expanded. He always used the power of his army for the benefit of the Atabeys and to eliminate the sovereignty of his neighbors. The leadership style he implemented was extremely great, because this connection was clearly seen in public policies and always attracted attention during the Atabey period.

Adverbial participles in both Turkish and the Behdini dialect of Kurdish serve as essential grammatical structures that enrich verbal expressions by adding temporal, causal, conditional, or descriptive nuances. These constructions are typically formed through specific suffixes attached to verb stems, thereby expanding the sentence’s expressive capacity and contributing to its syntactic and semantic depth.
In Turkish, adverbial participle suffixes such as "-ken", "-ince", and "-ip" are widely used. In contrast, the Behdini dialect employs its own distinct set of structural rules and suffixes, most notably patterns such as "پاشگرێ ی + قەدێ چاوک + پێشگرێ ە/ب", which add phonological and functional complexity. Despite sharing similar grammatical functions, the two languages differ in how these constructions are formed and utilized within their respective linguistic systems.
This study conducts a comparative analysis of adverbial participles in Turkish and Behdini Kurdish, examining their formation, meaning, and syntactic behavior through a set of illustrative examples. It also investigates the impact of these structures on sentence cohesion and text interpretation. Furthermore, the research highlights the mutual linguistic influences between Turkish and Kurdish, aiming to establish a theoretical and descriptive bridge that deepens the understanding of their morphological and syntactic similarities and differences.

This study examines the phonetic differences and shared phonological features between Turkish as spoken in Turkey and the Erbil dialect of Iraqi Turkmen Turkish. Focusing specifically on consonants, the analysis explores the structural changes and distinctive articulatory characteristics observed in the Erbil dialect. The findings indicate that the Turkish consonant g undergoes a shift to ''c'' > ''ç'' while the phoneme ''ğ ''> realized as ''c'' in the Erbil dialect. Moreover, the Turkish ''k''phoneme frequently transforms to ''ç'' within words. Another notable feature is the articulation of the Turkish'' v''as a bilabial /w/, reflecting a tendency toward more conservative or historically retained phonetic features. Consonants are categorized and analyzed based on voicing, voicelessness, and place of articulation. The classification includes: bilabial consonants (b, m, p, w), labiodental consonants (f, v), dental consonants (d, l, n, r, s, t, z), alveo-palatal consonants (c, ç, j, ş), palatal consonants (g, k, ğ, y), velar consonants (h, ḥ, ḫ), semi-vowels (''y''), and trilled consonants (''r''). Each group is examined in terms of its phonological behavior in both language varieties.
A particularly distinguishing feature of the Erbil dialect is the softer and more palatalized articulation of ''c'' and ''ç'', realized as ''ć'' and ''ḉ'', respectively. Additionally, instances of the transformation '' d'' > ''t'' in certain lexical items are discussed. These phonetic and phonological variations emphasize the influence of historical sound changes, as well as contact with neighboring languages, and underline the unique character of the Erbil Turkmen dialect in contrast to standard Turkish.

This study focuses on the critical voice that dominates Rıza Çolakoğlu’s poetry, analyzing how themes of social decay and moral decline in modern times are reflected through poetic language. His poems, while drawing from individual sensitivity, emerge as the voice of a collective conscience, dealing with issues such as moral corruption, commercialization of values, the loss of quality in education, economic inequality, the disintegration of family structures, and cultural degeneration. Drawing upon the tradition of folk poetry, Çolakoğlu employs a plain yet impactful style, enriched with irony, satire, and metaphor to expose structural injustices and societal contradictions.
Rather than being mere personal lamentations, his poems can be read as literary diagnoses of his era’s social pathologies. His poetic style combines elements of cultural heritage with a sharp awareness of contemporary challenges. In this respect, Çolakoğlu does not consider poetry as a purely aesthetic endeavor but as a moral responsibility. Poetry, in his hands, becomes a means to awaken society, remind it of forgotten values, and preserve the voice of conscience. This study reveals that Çolakoğlu’s poetry functions not only as a literary legacy but also as a medium for ethical and social awakening.

This study shows how the short story “Mecehamal” written by Kemal Beyatlı developed and managed to emerge a language of resistance in Iraqi Turkmen literature from a sociopolitical perspective. In the introduction of the study, the cultural, cultural and literary developments of Iraqi Turkmens are summarized; how Turkmen literature was shaped under the conditions of authoritarian regimes and the role of individual effort in this process are detailed. Then, the story of Mecehamal is systematically analyzed in terms of character analysis, plot, use of space and time, symbolic language and narration. In the story, the exclusion, identity loss, invisibility and social alienation experienced by Mecehamal, a mentally disabled individual; are discussed together with the pressure of the authoritarian regime on him, and the literary reflections of passive resistance are evaluated. Symbols such as the torn skullcap, stars, the Tall Girl, the fair and the identity card used in the narration represent not only an individual drama but also the collective memory and traumatic past of the Iraqi Turkmen community. The study, by using text analysis and critical discourse analysis, has revealed the emergence of the function of literature as a tool for creating memory and identity; systematic injustice, social compassion, silent resistance and visibility methods have been eliminated through the character of Mecehamal.
As a result, it shows that individuals under oppression carry resistance even in their silence; and that literature is a powerful tool both to make this silence heard and to keep the memory that will carry a future alive.

The study aims to identify the effect of the Letter Box Strategy, which was constructed using the active learning principles, on female primary school second-grade students' building of reading abilities.
For the realization of the research goal, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design in two groups: experimental and control, with pre-test and post-test methods. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested. The study sample was 50 female students who were divided into two groups: the experimental group of 30 students, who were taught using the Letter Box Strategy at Al-Nasr Primary School, and the control group of 20 students, who were taught by the traditional method at Al-Qanadeel Primary School in Kirkuk Governorate during the 2024–2025 academic year. The researcher ensured that both groups were homogeneous concerning variables that could affect the outcomes of the study.
To accomplish the research objective, a tool was essential—the researcher therefore developed a reading test for 8 items, each measuring a specific reading skill in the Arabic language. One or more sub-questions made up every section with a total test score of 30. The researcher administered the test for validity and reliability.
After the experiment, the researcher administered the instrument to the two groups. Data were collected, processed, and statistically calculated through the use of the SPSS software. The results were as follows:
There is a statistically significant difference between both groups' mean scores in the attainment of reading skills, in the favor of the experimental group.
There is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the experimental group's post-test and pre-test in learning reading skills in favor of the post-test.
From the findings, the researcher provided various conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

Philip Ridley's plays, The Pitchfork Disney (1991) and Mercury Fur (2005) showcase dystopian futures deeply marked by childhood trauma, mirroring wider cultural unease, much like Gothic narratives. These plays delve into how experiences— like fear, abuse, and neglect—shape both individual minds and the society at large. these settings often act as reflections of societal decline and stark emotional emptiness. Scholars have examined the socio-political aspects of Ridley’s post-9/11 work, especially their critique of modern life. However, his application of Gothic trauma theory is underexamined, indicating a substantial opportunity for additional investigation and comprehension of its ramifications in modern literature and cultural studies.
This research examines how Ridley crafts dystopian worlds showing trauma's lasting impact, spotlighting the intricacies of memory and its ongoing effects in a society grappling with trauma.
Ridley makes use of disturbing visuals to bring sight into deep-rooted terror enclosed within memories and fear. His characters often experience scattered memories, depicting how trauma alters one's interpretation of reality. The vague hints at the collapse of moral systems within these stories reveals that the trauma does not only apply to private individuals – it seems to envelop the society as a whole. Ridley’s imaginary worlds further develop these ideas, looking at trauma as a major influence of the present and the future.
By blending Gothic horror with dystopian fiction, Ridley offers a rather unique view of trauma post-9/11—one that contemporary audiences can deeply relate to. His plays suggest that trauma isn’t just a personal issue but is instead a shared societal issue that reshapes our collective experience, asking us to really rethink the implications of shared trauma. This offers up new insights into where Gothic horror, dystopian storytelling, and the lasting psychological effects of childhood trauma all meet, establishing a substantial domain for investigation and discourse.

This paper explores the theme of the wasteland in “Howl” by Allen Ginsberg, noting that Ginsberg expands the boundaries enforced by T. S. Eliot’s poem and finds his way through the wasteland of American society after the war. The poem “Howl” was first published in 1956, in which the fears of the generation in the face of political revolutions, existentialism, and alienation are brought forth. With impressive images and rich feelings, the poem is both a manifesto and a criticism of urban slums, mental crisis, and the chaos surrounding the meaning of life. Ginsberg’s representation delves deep not only into the suffering caused by such situations but also presents the possibility of hope and awaiting redemption, instilling in readers the desire to face unbearable outcomes in hope of achieving understanding and closeness. It will also be argued that “Howl” is not simply a social commentary but a powerful proclamation of compassion and defiance in the face of nothingness, a testament to how struggle and the human spirit can change everything.

Language in general, both in its formation and usage, is dependent on a variety of beliefs. Therefore, the structure of language and its usage are closely related to the type of cognition that depends directly on its tools and patterns. This belief is applied in the form of a theoretical idea in the cosmology of perception known as linguistic ideology. The purpose of the discussion is to explain an important aspect of the Kurdish language, which both initiates the linguistic ideology that underpins its linguistic structures and analyzes the linguistic ideology that determines how the Kurdish language is used by different speakers and social groups. Aside from the introduction and conclusion. It consists of two main parts: the first part consists of (The analytical dimensions of linguistic ideology in language grammar) and the second part contains two branches. The first branch (Applying the natural research technique of linguistic ideology), the second branch focuses on discovering (Applying the critical research method of linguistic ideology), with a conclusion and summary of the discussion in Arabic and Kurdish language

This research, entitled Rebellion in the poem of Abdullah Pashew in central and south Kurdistan, is an attempt to ptesent and reflect the rebellion in Bashur’s poetic sphere .The history of the Kurdish Peope in Kurdistan has seen many Political and Social ups and downs.Thenthe Future events that are connected to the land and people of the country have had an impact on the poet because of his love to his homeland and attachment to his homeiand and people Thus the rebellion appears clearly in his poetry’ therefore, The researchers tried to show the types of rebllionin inpashew poetry.This research consists of two part,in part one of four chapters, we showed the title and the reason for choosing the topic, the terms and concepts of rebellion from the point of view of psychology,and sociology, Rebellion in world literature during the Greek, Roman and Islamic periods is presented., the causes of social and psychological rebellion are presented,in part two we showed the different types of rebellion against political authority and social and religious rebellion,and against the personal homeland . His poetic texts in the light of the research and bassed on several different sources that support a number of conlusions.Which we have listed them at the end of the study. Rebellion in poetry(Abdullah pashew). Also, in light of the research and based on several different ,we reached a number of conclusions and arranged at the end of the research.

This research, titled "Social Issues and Problems in the Novels of Ata Muhammad," aims to explore the social issues and problems depicted in the works of the novelist, as well as to highlight the customs and traditions that contribute to these challenges for individuals in society. The study examines the portrayal of individual freedom and identity within the context of Kurdish culture, as reflected in Ata Muhammad's novels. From this perspective, the research discusses how the author addresses social problems in Kurdish society through his characters, illustrating how certain customs, traditions, and religious rules can become sources of individual struggle. The study employs a descriptive-analytical method. The research is structured into an abstract, introduction, two main sections, conclusion, and a list of sources. The first section, titled "The Concept of Society in the Novel," is divided into two parts. Part One: Terminology and the Concept of Society. Part Two: The Social Dimension of the Novel. The second section, titled "Social Issues and Problems in the Novels of Ata Muhammad," is divided into two parts. Part One: Social Disintegration in the Novels of Ata Muhammad. Part Two: Novels of Ata Muhammad.

This study, entitled “The Causes of Pessimism in Ahmad Hardi’s Poetry,” is directly related to psychology. The research generally discusses pessimism as a psychological disorder and pessimism in modern literature, examining the causes and emotions that lead to this pattern of thinking. The study addresses the influence of Arab Romanticism and literary groups, particularly poets from the (Mahjar and Apollo) groups, on reinforcing Ahmad Hardi’s pessimistic sentiments and the nature of their impact manifested in his poetry. The study particularly emphasizes the causes of pessimism and the type of pessimism evident in his poems.
Pessimism is defined in psychology as a type of pathological mood fluctuation in humans, resulting from self-failure and the constraints and difficulties of life. The individual becomes afflicted with this psychological fluctuation, which often reaches a level where everything is viewed through a pessimistic lens. Some causes are related to the poet’s self, while others are connected to his environment. Part of it is also linked to the painful events and tragedies the poet experienced in his personal life, or to the sorrows of his nation and people, as poets are more sensitive than others to pain and the unstable conditions of their surroundings. The poet, being an intellectual of his society, possesses delicate feelings and sensitivities, and unstable conditions along with the failure to reach solutions to existing circumstances leave an impact on his thinking, leading toward despair and pessimism. Our research aims to identify the causes of pessimism in general in Ahmad Hardi’s work.
Through analysis and examination of Ahmad Hardi’s poetry, we conclude that the conditions of Kurdish society and his failure to reach his beloved were the primary causes of pessimism for the poet, which were extensively reflected in his poems.

This research is in the field of psycholinguistics, an attempt to explain and interpret the main theoretical areas of both languages processing in lexicon, Language processing is more complex in mental lexicon of bilingual than in monolingual, Methods of storing, organizing, retrieving and accessing lexical representations of both languages and their use in psycho-linguistic processes is different. in bilingual mental lexicon stored words from both languages and their related information, The distinction between the lexicon representations of the two languages is not absolute, there can be interact between the lexical representations of both languages therefore, this study attempts to explain how two languages are represented in bilingual lexical based on the theories and models of bilingual mental lexicon, to gain a better understanding of the nature and how bilingual mental lexicon works in the processing of both languages, also the quality and quantity of first language mediation in second language processing is explained based on the level of bilingual knowledge and skills in the second language, speakers who are in the early stages of second language learning rely on first language information to fill linguistic gaps in second language processing. Bilinguals increase their skills by experiencing more of the second language and transcend based on first language information, performs linguistic processes based on second language information and data.

This research is entitled Reflection and perception of psychological conflict in Bakhtiar Alis’ Novel(palace of sad Birds) ,it is one of the author’S novels that goes into the political and social conflicts and obvious problems of Kurdish society,which consists of two parts we have already explained the causes of mental conflict.In the second section ,we have discussed the types of mental conflict.In the second part,we have introduced the novel.we will discuss the refection of mental conflict in the novel in practical way zrawa points out that because wars and events have a bad psychological impact on individuals in any society and makes them try to escape from the reality and environment of their society khanaker is committed to confronting war and violence with the principle of respect,love and tolerance.He tries not to kill the animals anymore and not to hurt each other,Live together in a spirit of love and coexistence.Finally ,we have presented some results of our research and then a list of sources.

Literature can be considered an essential part of the culture, identity, and development of the majority of the nations in the world. In other words, ancient literature and the works of poets of any nation are a constitutional part of its history Conducting research on any literary topic and its aspects is significant and valuable, particularly regarding a specific poet. Thus, this research is devoted to the “praise in the Kurdish poems of Sheikh Raza, as no independent studies have been conducted about him; all available information comes from brief literary books.
Praise is a poetic aim that means to promote, describe, exalt, and attractively present a subject, phenomenon, or personality, as it contrasts with the aim of destruction. Out of respect, love and admiration for a personality, the poet utilizes the highest attributes in the content of the poetic text related to that individual. Praise, like any other poetic content,is connected to specific causes and effects. It possesses distinct principles and characteristics within the content of poetic texts and manifests in various forms. Historically, praise is associated with scriptural content. It expresses the poet's fondness and affection for a historical, religious, or social figure,
so any poetic text with a praiseworthy intention depicts the positive and exemplary aspects of that figure. Besides exploring the facets and poetic purposes of this poet,this research uncovers all the unidentified dimensions of this poetic purpose and the poet's rejection of courtship.

This research entitled (Elements of Place and Unfamiliarity in Both The Red Palace and A Child on the Moon of Hope Qadir) is an attempt to reveal the poetry of the novels and unfamiliarity.The concept of the unfamiliar consists of a number of principles, which ultimately play their role in deviating from the rules of spoken language and creating a kind of ambiguity and uncertainty in the text. These principles are drawn into the circle of literature (poet , novel, theater….) , and (Hiwa Kader) is one of those novelists who has a poetic language and style and brings a poetic and unfamiliar world into his novels through the elements and techniques of the novel. He works on the familiar world of everyday life and classifies it according to the elements and techniques of the novel, that is, he uses every element for the sake of poetry. In this study, according to the formalists, we have worked on the element of (place) in both novels. We will focus on the principles, types, and characteristics of the (element of place in novels), which led to the spread of novels.

Each aspect of language holds unique importance and value, particularly in the study of dialects and their comparison. This research focuses on language acquisition and learning among children in the Sulaymaniyah and Hawrami dialects—an area that has received minimal attention in linguistic literature, especially with regard to the Hawrami dialect.
Given the significance of language development in early childhood, the study aims to demonstrate how children acquire their mother tongue through various developmental stages. It also explores the similarities and differences between the two dialects, while presenting key strategies and processes involved in language learning.
The research adopts a descriptive-analytical synchronic approach and is structured into an introduction and two main sections. The first section discusses the concept of pronunciation and its stages: the pre-linguistic stage (crying, screaming, and babbling), and the linguistic stage (imitation, repetition, and word formation). Examples from both dialects are used to illustrate each stage.
The second section focuses on language teaching strategies, outlining methods and techniques used in the process of language acquisition and development.

In today's era, with ongoing advancements in life, acquiring a second language has become an essential requirement. Language learning experts continuously search for innovative strategies and methodologies. Various approaches and strategies have been developed in this field, one of which is the "keyword strategy" that relies on language acquisition through mental imagery. In second language acquisition, the fundamental process involves encoding and storing information in memory, which directly impacts information retrieval capabilities. This research, titled "Second Language Acquisition Through Mental Imagery," examines learning a second language—specifically English—through mental visualization techniques. The study employs a descriptive methodology. The significance of this research lies in developing an appropriate program for second language acquisition (English) that enables learners to memorize numerous linguistic units without forgetting them. This study aims to address several questions: How can learners effectively store information in memory without forgetting it and retrieve it when necessary? Can Kurdish learners benefit from mental imagery when learning English as a second language? How can this strategy be implemented in the Kurdish language context? The research findings reveal that an effective program can be developed for Kurdish learners to acquire a second language, specifically English, by utilizing mental imagery techniques. A comprehensive bibliography is provided at the conclusion of the research.

This research is part of the requirements for a doctoral dissertation, titled “New Historicism Criticism and Its Application in Miran Abraham's Novel Nishtmani sara” attempts to answer the following questions: What is modern criticism? What is the difference between traditional criticism and modern criticism? Then, what is the relationship between literature and history from the perspective of modern criticism? Can modern criticism be applied to contemporary Kurdish literature?
This study appears to be a Kurdish academic work that discusses some traditional critical issues and then re-examines them from a new modern perspective. We can say that this topic has not been adequately addressed in Kurdish literature. In our methodology, we relied on the descriptive-analytical-historical approach to conduct this type of study. We have concluded that modern criticism is a branch of cultural reading and cultural criticism, and it utilizes cognitive resources in reading and interpreting literary texts, Because New Historicism believes in the mutual influence of literature and history on each other

This research entitled (The Naming process in the Preservation Kurdish Language), naming process as a social phenomenon and one of the most important processes in language. Human for the sake of giving himself identity, recognition, differentiation and classification of things, phenomena and events around him, has named himself and different things. Names reflect and mirror various aspects of human life. Therefore, Naming varies according to different nations. Because each nation has its own unique (environment, culture, history, religion, beliefs, reality, etc.). This has led to the same thing or phenomenon having different names among nations. Therefore, each nation names things based on its own understanding and worldview. In this research, we have focused on naming as it relates to Kurdish language preservation and the introduction and preservation of culture, as well as the influence of culture and society on naming, then the role and the impact of technology, globalization, and foreign languages on naming practices. Then the role and impact of technology, globalization and foreign languages on naming is discussed, the connection between the naming process and national identity and the impact of naming on national identity is highlighted, Finally, the causes and sources of naming have been explained.

The British government sought to control the Anglo-Persian Oil Company after the discovery of oil in Persia, in order to support its expansion projects in the Arabian Gulf region. They established a (colony) in the Abadan area, resembling a complete city for refining and producing oil, on the shores of the Shatt al-Arab. This sea passage became a commercial market for the company at the expense of the local population, as oil-laden commercial ships sailed through the waters of the Shatt al-Arab, disregarding the ruling Ottoman authority. The situation worsened when one of the oil tankers capsized in 1913, leading to a mixture of oil with the waters of the Shatt al-Arab, causing severe environmental pollution for the residents of Basra province and the coastal areas. Potable water became nonexistent, agricultural crops suffered, livestock was wiped out, and the livelihoods of the people were destroyed, while the Ottoman authorities were completely powerless. They resorted to diplomatic correspondence and sent reports about the problem to the British government, forming joint committees with neighboring countries made up of engineers and experts, without any effective response from the company or the British government to alleviate the pollution. This situation continued until the outbreak of World War I, after Britain took control of the entire region with the collapse of Ottoman authority there. This study did not receive much attention in the writings of researchers despite the availability of numerous Ottoman documents and others, and it revealed an important phase of the difficult political and economic conditions in the Arabian Gulf region and Iraq before the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
Keywords/ The English Oil Company- Persian, pollution of the Shatt al-Arab, the people of Basra, Al-Muhammarah , Abadan, the Ottoman government.