Journal of college of Law for Legal and Political Sciences

The lack and inability of custodial measures to achieve the desired goals and objectives in reducing crime has led to a change in the direction of the criminal system from achieving punitive justice to achieving restorative justice in order to mitigate the negative effects of these measures by paying attention to the convicted juveniles themselves during their period of placement in correctional institutions through rehabilitation programmes, whether psychological, social, educational or vocational, and also after their release by providing them with aftercare.
The importance of the research lies in knowing the extent of the ability of aftercare programs to alleviate the negative pressure of released juveniles and how to integrate this group into society, with the importance of this care in providing this group with psychological, social and economic matters in order to achieve the desired goals in reforming the conditions of released juveniles. The research problem began with the fact that released juvenile delinquents will face an unknown fate in terms of care, standard of living and decent work that can preserve their human dignity, The research concluded with a set of points, including (the deviant event is considered one of the individuals most in need of assistance in achieving their requirements and needs that exceed those of the average individual due to the circumstances he has gone through that have affected his psyche and the course of his normal life at all levels and in most areas, and that the aftercare system in the countries of study is an advanced system compared to the aftercare system in Iraq, which lacks many of the necessary and essential things to correct the event and make him a useful person in society, and also work to issue special legislation in special care in Iraq and amend some laws related to juveniles that take upon themselves the care of those released and help them return to society in a healthy way).

This research examines the philosophical foundations of criminal justice and their impact on criminal reform in national and international law, with a particular focus on the balance between punishment and reform in contemporary legal systems. It also examines the evolution of the concept of criminal justice from retributive justice to restorative justice, which aims to humanely reintegrate criminals into society through rehabilitation and reform, rather than relying solely on punishment as a means of revenge

This research aims to analyze legal reform in Iraq from the perspective of supporting human rights and strengthening the rule of law. It examines the challenges facing the Iraqi legal system, particularly in light of political and social changes, and assesses its responsiveness to international human rights standards. The study also reviews key Iraqi human rights-related legislation and evaluates its effectiveness. Using a descriptive and analytical approach, the research presents a comprehensive vision of proposed legal reforms to enhance justice and the rule of law

It is of great importance that the development and maintenance of a society free from crime and criminal behavior remains a shared goal of criminal justice strategies across all countries of the world. Guarantees for achieving this, along with respect for the rule of law, are part of the core human rights system in accordance with international standards, and they are closely connected to the work of correctional institutions. The significance of correctional institutions lies in their being designated places for implementing custodial criminal sanctions and achieving their modern purposes and utilitarian functions in rehabilitating and reintegrating convicted individuals into society as productive and law-abiding citizens.
In this context, correctional institutions in Iraq—which operate under the structure of the Ministry of Justice—deserve significant attention from legal, humanitarian, and academic perspectives within the framework of transparency, good governance, and the rule of law. These institutions form an essential part of the criminal justice strategy, playing a vital role in the rehabilitation and reintegration of convicted persons into society. The legal frameworks and international standards governing the work of these institutions reflect the state's commitment to human rights and respect for human dignity.
This research, following the introduction, outlines the importance of the study, the research problem, objectives, and methodology, followed by the research structure. The first chapter discusses the fundamental concepts and objectives of correctional institutions. The second chapter addresses national legislation regulating the work of correctional institutions in Iraq, while the third chapter explores international standards and rules governing correctional facilities. The research concludes with a set of recommendations

Correctional institutions in Iraq face numerous legal and humanitarian challenges, reflecting the failure of regulatory bodies to safeguard inmates' rights and provide detention conditions that comply with international human rights standards. Despite the existence of legal legislation aimed at guaranteeing prisoners' rights and improving their living conditions, such as Iraqi Inmates and Detainees Law No. 14 of 2008, the implementation of these laws has remained limited. With the deterioration of the infrastructure of correctional institutions and their failure to meet these standards, the conditions of inmates and detainees have deteriorated, and the level of care, services, and reform and rehabilitation programs within them has declined. This calls for the establishment of a legal framework and effective mechanisms to resolve these problems in light of international and national human rights standards. This is what we sought to achieve through the conclusions and proposals we arrived at the end of the study

Psychological support and its impact on the motives that lead to deviant behavior as a result of societal variables and drugs
Psychological support : It is the assistance that a person provides to others, so that he can conduct his life with others and transform his worries into positive energy, develop his self-efficacy and protect him from frustration, guidance and guidance to face the challenges that broke into man and became captive to them, because he is psychologically disturbed and needs a guide to help him in a technical way to remove them. So that he can take off again in life in a better way, and arm himself with the ability to make decisions that concern him depending on himself, and thus he can interact positively with the society in which he lives, and increase insight into their issues and thus become able to change their behavior for the better through the use of :
A. Color psychology :
The Color is a natural characteristic of things. It is a scientific element as well as an organizational element. It is part of human life. The influence of colors cannot be denied, and color has potential to contradict nature in changing the appearance of formations and shapes. Surrounding colors can also change our perception of time. Each color has psychological effects on mood and behavior, as color is the resulting physiological effect on the retina of the eye We cannot perceive any color except by the light that falls on it and then reflects back to our eyes. Color is no longer in the same traditional sense as a layer of paint or a material for decoration and decoration and a means of entertainment. Color has become an influencing factor in a person's emotional life and his mood and emotional state as well .
B. Psychodrama (psychodrama) :
Where psychological support is done by designing a theatrical representation by the members of the group, including the psychological issues facing these members, and giving freedom of behavior to the target group through spontaneity, which results in the emotional catharsis of the issues they feel, and they express freely and spontaneously through theatrical roles about their trends, motivations, struggles, frustrations, and anxieties. Through this, they learn about social experiences, which eventually leads to the removal of some of the barriers to their compatibility and interaction, making them more normal and psychologically stable

The constitution is considered the supreme law of the state due to its formal and substantive supremacy. Formally, the constitution is established through special procedures that distinguish it from ordinary legislation, such as its adoption by a constituent assembly, submission to a popular referendum, or a combination of both methods. Substantively, the constitution outlines the fundamental principles regarding the form of the state and its system of governance, defines the public authorities and the relationships among them, and regulates the relationship between the state and individuals, enshrining the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens.
Given that the constitution represents the highest source of legislation within the state, it must serve as the primary reference for all other laws. This necessitates the existence of an effective mechanism to ensure that laws conform to its provisions, which is achieved through the system of constitutional review. This review takes two main forms: the abstention (or incidental) control and annulment (or direct) control—both serving as instruments to uphold the supremacy of the constitution over other laws.
Constitutional review is considered one of the most significant legal mechanisms for ensuring that enacted laws do not violate the provisions of the constitutional document. This review is categorized into two main types depending on the body exercising it: political review, conducted by a political authority, and judicial review, undertaken by a specialized judicial body. Each of these types functions as a mechanism to ensure compliance with the constitution and the enforcement of its rules within the state’s legal system

: The study dealt with analyzing the concept of criminal justice in the stage of implementing criminal punishment, As one of the decisive stages in achieving what the modern penal policy seeks in terms of deterrence, reform and rehabilitation towards achieving the social integration of the convict after the completion of the implementation of the original term of the custodial sentence, The research addresses the basic principles governing the implementation of criminal penalties, in accordance with human rights standards, such as the principle of humane treatment, proportionality between punishment and crime, and guarantees for convicts during the implementation phase. The study also reviews the extent to which the Iraqi penal system achieves criminal justice, focusing on the challenges facing the implementation of criminal punishment, including prisoner overcrowding. The research is based on the descriptive analytical approach, to analyze the legal and institutional framework for implementing criminal punishment, The research was divided into three sections

This study is based on the conceptual premise that prison, with its inmates, constitutes a closed micro-society with a distinct culture. This environment is governed by specific values, norms, traditions, symbols, systems, and survival skills developed and transmitted by the inmates themselves. It is a coerced social setting where individuals and groups—brought together under unchosen spatial, social, and cultural conditions—are forced to coexist. These imposed conditions often fail to satisfy the basic needs of inmates, giving rise to tensions and conflicts among them. Under such exceptional circumstances, individual drives and needs intersect and clash, making violence a perceived means of asserting power, fulfilling desires, or accessing limited resources. The prison environment, inherently housing individuals with varying degrees of criminal behavior and aggressive tendencies, becomes a fertile ground for conflict escalation. This violence often carries serious health risks, ranging from physical assault to severe injury and, in some cases, death. Many of these incidents, particularly physical assaults among inmates, go unreported due to the prevailing "code of silence." Criminologists and prison researchers identify multiple causes of prison violence, including racial tensions, tribal rivalries, gang conflicts, and the psychological effects of a highly controlled and monotonous environment. Inmates often experience mental and emotional voids, leading to frustration, boredom, and heightened stress levels. This situation fosters the spread of drug use, sexual misconduct, tattooing, and other deviant behaviors. While some inmates engage in these activities to cope with confinement, others are coerced into participation as a means of asserting dominance, obtaining financial gain, or satisfying internal compulsions.
Such dynamics obstruct the rehabilitative mission of correctional institutions, undermining the time and resources invested in the social reintegration of inmates. Consequently, the institutional function loses its rehabilitative orientation. This study aims to explore the underlying causes and motives of violence among inmates from their own perspectives—as bearers and agents of prison culture. It further seeks to identify the most frequent and significant drivers of violence based on inmates’ perceptions. The study is structured into three chapters: the first outlines the study's components and key concepts; the second presents the theoretical framework; and the third contains the field research, findings, and recommendations

Is there a specific fundamental reason that leads to this, or is it the result of many reasons? Is it because the correctional institution lacks the ability to provide correctional programs that would influence the prison and thus change his abnormal behavior to normal, acceptable behavior in line with the normal social norms prevailing in society? Or is it that these correctional programs may have become weak and need to be systematically developed over time? Or is it that the correctional institution has provided as many correctional programs as it can in order to change the prison's abnormal criminal behavior. ... However, when this s was released from prison, he returned to the same old abnormal social environment in which he grew up, and therefore his reform process requires a radical change that requires leaving the old social environment and joining a new normal environment, or is it more likely that the reason for recidivism is ultimately due to a defect in the prison's personality as an abnormal personality that is used to breaking the rules of moral standards, and is therefore only intended to commit crimes, whether or not he was exposed to reform programs or whether he remained in the social environment of his first upbringing or was transferred to another social environment that is better than the first one. Answering this question requires proposing a theoretical model through which an interview instrument that includes two types of open/closed questions that are relevant to achieving the research objectives related to the role of demographic factors in recidivism, economic/psychological/social causes, the impact of stigma on recidivism, and the role of the correctional institution in reducing recidivism. These questions were asked to the research sample of 30 prisons, all of whom were recidivists. The research results showed that demographic, economic/psychological/social and stigmatization factors play a significant role in recidivism, despite the role of the Iraqi institution in performing its correctional duties. In light of the findings, the research attempted to propose a set of important remedies related to addressing the phenomenon of recidivism

Iraq ratified about nine basic conventions of human rights since the fall of Iraqi regime in 2003 until now, within the framework of international human rights law. After the fall of dictatorial regime, the Iraqi governments sought to confirm the democratic transformation in Iraq based on its Constitution in force of 2005.
The research focuses on the international human rights mechanisms through three sections:
First, the basic principles for the protection of women's rights in the international human rights legislation, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Convention on the Rights of Women, and International Instruments for the female inmates' rights that established in the Standard Minimum Rules (Nelson Mandela Rules) and Tokyo Rules.
Second, the Iraqi national legislative framework for the female inmates' rights.
Third, the challenges of implementing these international mechanisms at the national legislative and executive levels by the legislations of national monitoring (within powers of the High Commission for Human Rights in Iraq according to Law), and the role of Ministry of Justice as responsible for implementing the Prisoners' Reform Law No. (14) of 2018, as well as the challenges of overcrowding in prisons, health care, drugs and diseases, strengthening the role of civil society organizations and public prosecution in monitoring detention centers and female inmates' rights

This study examines the impact of leisure time within correctional institutions on the mental health and behavior of inmates, as leisure time is a significant topic in criminology and social sciences. It can greatly affect the psychological balance of inmates and their behavior both inside prisons and after their release, and it also impacts correctional institutions and their future programs. If invested positively in constructive activities, leisure time enhances the rehabilitation of inmates, but if neglected, it may lead to psychological and behavioral disorders. The study highlights the psychological challenges faced by inmates due to the emptiness of time in the closed and limited prison environment, which may lead to boredom, anxiety, depression, fighting, and sexual harassment. However, it also points to the opportunity to use this time for educational, sports, and artistic activities that help rebuild their identity and discover new skills. The study emphasizes the importance of organizing leisure time in prisons as part of an advanced rehabilitative philosophy aimed at reducing recidivism rates and improving the quality of life for inmates. The study reviews the concepts and theories related to leisure time, then analyzes data collected from a survey of 50 inmates. The goal is to propose effective strategies for managing leisure time in prisons to improve inmates' mental health and enhance their rehabilitation opportunities

The legislative trends expressed by the national legislator have an important impact on achieving the goals that society seeks to achieve in the various details of life. They are, as a result, a reflection of prevailing ethics that form part of the culture of society, through which we can discover them - by contemplating the legislative trends and levels of enforcement of the law and adherence to its provisions in practice - to evaluate the levels of satisfaction achieved in people’s minds and convictions. Studying some legislative trends in terms of the subject matter, in addition to the formulations adopted in the Law on the Reform of Inmates and Detainees No. (14) of 2018, appears to be an important issue with the aim of establishing a set of observations and leading to the introduction of some amendments related to the texts contained therein in light of the existence of a number of international agreements related to respecting human rights, to which Iraq is a party, and constitutional texts included in the current Iraqi constitution, all of which are factors that push towards a kind of harmony between Iraq’s international obligations on the one hand and the legislative trends enshrined in the current Iraqi laws, including the Law on the Reform of Inmates and Detainees No. (14) of 2018

Criminal justice and the rule of law are essential elements for ensuring security and stability in any country. In this context, correctional institutions play a pivotal role in achieving these goals, as they contribute to the treatment of convicted individuals and achieving their reform and rehabilitation in line with human rights standards. Correctional institutions in Iraq have witnessed significant challenges, but there are ambitions to strengthen criminal justice by reforming the legal system and implementing the rule of law effectively. Strengthening these two principles requires the development of an effective legal system that ensures the application of laws with justice and transparency, while respecting human rights. Granting the criminal judge discretionary power in assessing evidence and penalties is an important means of achieving justice, as it enables him to take into account the circumstances of each case individually. However, this power must be limited by legal controls that ensure non-arbitrariness and achieve a balance between the interests of society and the rights of individuals. In addition to these challenges, existing laws focus largely on custodial penalties and limit the possibility of applying restorative justice. Social and cultural norms, such as tribal customs, also play a role in out-of-court reconciliation, which requires updating laws to be consistent with these norms and enhancing the application of restorative justice within the Iraqi judicial system. In short, in addition, the use of alternative punishments, such as compulsory labor or fines, contributes to reducing overcrowding in prisons and achieving effective rehabilitation for convicts. Updating legislation to keep pace with scientific and technological developments also enhances the efficiency of the judicial system. Therefore, enhancing criminal justice and the rule of law requires an integration between updating laws, training judges, and raising community awareness of the importance of respecting the law. Iraqi laws are still insufficient to effectively implement restorative justice programs, and criminal mediation has not yet been provided, despite its importance and actual practice by Iraqi society in resolving disputes

. Criminal justice institutions face numerous legal problems related to the difficulty of maintaining security and upholding the rule of law within them, as they are environments characterized by conflict, violence, and high security risks. Additionally, the relationship between inmates, detainees, and the administrative staff responsible for managing these institutions is often strained. With the failure of traditional methods in addressing these challenges, artificial intelligence (AI) systems have emerged as a means to enhance security in these institutions and strengthen the rule of law. Given their success in fulfilling this role, we must advocate for their implementation in Iraq's criminal justice institutions in accordance with the best international standards in this field

Human trafficking crimes are among the most serious crimes that threaten the social fabric of societies, as they target human existence and destroy human dignity. The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the most prevalent type of human trafficking crime is prostitution. There are a number of social and economic reasons behind this, and trafficking gangs employ a variety of methods to lure victims

Since the purpose of punishment is to achieve general deterrence, special deterrence, and to rehabilitate and reform the convict in order to return him to society as a normal person who preserves the values of society, and in order to preserve the continuity of societies in a manner free from illegal actions that affect its security and stability, it was necessary to have special institutions that undertake this task. However, the existence of these institutions is not sufficient Rather, there must be something to ensure that they carry out their duties in accordance with the law, without violations or infractions, This is especially true since those placed therein have a number of rights as human beings before being convicted. The person placed there may be from a critical age group who need special treatment to reintegrate into society. Hence, it is necessary to activate oversight or inspection of the work of these institutions and grant them the powers that enable them to bring them back under law if they have deviated from it

Human rights are sacred rights in all religions, and indivisible rights, since ancient times, international treaties and local and international charters emphasize the necessity of adhering to their implementation, and imposing penalties on anyone who tries to violate any of the rights of individuals, with the supremacy of the principle of legal justice, and within the framework of discussing human rights, for which thousands of studies and research have been written, we do not neglect the rights of the prisoner, especially the rights of the prisoner in Iraqi prisons, and what are the mechanisms for implementation, as we cannot deny the clear efforts made to achieve justice within Iraqi prisons, and the possibility of treating the prisoner in a manner that preserves his human dignity, with his right to health safety, and physical safety away from violence and torture, but despite this, there are many obstacles that stand in the way of implementing these mechanisms, whether logistical or material obstacles, which have negatively affected the status and reputation of Iraqi prisons in general

Correctional institutions play a very important role in societies and in building the human being, as it is difficult to judge a person’s actions forever without considering his current and future circumstances. Jurists have begun to consider the possibility of rehabilitating the individual to enter the arena of life once and continue normally after the expiry of sentences. Legislators have supported the development of laws that outline new societal and life opportunities for the inmate.
Therefore, foundations were established in the form of correctional institutions that perform multiple functions to open up correct and sound horizons for inmates. These correctional institutions have laws and regulations that regulate their work, and from here emerges the importance of governance of correctional institutions, with what this topic contains of important and renewed principles according to the electronic and ideological development in countries, including Iraq.
This is what we will demonstrate in this research in terms of applying the main governance principles in correctional institutions, and how to interact and benefit in the field of benefiting the inmates on the one hand and benefiting the work of the institutions themselves and thus benefiting society and the state

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being into correctional institutions to enhance the rule of law through data-driven decision-making .
Fairness and operational efficiency. According to the national institute of justice 2022 Aaapplicatioons such as risk assessment tools. Behavioral monitoring systems and predictive analytics are being used to improve safety and support rehabilitation similarly the European project led by IPS Innovative Prison systems 2021 emphasizes the development of harmonized guidelines for the ethical and transparent use of Al In prisons aiming to reduce bias and uphold inmates rights . UNESCO 2023 highlights the importance of training judicial actors too understand and responsibly AL in justice systems ensuring that the technology aligns with legal principles and human rights Additionally Additionally recent research by rehabilitation experts 2023 illustrates how AL can fadilitate personalized rehabilitation programs psychological support and reintegration planning Together these initiatives demonstrate AI,s potential to reinforce legal standards improve institutional accountability and promote equitable treatment within correctional environment

The world is witnessing a rapid development in the field of artificial intelligence, making it a powerful tool in various fields, including the criminal justice sector. This study seeks to explore the growing role of artificial intelligence in promoting the rule of law within correctional institutions, focusing on the legal and ethical dimensions of this development. Artificial intelligence is used in analyzing legal data, improving the efficiency of management within correctional institutions, and reducing judicial errors, which contributes to achieving more transparent and fair justice. However, reliance on artificial intelligence in this context raises fundamental legal and ethical challenges, such as the risks of bias in algorithms, privacy violations, and the absence of effective human oversight. Therefore, the research discusses the extent to which this technology is compatible with legal standards of human rights, principles of the rule of law, and the safeguards that must be put in place to avoid potential abuses. The study relies on an analysis of correctional policies adopted by some countries, comparing successful experiences that have integrated artificial intelligence into the management of correctional institutions, which provides a clearer vision of how these technologies can be applied in the Iraqi context. The research aims to provide practical solutions and legal mechanisms to ensure the responsible use of artificial intelligence in this field.

The rule of law in correctional institutions is a fundamental element in achieving justice and ensuring human rights. This research aims to analyze the role of international law in promoting the rule of law within Iraqi correctional institutions, with a focus on relevant international standards such as United Nations conventions and the Nelson Mandela Rules. The study examines the extent to which these standards influence domestic legislation and the challenges hindering their implementation, including weak legal infrastructure, staff shortages, and corruption. Effective implementation faces legal and administrative obstacles, necessitating legislative and structural reforms. The study recommends aligning national laws with international standards and explores opportunities for reform through the adoption of policies consistent with international law, enhancing cooperation with international organizations and civil society, and activating oversight mechanisms to ensure compliance with international legal standards

Our research aims to understand the role of rehabilitation and programs implemented" in correctional institutions in improving" the lives of inmates and improving their life chances after release. It also aims to demonstrate the effectiveness" of these programs in attracting" inmates. It also aims to identify the most significant obstacles that limit the effectiveness of these programs. Using a descriptive" cognitive approach, the research team utilized the Iraqi Correctional Service and the Social Research Department to investigate and collect data and information used in the research. In addition, it conducted various interviews and observed the features and frameworks of the rehabilitation process within the institution. The research reached several conclusions, including: The actual implementation of rehabilitation programs in Iraqi prisons has taken on diverse dimensions and encompasses various specializations" to rehabilitate inmates and provide skills and work commensurate with their qualifications. The Ministry of Justice and other ministries' interest in aftercare programs for inmates and their families contributes to supporting inmates and reducing recidivism, as well as facilitating the social integration of released inmates. Technical obstacles exist that prevent some rehabilitation" and aftercare programs from becoming more comprehensive and achieving the desired results due to overcrowding in prisons, a lack of technical personnel, and weak infrastructure in some departments

The research summarizes the statement of the rules, foundations, and methods mentioned by Islam that aim to rehabilitate and reform prisoners and reintegrate them into society, through the services that can be provided while preserving their rights and dignity, through justice, equality, good treatment, and providing a suitable environment for them. God Almighty said (And We have certainly honored the children of Adam) 3 and preparing awareness and guidance programs for inmates that are carried out by professors specialized in Sharia and sociology, as well as through providing the necessities of life that are appropriate for human dignity

The divine and positive laws have stipulated the importance of labour in the life of man and society in general, and the individual may - for one reason or another - violate the laws that were originally established only to organize the life of man and society and provide protection for him, which leads him to become an inmate in one of the correctional institutions.
Within that institution, the inmate is not deprived of the right to labour, but rather labour is one of the most important means of reforming and rehabilitating the inmate, but it is noted that there is more than one type of labour that inmates practice inside or outside the correctional institution, including: correctional labour and labour for the public benefit, and in this brief research we will discuss the importance of labour for the public benefit and its impact on the correctional institution

The media plays a major role in enhancing the roles assigned to institutions in general, and its role becomes increasingly important in enhancing the roles of institutions that are often subject to attacks from various parties, and fall into the circle of accusation for various purposes. Here, the role of the media emerges in shedding light on practices that refute allegations and reflect the true image of institutions away from propaganda machines.
The correctional institutions in the Iraqi Ministry of Justice are one of the institutions that face attacks from time to time, questioning the performance and the vital role required of them to rehabilitate our children residing in them. Hence, the idea of research came in the process of analyzing the content of electronic news published on the website of the Ministry of Justice - the activity of the Correctional Department for a full year. The research reached a set of conclusions represented by the weak investment of the advantages of electronic press technology in terms of multiple languages and media, in addition to identifying the most prominent rights applied in the reform departments and the methods adopted to stimulate and protect human rights, not to mention the parties cooperating with the reform departments and guarantees for the application of human rights standards, arriving at a set of recommendations

This study addresses a type of vocational training and rehabilitation. By this, we mean the education of a segment of society whose harsh living conditions have led them to deviate in their lives and commit various misdemeanors and crimes. The law has deterred them from applying sustainable criminal justice. They were placed in penal institutions, formerly known as prisons, to receive the punishment for their crimes. Many of them were consumed by remorse, while others simply did not care. These individuals have rights and duties within their placement in a penal institution. National and international laws have imposed rights on them in exchange for their obligations to the penal institution. Among these rights is the right to education, a type of educational rehabilitation and training that benefits inmates and detainees after they have served their sentences, are issued a general or special amnesty, or are granted conditional release in order to keep pace with the times. The right to education at all stages of life, starting from primary school to completing university studies, is a natural human right. Therefore, the inmate and the depositor are like any other human being, but their circumstances, as we mentioned, sometimes lead them to this dangerous situation. An innocent person may have been convicted as a result of a malicious complaint, a slander, or the like. Therefore, the right to study and education is granted, especially if he is illiterate or a juvenile who cannot read and write. Accordingly, the Iraqi Law on the Reform of Inmates and Detainees No. 14 of 2018 has included regulatory provisions in this regard, which we will discuss in this research. And God knows best.

Correctional institutions in Iraq suffer from several challenges and problems . the most prominent of which is overcrowding with prisoners exceeding their capacity. Overcrowding has reached (300%). Prisons also suffer from human rights violations by security guards, in addition to the dilapidation of old correctional. To confront these problems, a national campaign must be launched to build new prisons and rehabilitate old ones. It is also necessary to respect human rights norms for prisoners and exclusion security personnel who mistreat them.