Journal of Al-Ma'moon College

This study aims to analyze the legal status of the child combatant from the perspective of international law, by identifying the legal frameworks that protect children in armed conflicts, exploring the mechanisms for implementing such protection, and assessing their effectiveness. In addition, the study focuses on the psychological and social reintegration of child combatants after the end of conflict. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical approach, based on the review of international treaties such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, as well as the analysis of relevant studies, judicial practices, and human rights reports, with particular attention to contemporary experiences in the Arab world. The study seeks to develop recommendations to strengthen the legal status of child combatants and ensure more comprehensive and effective protection. These recommendations include improving national legislation, supporting oversight and accountability mechanisms, and providing reintegration services that correspond to the severity of the violations suffered by the child.

Unemployment is one of the most significant challenges facing local communities in Iraq. Its impacts are not confined to the economic dimension alone but extend to psychological, social, educational, and cultural aspects. This research aims to analyze the correlational relationship between unemployment and the variation of developmental and social indicators in the districts of the Upper Euphrates through a field study based on a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 400 individuals from various districts.
The analysis results revealed that 62% of the respondents reported suffering from psychological pressures such as anxiety and depression resulting from the lack of job opportunities, while 47% indicated that unemployment directly weakened social relations and reduced community participation. On the economic level, 71% of households stated that unemployment forced them to increasingly rely on unstable sources of income, leading to a decline in living standards and an increase in poverty rates. The results also showed that 38% of the children of unemployed families were compelled to drop out of school or engage in early marginal work, reflecting the negative educational impact of unemployment.
At the developmental level, the study found a clear variation among the districts in the intensity of unemployment effects. The district of Al-Qa’im recorded the highest unemployment rate (29%), compared to Haditha with (18%), which was reflected in the decline of human development indicators in the areas with higher unemployment levels. In the predictive aspect, the study utilized artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to estimate future trends of unemployment rates up to the year 2040. The results indicated the likelihood of continued high unemployment in Al-Qa’im and Rawa unless effective developmental policies are adopted that focus on stimulating investment, creating new job opportunities, and achieving a fairer distribution of resources.
In light of these findings, the study recommends adopting localized developmental policies aimed at creating productive employment opportunities and achieving a more equitable distribution of resources, thereby enhancing social and economic stability in the districts of the Upper Euphrates.

The Iraqi communist party is one of the important parties in lraq, and it played a major role in the course of political evenly in lraq, as it head a great influence and clear activity in the carrels of Iraqi society, especially (labor unions, the army the women’s community, farmers and student).
The party was able, in different periods, to find influence in these circles, as it was influenced by them and led them at times to enter the successive rating regimes in lraq, taking advantage of the streng the of its organization and its ability to from its cells after every blow directed at it by its enemies.

Throughout Islamic history, Mecca and Madinah AL Munawwarah have been the heart of Muslims' devotion, and they have always been a focal point of attention for their residents, especially during the Mamluk era. During this period, Sultans, Princes, and Prominent state officials contributed by donating and endowing waqf properties to both cities. These endowments played a significant role in significant role in stabilizing social conditions and improving urban development, in addition to supporting religious, educational, and health-related aspects of life in these two holy cities.

Today, "contemporary diplomacy" is gaining significant importance, as it has become at the forefront of the development of international relations, undergoing significant changes in form and content. While previously a traditional means aimed at improving ties between countries, it has now become a multidimensional tool, encompassing various directions, paths, and actors. Therefore, it has become closely linked to various political, social, economic, and cultural spheres in societies, states, and other actors.
The concept of preventive diplomacy, as a form of contemporary diplomacy, relies on predicting potential international conflicts and efforts to prevent their occurrence or escalation. This concept has become clear since the early 1990s, as it includes a set of preventive steps that address specific conflict situations that contain a high potential for increased violence, thus aiming to reach peaceful solutions to maintain the stability of international peace and security.Then came the revolution in information and communications technology (ICT) as one of the most prominent factors influencing diplomacy in the modern era. It has radically changed the way individuals communicate and exchange information. Diplomacy, as a means of achieving foreign policy, has also undergone changes as a result of this revolution. The concept of digital diplomacy has emerged, focusing on how to exploit digital media in diplomatic affairs, how countries can leverage these tools to implement their foreign policies, and how to address the opportunities and challenges these media present for diplomatic activities. It emphasizes that countries must not fall behind in the age of digital diplomacy.

At the beginning of this research, I explained the concept of criminal error as an act that results in subsequent criminal liability, even in the absence of criminal intent, provided that the behavior resulted in a criminal outcome, namely the loss of a human life. This research focused on unintentional error.
The study also reviewed the elements of unintentional error, its criteria and forms, and concluded with the penalty. The study indicated that most legislation, the most stringent of which is the Traffic Law, imposes penalties that deprive people of their freedom in addition to financial fines, with the possibility of increasing the penalty when there are aggravating circumstances such as driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs or multiple victims, or reducing the penalty.

This research deals with the topic of job secrecy as one of the basic duties of a public employee, as it aims to protect sensitive information that employees access during the performance of their jobs, and this duty is a legal and ethical necessity to preserve the public interest and ensure trust in government agencies. The first chapter reviewed the concept of job secrecy and its legal basis, explaining its importance in ensuring the confidentiality of information and maintaining job stability. The second chapter dealt with the legal provisions regulating job secrecy in national and international legislation, focusing on the Iraqi laws that oblige employees to maintain the confidentiality of information even after the end of their service, while comparing this with international laws such as the European data protection law (GDPR). In the third chapter, the forms of violation of functional secrecy, such as information leakage or negligence in keeping data, and exploiting them for personal gain, along with the criminal penalties arising from such violations in national and international legislation, are discussed. He also presented real-life examples of cases of violation of functional secrecy, highlighting the danger of this phenomenon to national security and public interests. The research concluded that the current laws suffer from shortcomings in practical application, and they need to be developed to strengthen compliance with the duty of functional secrecy. Among the most prominent recommendations are: the development of unified legislation to address the challenges arising from technical development, enhancing training and legal awareness of employees, and developing regulatory mechanisms for data protection. He also recommended increasing penalties for violations related to job secrecy, and encouraging international cooperation in combating crimes related to information leakage. This research seeks to contribute to strengthening the culture of job secrecy and ensuring the protection of job information, by proposing practical and legislative solutions to improve compliance with this duty and ensure the stability of institutions and the confidence of society in them

The main goal of writing this research is to give some results and recommendations to solve the problem and giving developed scientific research. It also gives some opinions to access the problem without taking the field away from the effect. So discussing such problem which is an important matter morally and socially as people don't take it seriously and think in its consequences. This study includes some old and new opinions of Muslim jurists enhancing with legal texts and legal rules issued by Iraqi courts embodied the problem with clarifying some concepts such as (divorce and their influence in taking one of them by the judge. The research includes the conclusion with some recommendations and the references mentioned in it.

The study aims to determine the impact of organizational socialization on employee performance at a sample of employees at the University of Diyala. This research is based on a primary problem identified through several questions, including the extent to which the influential relationship between the two variables is understood in the field. To establish the philosophical foundations, the study adopted the (Taormina, 2009) model for measuring organizational socialization, which consists of four dimensions (training, job understanding, coworker support, and future prospects), as well as the (Al-Karaawi, 2015) and (Al-Anbaki, 2018) models for measuring employee performance, which include three dimensions (job commitment, job satisfaction, and Innovation). The descriptive analytical approach was primarily adopted for presenting, analyzing, and interpreting the research data. A questionnaire was used as the primary tool for collecting research data from the sample, which numbered (257) individuals. Analysis and statistical processing were performed using the statistical program (SPSS V. 26). Several conclusions were reached, the most important of which was that the interest and efforts of the employees at the University of Diyala, the research sample, in organizational socialization at the field level would improve employee performance. The research yielded a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need for the university presidency, the research sample, to give importance to formulating the dimensions of organizational socialization in a clear, precise and understandable manner for employees, given its significant role in enhancing employee performance.

This study seeks to evaluate the impact of Management Information Systems (MIS) on the administrative decision-making process within modern institutions through a field-based analysis of how these systems are utilized in the workplace and their contribution to enhancing the quality and efficiency of decisions. It is widely recognized that MIS has become a vital tool in supporting modern management due to its ability to provide accurate data in a timely manner and enable administrators to analyze options and make informed decisions based on reliable information.
The study examines the relationship between MIS components—such as data collection, processing, storage, retrieval, and reporting—and the stages of decision-making, including diagnosis, generation of alternatives, and selection of the optimal solution. It is based on a theoretical model that links the efficiency of MIS to the quality of administrative decisions, assuming a positive correlation between the effectiveness of information systems and the accuracy and speed of decision-making.
The field study was conducted on a sample of administrators in a governmental or private institution (to be specified later), using a specially designed questionnaire to measure the study variables. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, such as simple regression and correlation analysis.
The results revealed a significant impact of MIS on administrative decision-making, particularly in areas related to timely information provision, data analysis, and support for alternative choices. The findings also indicated that institutions investing in the development of their information systems make more accurate decisions and respond more effectively to environmental changes.
The study recommends the continuous updating of MIS, training administrative staff to use them efficiently, and integrating these systems at all levels of decision-making to maximize their contribution to sound management practices.

The principle of justice is one of the pillars upon which the legal system of any society is based. One of the most prominent manifestations of this principle is known as tort liability, which represents the legal framework for compensating for damages resulting from unlawful acts. Within this framework, various legal obligations may arise against the perpetrator, including the obligation of restitution, an obligation that reflects the legislator's desire to restore things to their proper place whenever a right is unjustly taken.
Restitution is not simply a compensatory measure; rather, it essentially involves returning what may not be retained and acknowledging the injured party's right to recover what was taken from them. This obligation represents a manifestation of the legal protection of property and rights, and raises critical questions about its nature, limits, and the basis upon which it is based within the tort liability system.

The evolution of legislation experienced by humanity since the beginning of creation until recently did not recognize any direct protection of moral rights in general, or protection of intellectual property rights in particular, especially in light of technological advancements. However, with industrial development and the need to distinguish creativity in industrial production due to its impact on the economy and income, and subsequently, the sense of the same need for intellectual creativity in the fields of authorship and the arts, this prompted the judiciary and legislation, with significant support from the writings of legal scholars, to establish national protection for the rights of authors and innovators in both the fields of authorship and industry. In light of the above, it does not seem surprising that international protection of copyright came after the basic principles of such protection were established in the legislation of the most advanced countries, each individually. Copyright is a legal right that protects literary and artistic works, including the right to publish, reproduce, distribute, translate, and transform through the digital environment. National legislation varies in its protection of copyright, but there are international agreements, such as the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement, that regulate copyright protection at the international level.
alkalimat almuftahiatu: huquq almualifi, albiyat alraqamiatu, wahadhih alkalimat alrayiysia.

In the law of the state, the maker of public policy with its powers, whether in the legislative field or other fields, it must, when legislating, use constitutional rules to achieve the principle of the rule of law, all because of the harm that may be inflicted on the rights of individuals and restrict their freedoms, as well as the superiority of the constitution, which makes it at the top of legislative tools, meaning that constitutional rules have supremacy towards the actions of public authorities, and are ranked in the legal structure, and legal rules are included in it in terms of binding force, and then every public authority is obligated, when it creates legislative texts or other legal actions, to take into account the provisions of the higher legal rules, as the lower-ranking rule may not amend or cancel the higher-ranking rule, otherwise it would be in violation of legitimacy, and the right to invalidate its actions .

This research focuses on improving the efficiency of fashion image retrieval by utilizing both low-level and high-level features. The main objectives are to reduce retrieval time and enhance retrieval accuracy. High-level features, specifically shape features, are extracted using the RESNET algorithm, while color features are obtained through the Dominant Color Histogram algorithm. To further reduce retrieval time, an indexing method is applied. Images are retrieved using the Dominant Color Histogram distance metric, ensuring both speed and accuracy in the retrieval process. The proposed approach demonstrates significant improvements in retrieval efficiency, making it highly suitable for large-scale fashion image databases.

Steganography is a hiding information which is the science and art of secret communication. It allows the transmission of confidential information and the concealment of the presence of the message itself in content such as video, audio or image to protect the information sent from intruders and unwanted recipients. In the past decade, a variety of researches have been conducted on schematics of steganography in both the spatial and transformation domain.
In this research, an image of steganography system that hides medical image and secret key inside another color cover image was proposed using a combination of Discrete Wavelet Transform Technique (DWT) , Particle Swarm optimization , and chaotic theory.
proposed PSO using DWT algorithm to find optimal key that can be used to hide image with multi objective optimization. In this method, PSNR81.8721 and IF can be getting., -2.1850e-08
Both the second and third proposed methods are based on cipher , but the second method uses ( RGB) and Chaotic using DWT, while the third one uses YCbCr and Chaotic using DWT . The last proposed method is implemented based SVD using DWT. can be getting PSNR successively 29.54646 , 29.349, 24.575.
For comparison, various performance indexes are measured for each method such as : PSNR,IF,MSE,SSIM
Matlab 2018 has been used to implement the proposed algorithm. Based on the performance indexes that are calculated for each method, all the proposed methods achieve a good performance. Thus, the proposed algorithms achieved the stenographic goals that are designed for this purpose.

The current study aimed to extract and purify the phytase enzyme from dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (of Iranian origin), determine its specific activity during the various purification stages, and study the optimum conditions for enzyme activity in terms of pH and temperature. The aim was to evaluate its efficiency and potential use in industrial or food applications. A single sample of dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast of Iranian origin was obtained from the local market in Tikrit during September 2023 and used to extract and purify the phytase enzyme and study its specific activity and protein concentration. The purification process was carried out through several sequential stages, including preparation of the crude extract, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. The results showed that the total activity of the crude extract was 74,919 enzyme units (IU) and the specific activity was 5.23 IU/mg. After precipitation with ammonium sulfate, the total activity increased to 195.3 IU and the specific activity to 6.03 units/mg, with a 1.15-fold increase in enzyme purity. Following ion-exchange purification, the specific activity increased to 14.8 units/mg, a 2.83-fold purification ratio and a yield of 205.6%. Finally, the gel filtration stage significantly increased the enzyme purity, with the specific activity reaching 66.8 units/mg, a 12.75-fold purification ratio compared to the crude extract, with a total yield of 231.8%. The study showed that the purified phytase enzyme had its highest activity at pH 7.5, while the optimum temperature for its activity was 36°C, where enzyme activity gradually increased with increasing temperature up to this point and then began to decline. Conclusion: The study results demonstrate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Iranian type) is an effective source for phytase production, as it can be efficiently purified through successive stages to achieve high specific activity and a clear purity index. The purified enzyme also showed the best activity at nearly neutral acidity (pH 7.5) and an optimum temperature (36°C), indicating its suitability for industrial or food applications operating under these conditions.

Toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by Toxocara spp., with varying clinical outcomes in different hosts. This study aimed to compare the molecular diagnostic efficiency between human and sheep samples using the COX1 gene as a molecular marker. DNA and RNA were extracted from infected human and ovine samples and subjected to PCR and real-time PCR analysis. Significant differences in gene expression levels, amplification efficiency, and melt curve profiles were observed. The COX1 gene expression was 99-fold higher in human samples than in sheep, suggesting stronger mitochondrial activity or higher DNA quality in human hosts. These findings highlight the species-specific variation in molecular detection of Toxocara spp. and emphasize the importance of host-specific diagnostic strategies.

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic infection induced by a protozoan. results in alterations in the concentrations of brain neurotransmitters, including dopamine, lipoxin A4, and testosterone hormone. Behavioural modifications may transpire in affected hosts. This study was conducted to evaluate the serum levels of dopamine, lipoxin A4, and testosterone in mice infected with chronic toxoplasmosis. The research was conducted from August 2024 to February 2025.A total of 42 serum samples were collected from mice BALB\c infected. Toxoplasma gondii was injected intraperitoneally into mice to induce chronic toxoplasmosis. The infected mouse serum were separated after 40 days. The ELISA technique was utilized to evaluate Dopamine, Lipoxin A4 and Testosterone levels in Toxoplasmosis infected mice. Results: The ELISA test revealed on 32 positive samples (76.19%) and 10 negative samples (23.80%). Dopamine levels were significantly higher in patients, with an average concentration of 744.4 ± 33.24 pg\ml, compared to the control group, whose average concentration was 544.4 ± 24.10 pg\ml. LipoxinA4 levels in patients were signified higher compared to control group, with an mean of 368.1 ± 17.31pg\ml , 300.1 ± 14.13 pg\ml. In contrast testosterone hormon level were significantly lower in patients with an average concentration of 130.2 ± 4.714 pg\ml, compared to the control group, whose average concentration was 172.6 ± 18.15 pg\ml. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates elevated of Dopamine and lipoxinA4 and lower testosterone in patientsز

This research presents the design and implementation of a robust pneumonia diagnosis model based on chest X-ray images utilizing Machine Learning techniques. The primary objective is to improve the accuracy and efficiency of pneumonia detection through automated processing of medical imaging data. The study involves the construction of advanced Machine Learning algorithms to classify chest X-rays into two categories: pneumonia and normal. Model performance was evaluated using key metrics, demonstrating strong diagnostic capability. The precision values for pneumonia and normal cases were 0.91 and 0.90, respectively, indicating a high reliability in positive predictions. Recall values of 0.95 for pneumonia and 0.85 for normal cases highlight the model's effectiveness in identifying relevant instances within each class. The F1-scores, which provide a balanced assessment for precision and recall, reached 0.93 for pneumonia and 0.87 for normal, confirming the overall robustness of the approach. This research contributes to the advancement of smart medical diagnosis systems, providing valuable healthcare professionals with an efficient and accurate tool for identifying pneumonia through non-invasive chest X-ray image analysis.

This research presents a comparative legal analysis of the parties involved in the Sustainable Development Bond issuance process, viewing it as an innovative financing tool that combines the requirements of the capital market with the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study shows that the success and credibility of this type of bond depend on the integration of legal and technical roles.
The research revealed that advanced legal systems impose clear regulation for the bondholders' collective (or group) and mandate the appointment of an independent legal trustee (or representative) to represent this group and safeguard its interests, which forms the first line of defense for investors' rights.
Furthermore, the study emphasized the importance of technical and regulatory parties, stressing that there must be a mandatory involvement of independent experts and consulting institutions to assess the extent to which funded projects align with international sustainability standards, thereby going beyond the scope of traditional financial auditing.

This research explores the extent to which Iraqi digital media has been impacted by AI technologies and examines the opportunities and challenges they pose. The integration of AI into digital media has revolutionized content creation, distribution, and analytics, offering unprecedented levels of personalization, efficiency, and insight. AI-powered recommendation systems, advanced audience analytics, and other significant areas in which AI has made significant contributions are also being explored. However, the adoption of AI also raises specific challenges and limitations, including concerns about bias, privacy, and transparency.
This research analyzes the applications and manifestations of AI in digital media, highlighting lessons learned and best practices. It then explores future trends and developments, providing a comprehensive overview of the current status and potential future of AI in digital media. Through this exploration, the research aims to offer a number of conclusions and recommendations on harnessing the power of AI technologies in digital media and addressing its challenges.

Among the most critical—and indeed the most perilous—situations an individual may encounter is being subjected to an accusation by an investigative authority, regardless of whether the allegation is substantiated. This is particularly significant during the stages of investigation and trial. At this juncture, the importance of the individual rights guaranteed to the accused by law becomes evident. The accused, being in a vulnerable position, is in need of legal protection. Central to these rights is the accused’s entitlement to be fully informed of the charges brought against him. It is the duty of the investigating judge or the court to clearly communicate the accusation, thereby enabling the accused to mount an adequate and proper defense. This fundamental principle constitutes the focus of the present study

Among the most critical—and indeed the most perilous—situations an individual may encounter is being subjected to an accusation by an investigative authority, regardless of whether the allegation is substantiated. This is particularly significant during the stages of investigation and trial. At this juncture, the importance of the individual rights guaranteed to the accused by law becomes evident. The accused, being in a vulnerable position, is in need of legal protection. Central to these rights is the accused’s entitlement to be fully informed of the charges brought against him. It is the duty of the investigating judge or the court to clearly communicate the accusation, thereby enabling the accused to mount an adequate and proper defense. This fundamental principle constitutes the focus of the present study

This research investigates the impact of concealing a translator\'s identity on the process of translating English expository texts into Arabic. Through a comprehensive survey of thirty-two professional and academic translators, the study analyzes the effects of anonymity on the quality of the translation, its cultural adaptation, and the level of trust it receives from readers. Findings indicate that requests for anonymity typically originate from clients or institutions, particularly when dealing with politically or culturally sensitive material. A majority of translators reported that this practice helps preserve neutrality and minimize bias, even though it can sometimes restrict their individual style and cultural interpretation. The study also emphasizes that anonymous translations necessitate robust quality assurance measures, including peer review and explicit guidelines. Although certain ethical issues were noted, most respondents considered the use of anonymity to be justified when applied appropriately. The research recommends including anonymity as a topic in translation training and encourages future studies to explore its effects in different types of texts and settings.

Handwritten digit identification is a significant and challenging task in the field of computer vision. It has wide-ranging applications in areas like as document processing, automated data entry, and the creation of machine learning models. This thesis explores the complexities of digit recognition by utilizing a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to decipher the intricate patterns seen in handwritten numbers. A thorough literature study provides a detailed analysis of the historical development and current state of digit recognition methods. The research presents a strong issue definition, highlighting the importance of this work in the context of processing digital information and applications of artificial intelligence.
The primary goals guide the creation of an advanced CNN model, with careful focus on data preparation, augmentation methods, and model structure. The model's effectiveness is supported by
thorough testing and analysis, which reveal impressive levels of accuracy and performance metrics. The thesis not only enhances the scholarly discussion on digit recognition but also has practical ramifications for real-world applications. The conclusion examines the accomplished milestones, highlighting the ongoing development of digit recognition technologies. The future work is outlined, focusing on areas such as improving model performance, achieving interpretability through explainable artificial intelligence, recognizing several languages and scripts, and aligning with upcoming technology trends. This thesis provides a thorough investigation into the recognition of handwritten digits, which contributes to the continuous progress and utilization of artificial intelligence in several fields.