Ur Journal for Human Sciences

Elements of Maqamat Harmony One of the important aspects of understanding this authentic literary art form is defining Maqamat, a genre of Arabic literature that relies on the use of meter and wisdom to convey ideas through a story's protagonist who uses eloquent language to critique and discuss societal phenomena and perhaps find solutions.

The topic of Allamah al-Hilli's quotations on the differences of Imami jurists in the jurisprudence of transactions in his book "Mukhtalif al-Shi'a fi Ahkam al-Shari'a: A Comparative Jurisprudential Study among Imami Jurists" is one of the important jurisprudential topics on which early and later Imami Shi'a differed. The focus of my study of these issues is on modern and contemporary jurists, and the comparison between them, to determine whether this existing difference remains the same, or whether agreement has emerged among modern and contemporary jurists on the issue. Moreover, is this agreement among modern and contemporary jurists consistent with the differences mentioned by Allamah al-Hilli in his book or contrary to the differences he mentioned? This is what we will clarify in the course of this academic research, i.e., explaining the opinions of modern and contemporary Imami jurists on the issues that Allamah al-Hilli quoted on the differences of Imami jurists in his book "Mukhtalif al-Shi'a fi Ahkam al-Shari'a.

This study is based on a special reading of the wondrous place in the poetry of one of the most prominent veteran poets, Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt. The wondrous place is part of the unseen for the poet, as he relies on imagination and metaphor in creating the imagined image of the wondrous place. This special reading relies on interpretation to reveal what is hidden behind the apparent text of Ibn Abi al-Salt, who adopted a special philosophy in drawing the features of the poetic image of the wondrous place.

The research is a review of the biography of the Marxist writer and activist Suad Khairi between the years (1929-1991), her political and revolutionary progressive positions, her early joining of the Iraqi Communist Party, her opposition activities against the monarchy and republican regimes, her life sentence in 1949 and her release after the July 1958 revolution, her marriage to the communist leader Zaki Khairi, her arrest by the Baathist regime after the collapse of what is known as the National and Progressive National Front between the Iraqi Communist Party and the ruling Baath Party in 1979, her arrest again and her migration to Syria, her political and organizational paths during that stage of her life and a presentation of her writings, articles and historical and intellectual studies .

• The researchers adopted two approaches:
. The Descriptive Approach to develop the training program in three stages: planning, implementation, and evaluation.
. The Experimental Approach to test the effectiveness of the program by applying it to a sample of teachers.
• Research Sample: 20 male and female teachers from public primary schools in Dhi Qar Governorate.
• Research Tool: An observation checklist consisting of 70 items distributed across three main domains: planning, implementation, and evaluation.
• Experimental Design: A single experimental group undergoing a pre-test and post-test.

Key Findings:
• Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results in favor of the post-test, indicating the effectiveness of the training program in improving teachers’ skills.
• The effectiveness ratio, according to MacGogian’s equation, was (1.77), which is higher than the standard value (0.60), confirming the success of the training program.

Key Recommendations:
1. Organizing training courses for teachers based on their training needs, as determined by educational supervisors.
2. Adopting the training program by the teacher preparation and training department in the governorate.
3. Integrating Matching Learning Theory strategies into the curricula of Colleges of Basic Education.

Future Research Suggestions:
• Conducting a correlation study on teaching skills and teaching competencies among social studies teachers.
• Examining the impact of a proposed educational environment based on the Matching Learning Theory on students’ academic achievement and critical thinking.

Research Significance:
This study addresses the educational challenges faced by teachers and aims to enhance their teaching skills using modern strategies that integrate prior and new experiences based on the Matching Learning Theory

The current research aims to know the critical thinking skills of middle school students from the point of view of their teachers. The current research community is represented by middle school teachers in middle schools in Al-Rifai District in Dhi Qar Governorate for the academic year (2024-2025). The researchers adopted the descriptive approach, and a sample of (60) male and female teachers from middle school teachers was selected, with (30) male teachers and (30) female teachers. To achieve the research goal, the researchers prepared a questionnaire as a research tool consisting of (29) paragraphs, and it was presented to experts to verify the validity and psychometric properties by adopting the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results were obtained, which showed that there were no statistically significant differences attributable to the gender variable. In light of the results, the researchers reached conclusions and presented several recommendations and proposals.

عرفت بلاد خراسان أنها ذات موقع جغرافي مميز بما تضمنته من مدن واسعة عدت مراكز علمية للعلم والعلماء والعلوم لاسيما أنها تعاقب على حكمها عدة دول سياسية منها المغول الايلخانين ابناء هولاكو الذين تولوا العرش من بعده فكان لبعض الايلخانين أثراً في دعم العلوم النقلية والعقلية وتشجيع العلماء على الانتاج العلمي الذي يعود بالفائدة الجمة لبلاد خراسان اذ انها ضمت علماء بارزين تبلور أثرهم بالرحلة العلمية وتصنيف المؤلفات ونقل العلم للمهتمين بذلك فكان من ابرز من دعم وشجع على تطور تلك العلوم النقلية والعقلية هولاكو وغازان وعلاء الدين وشمس الدين الجويني فحظيت هذه العلوم أهتمام بعض المغول الايلخانين وبرز على أثر ذلك عدة علماء أسهموا في تطور علم الحديث والفقه والتفسير والادب فضلاً عن تطور علم الفلك والارصاد اذ حظى نصير الطوسي دعم هولاكو من أجل تطوير علم الفلك.

This study explores the legal Implications of a husband's Inability to provide financial maintenance and cases of marital mistreatment in Islamic jurisprudence. It presents and analyzes the positions of the five major schools of law—Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfiʿī, Ḥanbalī, and Imāmī—regarding the wife's right to seek separation when faced with financial neglect or harmful treatment. The research finds that most jurists permit the wife to request judicial separation In cases of verified harm or Incapacity, with some variation in the conditions and procedural requirements. The opinion that allows dissolution of the marriage upon proof of harm or financial failure is considered more consistent with the higher objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿa), particularly In protecting personal dignity, ensuring justice, and removing harm.

The current research aims to find out school dropout, its causes, and treatment methods among middle school students from the point of view of educational counselors for the academic year 2024-2025. The current research was limited to a statistical analysis sample of (40) male and female counselors in Dhi Qar Governorate / Nasiriyah District, which is the same as the final sample. The sample was chosen randomly in a proportional manner. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher calculated the school dropout measure by reviewing previous studies, which It consisted of (20) items and the scale was presented to a group of specialists in this field in order to extract validity and reliability. After ensuring the validity of the scale, it was applied to a sample of (40) male and female counselors. After completion, the researcher used appropriate statistical methods to analyze the data using the statistical bag in the social sciences. The reliability coefficient of the school dropout scale reached 0.88 using a retest. The t-test for one sample was used in analyzing the results of dropout in general, as the results indicated the presence of school dropout among students. Students for several reasons. The T-test equation was used for two independent samples to determine the differences between males and females in the cause of school dropout. The results showed that there are no differences between males and females in the presence of the phenomenon of school dropout. The standard deviation, the hypothesized mean, and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Through the previous results, a set of conclusions were drawn and a set of suggestions and recommendations recommended by the researcher were proposed.

US foreign policy towards Uganda was primarily influenced during the period 1981 to 1991, which was marked by major political and economic transformations around the world, including the end of the Cold War and its isolation from the world. Against this backdrop, US policy towards Uganda became shaped by a range of considerations, including geopolitical, and its related concerns, in addition, after that.

The scientific heritage of media studies needs to investigate the philosophy of media in distant regions such as Asia or Latin America to identify the premises and philosophy of those countries in the field of media and the extent of its reflection on their international policy.
China is one of the most important countries that possesses a tremendous human heritage, with its civilization, philosophy and history, so it was necessary to delve into the depths of the Chinese media and study the roots for a study that would be a starting point for future studies

Since the outbreak of the war on Gaza on October 7, 2023, the Middle East (West Asia region) has witnessed a state of strategic tension and ambiguity, including the movements of Iran and its friends in (Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon and Syria (before the fall)) who are in They formed what is known as (the resistance or the resistance axis) after the war on Gaza provided a real test of the sincerity of the strategy that the resistance axis was aiming for, which bears the name (unity of arenas), which aims to unify the fronts in a unified manner and escalation as a means of deterrence against Israel, America and its allies in the event of any event or any expanded conflict. As the region was heading toward a potential regional escalation in the Middle East (West Asia), the Axis of Resistance emerged as an influential regional actor, supporting Hamas in its war with Israel. The Houthi movement in Yemen emerged as an influential regional actor through its Red Sea strategy. The movement focused on a gradual military escalation, targeting Israeli-linked vessels through the Bab al-Mandab Strait with ballistic missiles and drones, with the aim of supporting the Palestinian cause and pressuring Israel to halt its aggression. These operations disrupted 46% of maritime traffic, raising shipping costs and impacting 12% of global trade. The United States and Britain responded with the "Guardian of Prosperity" coalition and airstrikes on Houthi positions. The Houthis portrayed their attacks as a sign of solidarity with Palestine, bolstering their legitimacy within the Iran-backed Axis of Resistance. The study highlights the conflicting narratives between the Houthis' view of their attacks as resistance and the Western perception of them as a threat to maritime security, while analyzing the impact of this strategy on regional security, international trade, and the strengthening of the Houthis' political standing. Confrontations erupted on various fronts within the axis of resistance, simultaneously supporting Hamas in Gaza (occupied Palestine). Most of these fronts operated within the framework of limited confrontations, while a more influential front emerged in the course of the regional conflict on the coast of Yemen: the Ansar Allah movement. This movement adopted a strategy of gradual escalation, increasing its intensity and support through waves of military escalation. This included a threat to block commercial vessels heading to the Zionist entity through the Bab al-Mandab Strait, the main passageway for shipping lines heading to the Zionist entity from China and the East. In the tensions in the Red Sea, the United States moved to support the Zionist entity, with support from Britain, by directing a joint military operation and forming a coalition called "Guardian of Prosperity" to confront the Houthis and their escalation in the Red Sea. This coincided with the support and entry into the conflict by the Ansar Allah (Houthis) in support of the Palestinians. After the war on Gaza, America recounted its narrative and justified its entry into the war, stating that its goal was to protect commercial shipping lanes and shipping routes. This reflects a difference in narratives between the Houthis and the Americans. The Houthi narrative highlights the attacks on ships heading to Israel as a counter-measure to Israel's targeting of civilians in Gaza, while the United States says the Houthi operations pose a threat to the security of global trade and shipping lanes.

This research includes a study of a vital topic and is considered one of the important topics related to the public job, which is the topic of the seconded legal center in Iraq, where this topic is prominent in the fact that the general employee performs the work of his employee for the benefit of another party, Governmental or Private , inside or outside the country, in accordance with legal provisions stipulated in the amended civil service law no. 24 of 1960, civil service instructions no. 11 of 1960 and some special laws in terms of stating their general provisions.

The humanized character is the foundation of narrative structure in children's stories, bringing movement and life to the remaining narrative elements. The humanized character has a prominent presence in children's stories in the primary school reading book in Iraq.
Humanized characters create a system of values for young students in school narrative texts. By analyzing their role in these stories, the research monitors some of the negative values emanating from these characters, sorting and classifying them, counting the most frequently repeated ones, and demonstrating their negative impact on young students.

This research aimed to explore the attitudes of university instructors toward the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in teaching, through examining three main dimensions: the level of knowledge, the extent of usage, and the challenges faced. The study was conducted on a sample of 154 instructors from the Department of Biology at the College of Education for Pure Sciences / Ibn Al-Haytham, distributed according to their academic qualifications (PhD, Master's, Bachelor's).
The results revealed statistically significant differences among academic qualification levels across all three dimensions. PhD holders demonstrated a higher level of knowledge and usage of AI tools, along with fewer perceived challenges, while Bachelor’s degree holders showed comparatively lower levels. This indicates the importance of academic qualification and continuous training in enhancing instructors' abilities to effectively employ AI technologies in the educational process.
The study concluded with several recommendations emphasizing the need to train instructors, provide the necessary technical infrastructure, integrate AI concepts into academic programs, and encourage applied research in this vital field.

Electronic litigation is an information system under which all litigation procedures are implemented through the electronic court and carried out by computers connected to the internet, and via e-mail for the purpose of speeding up the adjudication of cases and facilitating their procedures for litigants. Where the documents submitted to the administration court are examined by a specialized employee, an acceptance or rejection is issued regarding them, a notice is sent to the litigants informing them about the documents, a decision is made on the case and is issued regarding it.

The boycott is a legitimate act recognized by international law against any state that commits an act contrary to international law against a state or group of states, with the aim of pressuring the aggressor state, or tightening the economic noose around it. Therefore, the Arab boycott of the Zionist entity is a legitimate boycott, considering it an aggressive, expansionist entity that seized lands in a manner not recognized by the international community. Based on this, the research addressed the role of the main office and the regional offices for the boycott of (Israel) affiliated with the Arab League 1951-1967, where the research shed light on the work of the main office, starting from the establishment in 1951 and the factors and circumstances that contributed to and encouraged the establishment of the main office, the laws and regulations that were prepared for the boycott of (Israel) and the challenges that faced the office. The main office adopted a new approach to the Arab boycott, especially after the establishment of the Zionist entity in Palestine in 1948, based on two principles: the first is the boycott of foreign companies that support (Israel), and the second is the boycott of the Israeli economy. The main office was also able, through its periodic conferences Through its important decisions, the Arab world inflicted heavy losses on the Israeli economy and tightened the economic blockade on Israel. The main office for the boycott of Israel played a role in supporting Egypt during the tripartite aggression in 1956, and supported it through its decisions directed against Israel, especially pushing foreign companies to hesitate in leasing their ships to Israel, and preventing the import of spare parts from foreign car companies that deal with Israel. However, the decisions of the main office in the sixties were characterized by fluctuations between partial success and decline for many reasons, the most important of which was the opposition of Western countries, especially the United States, to the decisions of the main office, and announced the adoption of certain measures against foreign companies subject to the rules of the boycott. Also, most Arab countries, especially the Emirates of the Arabian Gulf and the Arab Maghreb, did not implement some of the decisions of the main office, in addition to the Arab-Arab disagreements over the implementation of the boycott decisions.

This study examines dialogue as a fundamental instrument in the advancement of societies and the cultivation of human understanding. It focuses specifically on artistic television talk shows, which represent one of the most influential and widely disseminated forms of contemporary visual media. The significance of this research lies in its analysis of the artistic structure of such programs, which integrate aesthetic and informational dimensions while utilizing audio-visual elements and body language to convey media messages.The program “Bayt Al-Qaseed” is employed as a case study to investigate the artistic and structural features characteristic of artistic talk shows. The research aims to develop an analytical framework that elucidates the methods by which artistic dialogue is employed as an effective communicative tool.

The concept of integrity is linked to the extent of evaluating behavior in performing work away from corruption. What we mean by the political integrity of the authority in Iraq during the period February 8 - November 18, 1963 is the search for the emergence of this authority and knowing its composition and the extent of the integrity of its political performance and functional behavior in managing the affairs of the state and building its developmental capabilities. We explained that in three sections: The first section examined the theoretical and historical framework of the study, which dealt with the concept of integrity in the authority and what are the circumstances and variables of its emergence in Iraq. As for the second section, it shed light on the political integrity of the formation of the authority. We discussed in it the coup of February 8, 1963 and the tools and methods it adopted to reach power. As for the third section, it came to reveal the shortcomings of the regime in managing the authority until November 18, 1963, in which we studied the authority of the single party, and the ideology it adopted to manage the authority that is closest to achieving its political interests...

This study explores the phenomenon of photographic imagery in the poetry of Mohammed Al-Hafidh, considering it as a complex visual form that contributes to the construction of the poetic moment, intensifying its emotional and semantic layers, and re-producing the scene as a poetic sign. The study adopts a semiotic–stylistic approach, which merges the analysis of visual signs within the text with an examination of the stylistic mechanisms that generate and direct their reception.
The research begins with a theoretical introduction that defines the concept of photographic imagery and its relationship to contemporary poetry, tracing its aesthetic and cultural foundations. The study is then divided into two applied sections:
The first section analyzes the techniques of forming photographic imagery—such as freezing, lighting, angle of view, and composition—as tools to capture the poetic moment and reconstruct the scene.
The second section focuses on the aesthetic and semantic functions of the image, highlighting how it generates visual tension, symbolic compression, and stylistic irony, all of which contribute to building a coherent poetic scene.
The analysis is based on selected poems from three of the poet’s collections: Zulfā Ahrīq Damm Ḥijāratī, Figuratively: I Attempt to Seduce the Moment, and Narratives of the Man of Fear, which represent mature stages in a poetic experience rich with photographic references.

It was reported on the authority of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) about how to visit Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) that he said: “Peace be upon you, O Proof of God and the son of His Proof. Peace be upon you, O slayer of God and son of his slew. Peace be upon you, O avenger of God and son of His vengeance. Peace be upon you, O string of God that is driven in.” The heavens and the earth” are among these words The two topics that stop the reader of the visit of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) are: the moving string, and the revenge of God, and they carry a concept that opens wide horizons for thinking and contemplation. This is why this topic received the attention of researchers in the case of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) around the concept of (the moving string, and the revenge of God), Therefore, the nature of the research required that it be divided into two requirements. The first requirement was combined: the concept of the string and the motor linguistically, and I dealt with this.
The second requirement: In it, I mentioned the concept of the term “God’s vengeance” linguistically and explained its meaning through dictionary books. I decided to address several matters in this term, including:
First: the historical aspect, second: retaliation in Islam and the right of the guardian in that, third: Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) God’s revenge and the motorized string.
In conclusion, I mentioned the final result, and explained the true qualities attached to Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), which indicate that Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) is the one with the strings, that is, the one with revenge, that is, the one who deserves to be avenged.

The Qur\'anic discourse in Yunus functioned the interrogative style to present a set of rhetorical argumentative techniques to refute their beliefs about the gods. The interrogative style in Surah Yunus carries numerous metaphorical meanings, including astonishment, confirmation, rebuke, and others. These meanings come after presenting compelling arguments to refute their beliefs about these false gods. In this regard, the Qur\'anic discourse relies on argumentative techniques that draw on mathematical and quasi-logical dimensions in its response to the arguments of the opponents.

The 2005 Iraqi Constitution grants members of the Council of Representatives two types of immunity. The first is substantive immunity, which protects parliamentarians from being held accountable for opinions and proposals expressed during parliamentary sessions. The second is procedural immunity, which shields a member from criminal proceedings without prior authorization from the Council or its President outside of legislative sessions. This study reveals the need for constitutional amendments by the Iraqi legislator. Specifically, it recommends stipulating that parliamentary activity be a criterion for granting substantive immunity and explicitly including misdemeanors within the scope of procedural immunity. Furthermore, the study highlights a legislative shortcoming in the Rules of Procedure of the Council of Representatives, namely the absence of a provision specifying the competent authority to request the lifting of immunity. The research also identifies the Council's broad discretionary power in deciding immunity matters, exercised without effective judicial oversight

yatahadath muhtawaa hadha albahth ealaa mafhum shurtat alkhamis , walabuda likuli bahith 'an yuhadid mafhum dhalik almawdue wayuadih maealimah al'asasiat , wa'an yubayin baed jawanib wasifat wa'aemal hadhih alshurtat almubarakat , faqad tanawalna fi hadha albahth mafhum shurtat alkhamis , walmaenaa allughawii walaistilahii lilshurtat , thuma bayana mafhum alkhamis , baedaha tataraqna 'iilaa nizam alshurtat qubayl al'iislam wafi eahd alnabii muhamad (may God bless him and grant him peace) , walshurtat fi zaman alkhilafat alraashidat , baedaha wadahna maenaa shurtat alkhamis walmaqsud bidhalik almustalah , waeadad 'afrad shurtat alkhamis , wasafathum wal'ahadith alwaridat bihaqihim wa'ahamu alwajibat alati kulifuu biha , wamin thama tataraqna 'iilaa namadhij min shurtat alkhamis watarjamatihim , baedaha wadahnan ray eulamayina al'aelam almueasirin warayahum wa'ahamu ma qaluu fi shurtat alkhamis , wabaedaha dhakarna khatimat albahth wa'ahami almasadir walmarajie alati aistaqayna minha madat albahth , wasanaraa fi hadha almawdue kayf qamat hadhih almanzumat aleaskariat bi'aemal jasimat wal'iitqan fi al'aemal wal'afeal , wakayf 'atharat alqiadat aleulwiat fi nufus waeuqul 'afrad hadhih alkatibat albatalat , waqad airta'ayna ealaa 'an nakun naqilin lilriwayat wal'akhbar 'akthar min 'an nakun sharihin 'iilaa fima labuda min sharhih wabayan watawdihih wakhasatan libaed maeani al'akhbar walmufradat

Adeeb Kamal El-Din's poetry was characterized by its exoticism and diverse themes, which set him apart from others. He frequently used the dot and letter in his poetry, creating a distinctive poetic hallmark. He used the letter as a means to express his innermost feelings. He also created a unique exoticism in his poetry, embodied in his addresses to death, nature, and dots and letters. This was embodied in his unique poetic collections, which he embodied. His poetic discourse was rich in objective and semantic aesthetics, characterized by the exoticism of the poetic imagery.

The researcher elieves that the inductive method is based on the exercises that the teacher explains and interprets, then asks the students to infer the rule from them. This indicates that he started from the branch and then moved to the whole. Induction is a method that stimulates the use of the mind because it begins by examining the branches, i.e. the examples, then infers the general rule. This method is specialized in teaching grammar and spelling.
The research problem is represented in answering the main question, which is what is the teachers' point of view towards employing the inductive method and teaching it to develop students' skills in the Arabic language subject for the fourth literary grade
As for the importance of the research, it is in employing the inductive method in teaching to develop students' skills in the Arabic language subject for the fourth literary grade. Because this research deals with a topic related to teaching students and what will be reflected on them positively in their understanding of the curricula and the development of their various skills and an increase in their cumulative achievement if it is utilized and applied correctly, this research is important because it will be a previous reference for researchers who want to conduct research close to this topic, and we must not forget its importance in that it contains valuable information on the topic that was researched.
• There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the averages of the sample members' attitudes towards applying the inductive method in teaching to develop students' skills in Arabic for the fourth grade, literary, attributed to the variable of teacher experience.
• There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the averages of the sample members' attitudes towards applying the inductive method in teaching to develop students' skills in Arabic for the fourth grade, literary, attributed to the variable of the college from which the teacher graduated.
• There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the averages of the sample members' attitudes towards applying the inductive method in teaching to develop students' skills in Arabic the fourth grade, literary, attributed to the variable of academic qualification.

The issues of extremism ,intellectual deviation ,terrorism ,fanaticism, and violence are of interest to many thinkers, media professionals, sociologists, and psychologists ,given the risks they pose to the individual and society. Therefore, this study is entitled “the Globalization of intellectual Extremism and impact on the Disintegration of Islamic Society -A Critical Study” .
Life and happiness cannot be upright unless a person feels secure and does not fear the occurrence of a calamity that threatens his security or diminishes his religion and culture. What confirms the importance of intellectual security is protecting young people from falling into the depths of extremism . this is achieved through purposeful guidance through religious and social institutions in society , which play a major role in protecting and defending society.

The study titled “People of Deep Contemplation: An Interpretive Study on the Method of Ulul Albab” represents a key contribution to Qur’anic inquiry. It addresses the central question: What is the method of those endowed with deep reflection, and how does it affect society? The Qur’an introduces this elevated group—Ulul Albab—whose qualities and impact inspired this research. The aim is to align with the Qur’anic objective by promoting intellectual and practical advancement among people, encouraging them to follow this model in pursuit of inner clarity and purposeful living.
Using a descriptive-analytical method, the research finds that the Qur’an presents various models—both positive and negative—urging us to adopt what leads to salvation. The category of Ulul Albab should be extended to society, as neglecting this lifestyle deprives us of valuable benefits. Tadabbur (deep contemplation) is applicable across life domains, with its highest value in spiritual guidance. While accessible to all, it requires the continuous development of reflective tools adapted to each era.

In this study, we hope to shed light on one of the most sensitive and important topics in the Arab cultural milieu: the impact of cultural and civilizational competition between Eastern and Andalusian civilizations, as well as its role in the development of literary taste and a sense of criticism in Andalusia. The most intense is what sparked a significant development in Andalusian criticism. In light of the great importance of Andalusian literature and criticism, the importance of the subject of the research comes within the framework of interest in literary criticism and Andalusian studies to reveal the value of literary criticism in Andalusia by presenting the critical trends that prevailed in this region as a result of this competition and friction with Eastern civilization, critical currents from the East brought with them the literary templates and critical trends that accompanied the march of Arabic literature through its long history, posing numerous problems that we will investigate in this study.
We will seek analytical critique by using a descriptive and analytical technique to discover the components and causes for the formation of Andalusian criticism, as well as the significant impact of cultural competition from the Levantine culture.

Franco-German relations witnessed two major transformations in the early 1980s. The election of Socialist François Mitterrand in 1981 marked a new chapter in the history of the Fifth Republic, ending the uninterrupted dominance of the right since General de Gaulle\'s return to power in 1958. Mitterrand worked briefly alongside German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, and then continued with his successor, Helmut Kohl, from October 1982. The politicians of both countries sought a decisive role in the pursuit of European integration. However, during his first two years in office, President Mitterrand attempted to balance France\'s close ties with the Federal Republic of Germany, which he found too exclusive, with more friendly relations with Britain. This close relationship did not last long, however. This gave new impetus to Franco-German cooperation, but based more on short-term interests than any long-term project for Europe, especially since the two parties differed on some key issues. The Socialist government\'s policy towards Europe was radically different from that of President d\'Estaing, and relations between the two countries witnessed many fluctuations throughout the decade. The eighties, from lukewarmness to security cooperation, then the relations were greatly strengthened in the late eighties with the arrival of Jacques Chirac to the position of Prime Minister in the mid-eighties, which led to a clear shift in the nature of relations, which reached their peak at the end of 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell, which ultimately led to the unification of Germany.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of multi-method therapy in reducing irrational ideas among middle school students. It was verified through a number of null hypotheses set by the researcher. To achieve the research goal, the researcher adopted the irrational ideas scale developed by (Al-Tarya, 2008). The psychometric properties of the scale were verified by applying it to the research sample of (200) students, and calculating the indicators of construct validity for it, as well as calculating the stability coefficient by the test and retest method, which reached (0.78). Regarding the guidance program, an experimental design was adopted with two experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests. The researcher built a guidance program according to the multi-method therapy method, and relied on the theory of (Lazarus) with (10) guidance sessions that included different titles. After applying the post-test to the members of the experimental and control groups, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences in Level (0.05) in favor of the experimental group, which indicates the effectiveness of the multi-method treatment method in reducing irrational thoughts among middle school students, and the research came out with a set of recommendations and proposals

International developments during World War II (1939-1945) cast a shadow over the security and sovereignty of Iraq. After Britain tightened its control over Iraq following the failure of the May 1941 revolution, Germany, for its part, sought to extend its influence within Iraqi territory, using methods and approaches adopted by the Nazi regime, whether at the level of military, diplomatic or intelligence intervention, This German approach to Iraq was due to several reasons, the most prominent of which was Germany's failure to achieve a decisive victory on the western front of Europe, as well as on its eastern front, represented by the Soviet Union, not to mention the loss of its control over West Asia, after a series of defeats suffered by the German army.
These interests seemed urgent to Germany, after European countries had granted themselves the right to be present in territories they had considered to be areas of influence under their control since the San Remo Conference in April 1920. Nazism, which sought victories wherever its military machinery was, wanted, in one way or another, to find a foothold in Iraq, But this time, using different methods, through paratroopers who were provided by the Nazi regime with the psychological and practical conditions to land in northern Iraq, in a first attempt to establish a German base there, which would later be joined by elements prepared by Germany for this mission.

This research examines the political stance of Imam Musa ibn Ja'far al-Kadhim (peace be upon him) regarding the Battle of Fakh, which erupted in 169 AH under the leadership of Hussein ibn Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali (peace be upon them). This battle is considered one of the most prominent Alawite revolutionary movements against Abbasid rule. This battle enjoyed widespread popular support, but it was met with bloody repression by the Abbasid Caliph Musa al-Hadi.
The research sheds light on the position of Imam Musa ibn Ja'far, peace be upon him, on this movement, tracing his political positions through historical narratives and reliable sources. The research shows that the Imam, peace be upon him, was not one of those who explicitly called for the uprising, but at the same time he did not deny the legitimacy of the revolution. Rather, he emphasized in more than one place the justice of the cause and the corruption of the Abbasid regime, which appears in his firm will to the owner of the revolution, saying, “You are going to be killed, so stand firm, for the people are corrupt.”
The research also analyzes the Imam's (peace be upon him) stance after the battle's failure and the martyrdom of the leader and his companions. The Imam expressed his grief and praised the injustice suffered by the revolutionaries, revealing his initial support for the revolution, albeit within the framework of political caution to avoid the persecution and liquidation practiced by the Abbasid authorities against the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them).
The research concludes that Imam Musa al-Kadhim's (peace be upon him) political stance was wise and balanced, combining support for justice and preserving the legitimate leadership of the Imamate while avoiding being drawn into an unequal confrontation that would lead to further oppression and bloodshed

This study examines how culture habitus , Bourdieu, shapes discourse in Iraqi talk shows through comparative analysis of two contrasting programs : exclusive audience political show and populist program \"Al- haq Yaqal\" . Using qualitative multimodal analysis, findings reveal:
Clear class-based divisions in language use (formal vs. colloquial Arabics)
Distinct visual presentation (luxury vs. emotional gestures)
The study concludes that talk show serve as cultural battlegrounds where hots reproduce class identities through mediated habitus.

This research addresses an important figure, namely Imam Ali (peace be upon him). This great personality had a significant impact on Islam and Muslims in many aspects of life. In this research, we shed light on the administrative aspects he focused on throughout his life. We specifically review the judiciary during his reign, which achieved remarkable success both before and after he assumed power in the Islamic state. His reign was not limited to organizing the judicial apparatus of the Arab Islamic state, but rather contributed to establishing important foundations for the judiciary, from which judges benefited after him, becoming a constitution for them. Imam Ali (peace be upon him) chose this unique figure, the best of the Muslim men, for this difficult task, which had a direct impact on the lives of people in general, and Muslims in particular. Here, we highlight not only his justice and fair judgment among Muslims, but also his treatment of the dhimmis, whom he treated fairly due to his justice. This justice became a model for those who came after him in preserving their rights and caring for them. The jurisprudence, justice, and judiciary of Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) were the umbrella under which everyone sought help. He sought to preserve the integrity of Islam through justice and fairness among people.

Although they are written in two periods separated by about four decades in two different areas, Chaman Nahal\'s Azadi ( 1975 ) and Saad Kassim Al-Asady\'s A Journey to the Remote Side of the Night (2016) can be studied from both comparative and contrastive perspectives.
This study sheds lights on how love and social relationships are corrupted by sectarian violence which dominates Iraq and India in two periods of time. Despite the different results of sectarian violence; a division in India but a country which is more unified in Iraq, social relations are segregated to the level which separates lovers who are from two different races.

This research interprets William Wordsworth\'s Tintern Abbey as a deeply personal and psychological journey by examining the poem through the lens of Freud\'s psychoanalytic theory. It inspects how the speaker\'s innate, early love of nature, fueled by the id\'s unconscious wishes, develops into a more contemplative and spiritual bond as he gets older. These unfiltered feelings are changed into contemplation and internal serenity with the aid of the ego and superego. The poem also explains the speaker\'s wish to help his sister Dorothy reach the same level of emotional adulthood, implying that one\'s development can be conveyed to others. In addition to being a poem about memory and nature, Tintern Abbey transforms into a potent tale of self-awareness, emotional recovery, and the never-ending quest for inner balance.

This paper aims to investigate the use of the communicative approach in teaching English language in the private intermediate and secondary schools. The participants are teachers of these schools in a district in Thi-car (AL-Nasr). The number of the participants is 16 teachers. To collect the data, the researcher used a valid and reliable questionnaire. The current study tries to answer the question : Do the teachers of English language in private schools in Al-Nasr District use the communicative approach or another method? It\'s hypothized that these teachers use the communicative approach of teaching.

The effects of generative artificial intelligence tools on academic writing development among English as a foreign language learners are examined. Sixty undergraduate EFL students participate in this quasi-experimental study. They are randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, with thirty students in each group. Both groups complete a standardized academic writing test before and after instruction. The experimental group receives six weeks of training that used AI-supported tools such as ChatGPT. The control group follows a conventional teacher-led program that emphasizes process-based writing without technological assistance. Paired-sample and independent-sample t-tests measure change in writing performance. Students in the experimental group show larger gains in clarity of ideas, paragraph organization, and grammatical accuracy than students in the control group. Statistical analysis indicate that these differences were significant. Teachers’ notes and students’ reflections raise a concern. Students who rely heavily on AI suggestions show less ownership of argument development and of choosing supporting evidence. These results suggest limited use of generative AI tools. Such tools should act as a supporting resource and not replace teacher instruction or students’ independent work. Supervision and well-structured tasks help learners use the tools while they develop an authentic voice and improve critical reasoning

Though reinforced the use of English language as a foundation language in education and in many areas especially in universities and social media, Iraqi students still cannot improve or build speaking skills and Iraqi EFL students' low competence and cannot use it at their universities even after four years or even more studying English language especially for undergraduate's students. To that extent, this article was intended to be researching the issues and challenges that students face when communicating in English when engaging with the lecturers or among themselves as undergraduate students. Thus, e-questionnaire among 36 students as a sample via e-form in Google classroom and e-interview among 8 of the 36 University of Sumer students to collect the data which were calculated in SPSS statistic based on key concepts; (1) the challenges and obstacles for Iraqi EFL undergraduate's students faced them when speaking English, (2) the major reasons that caused the challenges and obstacles and (3) the level of difference in self-ability between the students. The result showed that the majority of Iraqi EFL students' inability to speak English and concerns primary cause of their numerous linguistic problems or obstacles for Iraqi students at universities, but was more distinct especially amongst students the first years.

This research is a pragmatic study of Tyrion Lannister's use of presuppositions in his speech during his court trial in the Games of Thrones. This study aims to answer the following two questions: What are the presupposition types that are used in Tyrion's speech more than other types? Does his intelligence affect using a specific type of presupposition? The current study aims to identify the types of presuppositions in Tyrion's speech during the court trial. During this study, it's tried to hypothesize that Tyrion Lannister uses the factive type of presupposition in the trial more than the other used types. Also, it's assumed that Tyrion uses all the types of presuppositions. Yule's (1996) classification of presupposition is used as a model to analyze the speech of Tyrion Lannister in season 4 episode 6 under the title "The Laws of Gods and Men" . Concerning the mentioned hypotheses above , it's verified ,through analyzing the data , that he does use the factive type more than other types. The second one isn’t ! since he uses only four of them.

As Neimah (2024, p.27) shows that pragmatics is a subfield that focuses on the utilization of language. Thus, this study examines the pragmatic notion of strategic maneuvering, concentrating on its use in the marketing of Online Toyota Company Vehicles. It analyzes a compilation of textual advertising that endorse autos, including their attributes and specs. The study primarily examines two linguistic elements: the selection of topical potential, as a component of strategic maneuvering, to effectively deliver vehicle specs in a manner that captivates customers. The second involves the utilization of speech acts in these advertising and their function in showcasing the topical potential (the first element). The study employs two analytical models: van Eemeren (2010) for examining the topical potentials utilized by Toyota, and Searle (1975) for analyzing speech acts. To fulfill the study's aims and evaluate its hypotheses, the study posits that Toyota's advertising employ particular topical potentials to effectively capture consumers' attention towards their distinctive vehicles. Moreover, the employment of speech acts serves a professional purpose to activate the selected topical potentials in their commercials. The study selects four written articles from the Toyota website for analytical examination. The investigation yields multiple findings that substantiate its hypotheses.

The language of Quran is considered to be the most formal and difficult Arabic language variety to be studied and analyzed. However, there are studies of Quranic text that the researcher depends on in dealing with the morphological field of analysis of this text. In this paper, the researcher tries to discuss some basic and important topics related to Arabic morphology. By shedding the light on English morphology and how words and morphemes analyzed and classified, the Arabic morphology will be discussed in later items to find out the morphological differences and similarities. The morphemes of number in both English and Arabic will be illustrated as well as some other related topics. Furthermore, three sentences from two verses of holy Quran are chosen to be analyzed morphologically to find out the morphemes of number.

This paper explores the philosophical and psychological dimensions of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe through a dual theoretical lens: Edmund Burke’s theory of the sublime and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s conception of the social self. While the novel is often interpreted as a tale of adventure and survival, this study argues that it is, at its core, a narrative of inner conflict—a tension between the terror of sublime nature and the human longing for social connection.
Drawing on Burke’s notion that obscurity, vastness, and solitude provoke a sublime emotional response grounded in awe and fear, the paper examines how Crusoe’s experience of the island becomes a confrontation with the limits of perception and control. Simultaneously, Rousseau’s theory of man as a fundamentally social being sheds light on Crusoe’s psychological and moral decline in isolation and his gradual rediscovery of selfhood through his bond with Friday.
The methodology combines close textual analysis with aesthetic and philosophical theory, emphasizing both the sensory and emotional depth of Crusoe’s narrative. The study concludes that Robinson Crusoe is not a triumph of man over nature, but a meditation on fear, identity, and the redemptive power of language and society. It offers a new interpretation that situates the novel within Enlightenment discourse on the self, society, and the sublime.