The International and Political Journal

Governmental policies play a crucial role in fostering peaceful coexistence and countering extremism within societies. By enacting robust legislation, promoting education and awareness, and encouraging social and economic integration, governments can create environments where tolerance and respect thrive. Initiatives such as interfaith and intercultural dialogues, support for civil society organizations, and positive media campaigns further strengthen the social fabric, making it resilient against the forces of division and radicalization. Through comprehensive and inclusive strategies, governments can ensure that all citizens feel valued and protected, thereby reducing the appeal of extremist ideologies and contributing to a more harmonious and unified nation. Public policy is an essential function that political systems of all forms and types cannot abandon. As for the policy of peaceful coexistence, it has been proven that genuinely promoting it in the post-conflict phase between warring factions within the state is a long and arduous task. The longer the conflicts and wars, the more complex they become. Notably, the concept of peaceful coexistence among the components of the Iraqi people is weak, and peaceful coexistence within Iraqi society is characterized by fragility and is prone to threats at any moment. This society, troubled in its social relationships, now needs the concept of coexistence more than ever before, and it must be entrenched through the practice of democracy in Iraq in a way that guarantees rights and duties for all, to restore mutual trust among the components of this society and make them feel they are citizens of the state.

The media plays an effective role in rejecting extremism and violence in all its forms. Effective media is one of the important means that can be used to enhance the spirit of peaceful coexistence and brotherhood among the components and sectors of society by publishing articles and holding ongoing awareness programs and seminars with the aim of getting rid of fanaticism and extremism and working to push society to Living together and consolidating the principles of coexistence, peace and harmony.
There is no doubt that the media technology revolution that the world is witnessing has turned all the scales and the media has become an essential pillar in building societal components in terms of what satellite channels broadcast in terms of the spirit of the stereotypical image related to the events taking place in the world, in addition to social media and its contribution to the highest values of knowledge, criticism and review. And self-dialogue, which are the values from which any cultural development project begins, In view of the qualitative development that has occurred in the way social networks are used from being a tool for entertainment and communication to a tool for theorizing, organizing, and leading, then to an effective means of conveying events, and a primary source for global media, that is, social media has begun to play an important role in preparing the requirements for change through The path to creating awareness and its new intellectual patterns, and because the media is an effective and integrated tool, its performance must be activated to consolidate the basic constants of media institutions, In addition to its fundamental role in combating the phenomenon of terrorism and intellectual extremism, based on the fact that the new reality and its future possibilities have created important and dangerous challenges and placed the responsibility of media institutions to confront and deal with them in the present and future, especially with increasing expectations that these challenges will grow in the future.

Societal peace is the fundamental basis from which members of society start to secure their social, political, cultural, and economic coexistence. It is a reflection of political stability in the state. Iraq suffered, for a certain period, from a weakening of societal structure due to various reasons and factors, leading to the emergence of foreign ideologies and terrorist extremist groups. Among these factors are internal issues related to the structure of the political system and the circumstances surrounding the political process after the collapse of the previous regime. What further deepened this division was foreign and regional intervention, which sought to solidify the fragmentation of national identity.
Informal national actors have played an important role in bringing together the sects and components of Iraqi society, especially after the defeat of the terrorist ISIS. These actors have strengthened the embodiment of national identity.

Political socialization changes the psychology of the individual and the structure of society through its various means and mechanisms, and affects societal awareness and national identity. Political socialization is an important factor in establishing an aware society that feels belonging and loyalty to the national identity, or on the contrary, if this socialization is politicized to serve the ideology of power. Through this research, we will clarify the impact of political socialization on Iraqi society before and after 2003, and its importance in strengthening dialogue and national identity. Keywords: Political socialization,

The role of the National Dialogue in achieving peaceful coexistence in Iraq is one of the fundamental issues in the political and social arena, especially in light of the ethnic and sectarian pluralism that characterizes Iraqi society. After the radical changes that Iraq has witnessed since 2003, and the security and political challenges that have arisen as a result of regional interventions and internal conflicts, the national dialogue has become a crucial tool in guiding Iraq towards social and political stability.
The national dialogue is not limited only to discussing political issues, but also extends to addressing social and economic issues that affect the cohesion of society. By opening channels of communication between different political forces, mutual understanding can be strengthened and the sectarian and ethnic divisions that hinder the construction of a democratic civil state can be overcome. The National Dialogue also contributes to strengthening the culture of tolerance and acceptance of the other, which enhances peaceful coexistence between the various Iraqi components. However, achieving this goal is not without challenges, most notably corruption and weak institutions, in addition to foreign interventions that may negatively affect the progress of the dialogue. Nevertheless, the national dialogue remains an essential pillar for building a more stable and inclusive future, as it is considered an effective way to counter extremism and strengthen national unity

Civil society institutions emerged in Iraq after 2003, and played a major role in promoting societal coexistence by instilling democratic values and practices, supporting the political process, and enhancing the peaceful transfer of power, in addition to their role in spreading the spirit of tolerance and societal participation, spreading the culture of difference, and consolidating the culture of citizenship by educating citizens about their rights and duties towards society, and creating a common national identity as a basis for building a state of institutions, and their continuous demands to amend laws that serve society, which are positively reflected in building the state. Civil society institutions also work to consolidate peace and enhance dialogue and peaceful coexistence among members of Iraqi society.

Effective national dialogues represent a fundamental solution and hold great promise for resolving conflicts and achieving reforms at all levels. They benefit everyone by serving the public interest and increasing trust among the dialogue participants. This is achieved through the commitment of all parties to the agreements reached and the ability of national dialogues to adapt flexibly to changing political realities while avoiding rigid rules and structures.
National dialogues work to organize political, economic, social, cultural, and security powers, considering dialogue as a non-violent means for resolving conflicts and establishing new frameworks based on partnership and cooperation. They also aim to reject violence, extremism, and terrorism while fostering common ground among the parties involved in the conflict.
Moreover, national dialogues help establish solid foundations that enable each party to accept the other, increase coexistence and integration within society, and contribute to reforming the political system, ultimately leading to comprehensive state reform.

The issue of peaceful coexistence is one of the fundamental matters that directly affects the stability and progress of the state. There is also a vital role that the state can play in promoting peaceful coexistence among various segments of society by enacting laws that protect the rights of minorities and enhance equality among all citizens. Additionally, spreading a culture of coexistence through educational curricula and programs, organizing platforms for dialogue among different groups to exchange opinions and promote mutual understanding, and providing job opportunities while improving economic conditions are essential in reducing social conflicts. Furthermore, achieving security and stability directly contributes to enhancing coexistence by combating violence and strengthening the role of security agencies in maintaining civil peace.

National dialogue constitutes a fundamental mechanism for achieving stability, strengthening national integration, and addressing political, social, and economic crises. It is a participatory process that brings together diverse political, social, and cultural actors at one table to negotiate and build consensus, particularly in times of conflict, post-war reconstruction, or political transitions. The objectives of national dialogue include preventing and managing crises by opening channels of communication among divergent groups, reducing polarization, and fostering an environment of mutual understanding. It also aims to establish new social contracts, enact constitutional and institutional reforms, and achieve broad societal consensus that grants legitimacy to public decisions and policies. Moreover, national dialogue contributes to reinforcing national unity, consolidating democratic practices, and expanding citizen participation in decision-making, thereby strengthening trust between the state and society. However, the success of national dialogue depends on several decisive factors, most notably: the role of the state and its political leadership, the effective participation of political parties, the impartial and knowledge-based support of research centers, and the impact of external actors, whether positive—through support and mediation—or negative—through interference and obstruction. The study concludes that national dialogue is an essential prerequisite for achieving sustainable peace, social cohesion, and the consolidation of national identity in contemporary states.

The demand for national unity and national dialogue is one of the foundations supporting social solidarity and achieving national reconciliation in Iraq, as national dialogue contributes and plays a major role in strengthening national cohesion among all components of the people, which in turn is reflected in governmental and international efforts to eliminate the phenomenon of terrorism in Iraq, as peaceful coexistence in society through national dialogue is a main goal in the government’s political agenda, which will contribute effectively to strengthening national efforts to eliminate terrorism in Iraq.

Socialization contributes significantly to strengthening national unity
through the role of its institutions in instilling noble values such as belief in the culture of dialogue and accepting the other as a basic partner in the same homeland, in addition to aiming to educate citizens about their rights and duties and encourage them to participate actively in social and political life. This vital role is highlighted when primary and secondary institutions cooperate to achieve a primary goal, which is to prepare a citizen who is aware of his rights and committed to his duties. The culture of dialogue and coexistence is usually acquired in the human soul and grows with him to become part of his habits and behaviors. A person’s ability to engage in national dialogue opens up broad horizons for freedom and logical thinking, which helps the individual to enhance his existence, because the culture of dialogue represents the lifestyle that should prevail in society and the family to enhance understanding between different groups and be a basic pillar of harmony and coexistence in an effort to reach a common ground embodied in the convergence and integration of ideas. In addition, dialogue is a basic means of communication, as it allows for the exchange of opinions, acceptance of other opinions, and respect for criticism, and contributes to refining the soul, as it is the language of man. A civilized person who must be trained and practiced, especially in this era that is witnessing an information revolution and rapid changes that impose the necessity of building a new reality for social, educational and cultural life. A person who does not master the art of dialogue will not be able to possess the mental capacity that enhances his thought and knowledge. Therefore, “dialogue” has become one of the most discussed topics due to its importance in the process of human communication and interaction and the success of relationships.

This research explores the evolving role of media in shaping national identity, starting from traditional media during the Soviet era to the rise of digital media in the 21st century. It highlights how media was historically used as a propaganda tool—such as the Soviet media campaigns against the U.S. intervention in Vietnam—and how the digital age has transformed the influence and scope of media.
The study emphasizes the impact of these media developments on Iraqi youth, especially during adolescence, where excessive engagement with virtual platforms has led to social isolation and a crisis in national identity—caught between loyalty, confusion, or detachment. Modern media now plays a key role not only in information delivery but also in shaping attitudes, values, and social behaviors.
The research uses various methodologies, including descriptive-analytical, historical, and comparative approaches, to analyze how media evolution interacts with the formation and preservation of national identity. The first axis of the study defines national identity from linguistic, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives, underlining its critical importance for societal unity and resilience in the face of globalization and cultural homogenization.

Violence and extremism are two negative social phenomena that undermine democracy and social peace and affect national unity and identity. These phenomena are increasing significantly with the spread of social communication programs and media, which are considered double-edged weapons. In the absence of the use of social media and the absence of oversight, governmental and social responsibility may constitute dangerous means that extremists employ to achieve their goals of transmitting violence and weakening social ties and common values. And threatening stability, development, security and societal peace, as external pressures, the dominance of major countries and the lack of social justice represent the primary reason behind the spread of extremism, then the end of the educational system, discrimination and violence. Discrimination, long-term conflicts, then the end of the media system and the spread of extremist ideas and misconceptions, and then the poor distribution of wealth, and finally the low level of political participation, especially among young people and freedom of expression, which poses a great danger to society in exploiting these factors. The threat of security thought through the media by spreading extremist ideas, violence, exaggeration and misunderstanding of religion, through the existence of accounts dedicated to spreading sectarian hatred and encouraging rebellion against ruling regimes, therefore, it facilitates communication via the Internet, and provides a fertile environment for extremist groups to exploit the difficulty and inability of the state to support them, and this clarifies the need for governments and countries to confront this threat through several levels of research at the legislative level, and support for security thought in the media and civil society institutions by stating and explaining the concepts and terms of religion, jihad and governance, and stating the moderation, tolerance and moderation of Islam, because moderation means moderation in belief, treatment and behavior. Its decline and its elimination, the training is focused on its origins, its signs and its dimensions, and the theories are explained in the first section, and the study of extremism, its causes, effects, methods of spreading it, its effects and its dangers in the second section. As for the second section, it dealt with the formal relationship between the media and extremism, but the third section deals with aspects of the negative use of the media by extremists and the promotion of social peace in post-conflict societies.

Economic stability is considered one of the most important factors that contribute to strengthening national dialogue and achieving societal rapprochement in Iraq, as it leads to creating an environment that supports national construction and enhances the opportunities for peace and understanding among the various groups of society, and in light of Iraq suffering from increasing economic challenges, including inflation. , unemployment, and income disparity, which makes economic stability a necessity for establishing the foundations of national dialogue.
Economic stability leads to an improvement in the standard of living and the provision of basic services such as health, education, and housing. It improves job opportunities and enhances social justice, which reduces the economic gaps between different groups of society. Through these factors, citizen confidence in the government is enhanced, which encourages the strengthening of relations between the diverse sects and increases From their desire to work together to achieve public interests as well Economic stability facilitates the achievement of sustainable development, which in turn positively affects societal stability and reduces social tensions. It also helps create an attractive investment environment, which enables the development of infrastructure and enhances the role of the private sector, thus increasing the ability to implement broad development projects that contribute to creating... Job opportunities and supporting the local economy.
In conclusion, economic stability is the basis for building a strong national consensus, as it contributes to removing obstacles that prevent peaceful coexistence and collective work. Thus, economic stability is a vital engine for progress and national prosperity, which makes it a basic condition for achieving a safe and stable Iraq that enjoys interdependence and rapprochement among all its components.

Dialogue, tolerance and coexistence are among the main topics today, and have become among the most intellectual topics for discussion and debate in the world due to the conflicts and disputes that society suffers from, most of which arose from sectarian extremism and ethnic discrimination. Through this research, we can activate dialogue, tolerance and reform in our societies to overcome conflicts and disputes in our societies and achieve peaceful coexistence and build a society based on citizenship and a culture of accepting others and tolerance.
In this research, we discuss political institutions and their role in establishing and developing the principle of dialogue among young people through support for the construction of a sound and advanced political and social structure in society. The ability of political institutions to spread the principle of dialogue among young people lies in the fact that the process of making public policy is an analytical tool within the political system and is based on making decisions and policies aimed at developing society, strengthening ties, and activating the policy of dialogue to achieve peaceful coexistence and national rapprochement to support peace and community security.
The process of making public policy for peaceful coexistence refers to the state of coexistence that brings together the different components of society, ethnically, religiously, sectarianly, and intellectually, with the necessity for each group to respect the beliefs of the other group or groups, and the necessity of working to resolve differences peacefully. On this basis, political institutions and members of the political elite must have a prominent role in spreading awareness of dialogue and peaceful coexistence among society.
In this research, several topics were discussed, including the first topic, the concept of national dialogue and its importance, and in the second topic, the role of political institutions in developing and consolidating the culture of national dialogue .

Digital media has become an integral part of daily life because it is an effective means of promoting national dialogue. Iraqi digital media has witnessed a major transformation in the political and social landscape. Digital media is one of the basic tools in shaping public discourse, as it provides interactive platforms that enable citizens to exchange ideas and discuss national issues in ways that were not previously available. Its effectiveness depends on the organization used responsibly to raise awareness of the risks associated with it. Digital media can be a positive driver towards building a more inclusive and cohesive society by investing efforts in education, organization, and infrastructure. Digital media has a role in achieving effective communication between different segments of society and enhancing national cohesion by providing interactive platforms that facilitate public discussions.

The Role of National Dialogue in Promoting Transparency and Democratic Procedures: The Iraqi Elections as a Model
Iraq faces political and social challenges that make national dialogue an essential tool for strengthening democracy and ensuring transparency in elections. National dialogue is a series of discussions that include various political and social parties to build trust and achieve mutual understanding. This process helps to overcome societal tensions and divisions, particularly in the context of elections, which are considered the cornerstone of the democratic system.
Iraqi elections suffer from weak trust and accusations of lacking transparency, with many questioning the integrity of the electoral process and fearing the influence of money In politics and vote manipulation. This is where national dialogue plays a vital role as a means of developing transparency, allowing various parties to agree on fair election procedures, which, in turn, boosts public confidence In the electoral process.
Through this dialogue, essential reforms can be reached, including voter registration, election monitoring mechanisms, and raising political awareness, which support the development of the Iraqi electoral system.

Religious institutions in Iraq play a vital role in promoting peaceful coexistence among diverse ethnic and sectarian communities, contributing to the creation of a more harmonious society by directing religious discourse towards shared human values such as tolerance and respect. These institutions work to provide positive visions that encourage dialogue and understanding between different religions and cultures, organizing events such as conferences and seminars that bring together religious leaders to enhance cooperation and reduce cultural gaps. They also contribute to addressing local conflicts through mediation and advice, thereby reducing tensions, and provide social support to those in need from all sects, thereby strengthening human bonds and values of compassion and assistance.

There is no doubt that media discourse is one of the most prominent means of influence prevalent in the modern era, as it relies on communication and the method of direct simulation. It is thus a social and psychological process through which information, news and oral messages are transmitted through a group of means with the intention of influencing the thoughts, opinions and behaviours of others.
Media discourse is also affected by the variables of the internal and external environments. In this context, the Iraqi media discourse after 2003 faced a set of challenges that contributed to determining the tendencies and trends of the Iraqi media discourse. The variables of the internal environment in Iraq, in addition to the nature of the external challenges, contributed to feeding extremist thought and sustaining the momentum of influence as a threat to unity and national identity. In contrast, perceptions of media discourse in Iraq suffered from transitional challenges that contributed in turn to shaping the levels of performance and effectiveness of the role, which in their entirety constituted determinants of the Iraqi media discourse. Accordingly, many media circles realized the importance of working to accumulate the foundations of construction as media institutions and directing the media discourse to confront extremist ideas and absorb the momentum of internal and external intellectual threats.

The bloody events that followed the invasion of ISIS, and the subsequent security collapses and sectarian and ethnic tensions contributed to deepening divisions between Iraqi societal components. which accommodates ethnic, religious and cultural diversity.
Accordingly, this research deals with an in-depth study of the social dimensions that can contribute to activating and consolidating national dialogue, as the social dimension is a key pillar for finding sustainable solutions to internal conflicts, and to create an environment conducive to dialogue based on cooperation and community participation.

The contemporary world has witnessed radical transformations in the nature of human interaction due to the growing role of social media, which has become influential in community security issues. On the one hand, these sites have helped promote peaceful coexistence, while on the other, they have been exploited to sow division among coexisting groups. Kirkuk Governorate, located in northern Iraq, stands out as a case study. The 2024 provincial council elections contributed to the spread of fake campaigns on social media aimed at sowing division among members of society. However, due to security intervention, they failed to monitor and hold accountable anyone exploiting these platforms to spread news that would undermine social security. In addition, local activists have campaigned to spread a culture of tolerance and acceptance of others, along with a community awareness that rejects any form of discrimination. The results indicate that the management of digital social security in Kirkuk has provided a model that can be generalized to diverse regions with similar characteristics, as well as developing proactive mechanisms to address future digital challenges.

This research aims to explore the role of social upbringing and development in promoting national dialogue and achieving social cohesion, with a focus on the importance of social actors in building bridges of understanding among diverse community groups. The study covers four main themes: the role of social upbringing in fostering dialogue values, the significance of social actors in promoting cohesion, the impact of social development in reducing national disparities, and the social foundations and challenges hindering dialogue. The research also discusses strategies for enhancing social understanding and overcoming obstacles, such as social divisions and weak institutional trust. The study concludes with recommendations emphasizing the importance of education, community empowerment, and the establishment of sustainable dialogue platforms to strengthen social stability

Socialization is one of the most crucial processes in shaping individuals\' values and attitudes, making it a fundamental factor in promoting national dialogue within Iraqi society. Through socialization, individuals are guided to understand the importance of tolerance and peaceful coexistence among the diverse components of the society. In Iraq, characterized by its cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity, socialization plays a pivotal role in addressing challenges related to societal divisions. It contributes to strengthening national unity by fostering mutual respect and constructive dialogue Educational institutions and media play a key role in this process, offering curricula and programs designed to unify national perspectives and create common ground among various societal groups. Socialization establishes an environment that encourages meaningful discussions and peaceful resolution of conflicts, reducing sectarian and ethnic tensions by teaching individuals to view diversity as a source of strength and integration ,Additionally, the family, as the primary unit of socialization, significantly contributes to instilling fundamental values that support national dialogue, such as cooperation, openness, and the ability to accept others, Overall, socialization is not merely a tool for developing well-adjusted individuals but also a strategic mechanism for achieving social cohesion and preserving the national identity in Iraq.

Dialogue and community rapprochement are fundamentals that enhance the building of a cohesive and modern society. They work to support mutual understanding and respect between different parties and groups in societies, which helps in mitigating conflicts and enhancing credibility between components. However, there are many challenges that vary between cultural, social, political and economic factors, which hinder the achievement of dialogue goals. This research aims to outline the rules on which community dialogue is based, and to analyze the challenges it faces in various fields. It aims to understand the relationship between dialogue and the factors influencing it, and to work on finding an effective strategy to bring together the segments of society, which reduces societal disparity and enhances social cohesion.

Iraqi foreign policy faces various legal challenges amid regional and international developments. One of the most prominent challenges is balancing national interests with international legal obligations, especially concerning UN resolutions and bilateral treaties. Here, national dialogue serves as a tool to coordinate efforts among government entities and parliamentary bodies, in addition to involving legal experts to ensure decisions align with international law while preserving national sovereignty. National dialogue also helps build internal consensus on foreign policy priorities, strengthening Iraq's international standing and securing its internal stability by creating a unified vision that effectively addresses legal and political challenges.

Conflicts, violence, and wars at both the national and international levels have made peaceful coexistence a humanitarian necessity for settling all these relationships, so that peace can prevail instead of the disastrous consequences. Therefore, peaceful coexistence has become the issue of the era, marked by wars and conflicts. Security, establishing peace, and building societies free of religious and ethnic differences, racism, and extremism are among the most important concepts aimed at managing this difference and diversity in societies. The importance of the study lies in the importance of the topic of peaceful coexistence, which is considered one of the most important topics and has remained a concern for peoples and countries. It is one of the topics raised in the arena of international relations between peoples. Therefore, studying the research is both a necessity and a goal. The objectives of the study included contributing to understanding the vocabulary of peaceful coexistence and the importance of peaceful coexistence in Islam, understanding the importance of peaceful coexistence in societies, and understanding the extent to which acceptance of others is a condition for coexistence. The problem of the study addressed: Where do the weaknesses and strengths of peaceful coexistence lie? What are the proposed solutions to solve the problem of coexistence? The results of the study were that peaceful coexistence is of great importance in order to strengthen the bonds of understanding and cooperation in general between peoples and individuals of society in particular in order to build and develop societies and establish the foundations of security and peace, and that there are many obstacles that prevent the achievement of peaceful coexistence completely. The study also concluded that the Islamic religion is the religion that preserved human dignity and is a tolerant religion and a religion that called for peaceful coexistence and the spread of love, cooperation and tolerance among humanity and emphasized acceptance of others. To achieve security and peace, it is necessary to make peaceful coexistence a human value for all entities and a human right in society.

Socialization institutions, such as the family, school, media, and youth organizations, play a pivotal role in shaping youth convictions and enhancing their leadership and dialogue skills. They provide them with the knowledge and values necessary for effective participation in national and community issues. However, youth face many challenges, such as weak dialogue skills, political and social awareness, and few opportunities to express their opinions. Therefore, supporting these institutions is essential to qualify youth to contribute positively to dialogue and community rapprochement, which enhances their ability to understand the problems of their society and propose innovative solutions. The research reached several conclusions, the most prominent of which are:
1) Socialization institutions such as the family, schools, and universities promote the values of peaceful coexistence and tolerance among youth, which helps them understand cultural and religious differences, and contributes to reducing community tensions.
2) Community dialogue seeks to identify the hopes, needs and aspirations of youth and take them into account when formulating public policies for the state.
In light of these conclusions, the researchers recommend the following:
1) The media should develop programs aimed at spreading awareness of the importance of community dialogue, while highlighting dialogue success stories between different segments of society.
2) Programs and projects targeting youth should be allocated to encourage them to participate in community dialogues aimed at finding innovative solutions to social and economic issues, which enhances their role in building the future.
3) It is necessary for governments to support policies that promote a culture of dialogue within government institutions, while providing legal platforms that contribute to facilitating communication between citizens and institutions.
4) Community dialogue should be integrated as part of local development plans to ensure that development decisions are more comprehensive and meet the needs of different segments of society.

Violent extremism is a global phenomenon that challenges security and stability in many countries, and involves violent acts based on extremist ideologies. After 2017, the Iraqi government took a series of policies to combat violent extremism. These policies included enhancing security and promoting national dialogue to achieve political and social calm. Emphasis was also placed on rebuilding conflict-affected areas and providing support to affected communities. In combating extremism, financing and recruitment were combated and educational and awareness-raising programs were strengthened to prevent the spread of extremist ideology. Countering violent extremism requires a multidimensional strategy that includes action at the levels of governments, civil society and the international community to ensure global security and stability.

Research and study centers are known as high-quality and prestigious knowledge institutions in terms of their knowledge and scientific product on the one hand, and in terms of the skills of their employees on the other hand. However, the isolation of scientists and the absence of communication channels between them are among the biggest obstacles to conducting scientific research. This absence leads to the weakness of joint scientific programs and seminars and fruitful and constructive cooperation, in addition to its impact on spreading the culture of dialogue and societal rapprochement. The isolation of researchers and thinkers means difficulty in accessing sources of information and difficulty in communicating. With increased communication between specialists and thinkers and their exposure to what others from different countries of the world have reached, scientific research grows and develops by discussing their studies and comparing the results of their research, which is sometimes affected by the obstacles of the lack of communication systems between researchers and reflects the growing need for them with the complexity of intellectual issues and the escalation of crises and conflicts and the intertwining of interests

The topic of peaceful coexistence is one of the important intellectual issues in this era characterized by cultural pluralism, continuous political transformations, and rapid technological development, which coincides with the abundance of wars and conflicts that exist for religious, ethnic, sectarian, or doctrinal reasons. It is known that peaceful coexistence is a basic condition for progress and achieving political, economic, and social stability and prosperity in any human society. The term coexistence refers to the state of coexistence between groups that differ ethnically, religiously, or intellectually with each other, with each group respecting the beliefs and ideas of other groups and communities, as well as the ability of these groups to resolve and settle their differences and dialogue among themselves in peaceful ways, in a way that achieves growth and development for society. Accordingly, educational institutions play an important role in this aspect, especially universities, which are among the most prominent and important educational institutions that have a vital role in promoting peaceful coexistence within society; As it carries out a moral, educational and humanitarian mission at the same time, it is also the institution that targets the youth category, and includes various segments of society, so it can influence their behavior, develop their skills, and raise their awareness in spreading the culture of dialogue and peaceful coexistence in society, in addition to consolidating the importance of the values of citizenship, democracy and human rights among individuals by holding conferences, seminars, workshops, training courses and awareness lectures in universities, to enhance the culture of peaceful coexistence and moderation, and reject violence within universities in particular, and society in general. In order to stand on the principles, foundations and mechanisms for achieving peaceful coexistence, it is necessary to emphasize and focus on the issue of national identity in order to determine the foundations and beliefs on which society is based, in addition to achieving the principle of citizenship and emphasizing this in the constitution and legal texts that have an impact on dealing with members of society in detail.