The White Dome Journal

The research is concerned with studying the structure of the personal name in the stories of Walid Maamari, and the importance of the technique of irony in highlighting the contradiction and congruence between the name and its name by linguistic and semiotic connotations ,and its ability to show the artistic and influential structural value in the texts.
To this end, the study is organized into two axes that subject Walid Maamari’s stories to study and analysis:
• The first axis examines the names that adopt the paradoxical connotations of congruence.
• The second axis examines the names that adopt the transformational connotations.

It is an established principle that the Holy Qur’an is the primary source of Islamic legislation as a whole, transmitted to the Muslim community through definitive tawātur. It affirms the principle of justice and rejects all forms of oppression and despotism. Although the term “despotism” does not explicitly appear in the Qur’an, it is expressed through words such as “tyrant,” “arrogant,” and “opulent.” Several verses prohibit despotism in matters of life, wealth, and rights, calling instead for freedom and equality within societies. The Qur’an highlights that despotism leads to corruption and the loss of human dignity, which God Almighty has made among the highest values, while it reinforces the principles of mercy, fairness, and others. It further emphasizes that sovereignty belongs to God alone, Blessed and Exalted, and that no authority based on enslaving or oppressing people has legitimacy, as it contradicts the teachings of the noble Sharia.

In light of the growing societal challenges facing modern nations, this research aims to explore the foundational Islamic values that promote inclusive citizenship and peaceful coexistence. Rooted in the Holy Quran and the authentic Prophetic and Imami traditions, the study highlights the integrative ethical framework that fosters mutual respect, social cohesion, and justice among diverse communities. As stated in the Holy Quran:
“O mankind! We created you from a male and a female, and made you nations and tribes so that you may know one another.” (Quran 49:13)
the divine message affirms the principle of diversity as a basis for understanding and cooperation.
The study adopts an analytical-inductive methodology to examine selected Quranic verses and narrations, with a particular focus on the exemplary models offered by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family), such as the Charter of Medina, and his saying:
“People are equal like the teeth of a comb.”
Additionally, it draws on the ethical wisdom of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), who stated:
“People are of two kinds: either your brother in faith or your equal in humanity.”
The research concludes that Islamic teachings—especially those preserved and clarified by the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)—present a civilizational model for building tolerant, cohesive societies grounded in mercy, justice, and shared human dignity. The study recommends incorporating these values into educational, cultural, and policy frameworks to strengthen dialogue and inclusive citizenship in contemporary societies.

The research addressed a linguistic phenomenon that is no less important than its sister linguistic phenomena; It has received great attention from scholars and researchers, both ancient and modern, and among linguists, their books and research have written different titles about this phenomenon, and what it does and creates in terms of coherence within the text. The research has shown the role of this phenomenon and what it does in creating textual coherence in the Qur’anic text to know and explain its importance within these honorable texts. At the beginning of the research, I touched on explaining the linguistic and technical meaning of each of the presentation and delay, and the relationship between the two meanings. I also touched on the role of presentation and delay in linking parts of the text, their role in Arabic grammar, and their aesthetic effect on Arabic rhetoric. Then I showed those who approve and disapprove of this phenomenon among scholars, ancient and modern. Then I also mentioned some other related topics, and I applied the phenomenon to some Qur’anic texts to know its effect in creating textual coherence within the text. The Qur’anic, and I did not specify a text to apply the phenomenon to, but rather I thought that the application process would be on any Qur’anic text without specifying it, then I concluded the research with a summary of what the research contained, then the indexes, and the sources that I relied on in the research.

This is a third research on the grammar of the seven readings, complementing the two previous researches that were prepared on the raised and lowered nouns. It is specific to “the genitive nouns” so that the three grammatical cases of the nouns in the seven readings are completed. It is entitled: “The raising and lowering of the genitive noun in the seven readings.” What is meant by the genitive noun here is what came in the genitive in the Holy Qur’an in the reading of the general public, the reading of Hafs from Asim.
The book «The Seven Readings» by Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Musa ibn al-Abbas al-Tamimi ibn Mujahid al-Baghdadi, who died in 324 AH, was our primary source for deriving the readings and attributing them to their authors. These readings were supported by what was found in the books of interpretation, Quranic sciences, and grammar.
This work is a complement to a large work, the largest part of which has been prepared, which is concerned with nouns without verbs and letters, and the rest of it is being prepared, God Almighty willing, so that it will encompass all parts of speech in their three grammatical cases. We ask God to help us complete it and benefit from it.

In this research, I discussed the anomalous and the preserved hadith. Anomalous hadith is not when a trustworthy person narrates something that no one else narrates; this is not anomalous. Rather, anomalous is when a trustworthy person narrates a hadith in which he disagrees with other people. As for preserved hadith, if it is contradicted by an increase in its density, a large amount, or other aspects of preferenceThe most likely is called: the preserved. Through the definitions, it becomes clear to us that a trustworthy person may differ in the chain of transmission, and he may differ in the text. Then I took practical examples of that in terms of the increase in the chain of transmission and the increase in the text.

This research deals with the study of the issues built in the book of brachial issues of Abu Ali al-Farsi, as it is concerned withthe issues in which Abu Ali al-Farsi had a different opinion from other grammarians, or in which there is much disagreement, or on which he had explanations and details.
This research was based on an introduction and two sections; in the first section, we talked about the concept of construction, alone and its sections. The second section, has dealt with the issues of buildings referred to by Abu Ali Persian in his book Brachial issues, as he showed the guidance of Abu Ali Persian with a comparison of his grammatical guidance with the guidance of other grammarians previous to him and violators.
The research went according to the requirements of the descriptive approach, which is based on the description of the grammatical phenomenon and analysis in order to reach the results, the most prominent of which was the reliance of Abu Ali Persian on the grammatical assets in directing his issues, and the most prominent of these assets measurement, taking the principles of grammatical study such as the load on the counterpart and its dependence on the context and meaning, and away from the rare little and anomalous, has been noted The Persian leaned towards the doctrine of the Basrians in these matters, sometimes disagreeing with the tendency to reason, establish evidence, and mention arguments in support of his grammatical orientation to these matters.

This work examines the impact of consent and coercion on the validity of transactions according to Imami jurisprudence, considering that consent is a fundamental condition for the validity of contracts, while coercion is considered one of the impediments to their legal formation. In establishing this principle, jurists relied on a set of textual and rational proofs, most notably the verse: “Except it be a trade by mutual consent” [An-Nisa: 29]. In addition to narrations, including the hadith, “My nation is relieved of what they are forced to do,” there are also legal maxims such as “no harm” and “people’s authority over their own property.”
The research includes a clarification of the concepts of consent and coercion linguistically and technically, and the conditions for the validity of each. It then moves on to explain their impact on the validity of contracts such as sales, marriage, divorce, and others. The research shows that Imami jurists are unanimous on this point.
A transaction is void if consent is lost due to duress, unless this is subsequently ratified by a legally valid instrument.
The research concluded that genuine consent is an indispensable condition, that legally valid duress invalidates the transaction, and that subsequent consent does not validate the contract except under specific conditions.

This research deals with Albanian relations towards communist countries. Despite Albania›s location in Eastern Europe, it chose to be affiliated with the socialist camp from the end of World War II until the end of the 1970s, as a result of the infiltration and control of the communists at that time, especially since it was a country loyal to the United States of America before heading towards the Eastern camp, which ultimately led it to lose its relations with all major countries, whether they were communist, European, Asian, or capitalist, and thus imposed isolation on itself from the world.

This research deals with Albanian relations towards communist countries. Despite Albania›s location in Eastern Europe, it chose to be affiliated with the socialist camp from the end of World War II until the end of the 1970s, as a result of the infiltration and control of the communists at that time, especially since it was a country loyal to the United States of America before heading towards the Eastern camp, which ultimately led it to lose its relations with all major countries, whether they were communist, European, Asian, or capitalist, and thus imposed isolation on itself from the world.

This study aimed to conduct an analytical evaluation of the content of the first intermediate grade computer textbook based on the standards of the Sequencing Matrix, and to measure students› mastery level of the skills and knowledge it encompasses. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology, with a sample of 300 male and female students randomly selected from public schools implementing the computer curriculum.
Two main research instruments were employed:
Content Analysis Tool: To evaluate the textbook›s alignment with the Sequencing Matrix domains.
Standardized Achievement Test: To measure students› mastery of Matrix skills.
After statistical processing using SPSS, t-tests, and correlation coefficients, the results revealed:
The Sequencing Matrix domains were incorporated at a moderate level in the textbook.
Students demonstrated moderate mastery of these skills, with no statistically significant difference between their mean scores and the test’s hypothetical mean.
Recommendations:
Implementing the Sequencing Matrix in Authoring:
Necessity of balanced integration of Matrix standards in computer textbooks by the Curriculum Development Directorate.
Addressing Current Imbalances:
Enhancing underrepresented skills in the current textbook.
Ensuring balanced coverage of all Matrix standards and content relevance.

This study aimed to conduct an analytical evaluation of the content of the first intermediate grade computer textbook based on the standards of the Sequencing Matrix, and to measure students› mastery level of the skills and knowledge it encompasses. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology, with a sample of 300 male and female students randomly selected from public schools implementing the computer curriculum.
Two main research instruments were employed:
Content Analysis Tool: To evaluate the textbook›s alignment with the Sequencing Matrix domains.
Standardized Achievement Test: To measure students› mastery of Matrix skills.
After statistical processing using SPSS, t-tests, and correlation coefficients, the results revealed:
The Sequencing Matrix domains were incorporated at a moderate level in the textbook.
Students demonstrated moderate mastery of these skills, with no statistically significant difference between their mean scores and the test’s hypothetical mean.
Recommendations:
Implementing the Sequencing Matrix in Authoring:
Necessity of balanced integration of Matrix standards in computer textbooks by the Curriculum Development Directorate.
Addressing Current Imbalances:
Enhancing underrepresented skills in the current textbook.
Ensuring balanced coverage of all Matrix standards and content relevance.

The Ghana Empire is one of the oldest African empires, as its activities began in the second century and reached its peak and greatness around the 5th century (AH 5/ AD 13). It derived its name from its capital, Ghana, which is a corrupted form of the word «Ghanata» as pronounced by its people, who are known for their dark black skin color. The name was derived from the title of their kings. Sources differ in determining the origins of this people, as some attribute them to the Berbers, others to Arab origins, and yet another theory suggests they are of ALawite origins, while another claims they are a mix of African and Berber descent.

literature is undergoing transformations initiated by writers with the aim of developing narrative techniques. As a result, interest has emerged in narrative rhythm as one of the elements that reveal the structure of literary texts, with writers demonstrating how events affect the rhythm of a novel by slowing down or speeding up the narrative. This can be illustrated by applying this theory to the novels of Azhar Jarjis, which express the deterioration of the political reality at times and the social reality at other times, forcing him to emigrate into exile in search of the security he lacked in his homeland, Iraq. This experience of exile contributed to shaping the writer›s personality, which is evident in his novels, from which we have quoted and analysed some passages. He employed the technique of events that constitute the narrative rhythm to convey the intended meaning and influence the reader.

Social solidarity, compassion, sympathy, and love for other qualities of goodness, righteousness, and sublime human morals are among the characteristics of advanced societies and civilizations immortalized in history. Nations are morals as long as they remain...and the people of the earth are merciful as they love one another.
1- The importance of research: sponsoring orphans, lifting them out of poverty, and protecting them from being lost
2- Its goals: Strengthening the elements of society and preserving its cohesion, which is the epitome of love, mercy and true faith.
3- Its effects: It has otherworldly spiritual effects, every moment of which is equivalent to the world and what is in it. It dealt with the verses related to the orphan, how to treat him and the wisdom thereof, and benefited from the honorable Sunnah of the Prophet and the sayings of the righteous predecessors, due to the importance of the research.

The topic of the British-American Power Struggle in Iraq (1939–1958): A Historical and Political Study by Dr. Bashar Fathi Jassim Al-Ukaydi highlights that this period represented a pivotal turning point in modern Iraqi history. Britain, as a great power, sought to preserve its political, military, and economic privileges, particularly in the oil sector, following the 1930 Treaty. However, by the end of World War II, the United States emerged as a competing superpower, with its oil companies entering Iraq and expanding their diplomatic activities.
This rivalry became more evident with the establishment of the Baghdad Pact in 1955, as Britain aimed to consolidate its influence while the United States worked to extend its presence within the framework of the Cold War. The struggle also had internal repercussions in Iraq: national forces exploited it to confront British influence, while pro-Western governments attempted to balance relations between the two powers. With the July 14, 1958 Revolution, the monarchy collapsed, Britain’s position declined sharply, and American influence faced new challenges under the emerging republican regime.

This research examines the impact of breaking news broadcast by Al Sharqiya and Al Rabia channels on the political consciousness of Iraqi youth aged 18 to 34. The study addresses the problem of a significant lack of academic research linking rapid media content with the demographic and psychological characteristics of youth and how this influence translates into political behavior or intellectual stances.
The research aims to analyze the qualitative characteristics of the breaking news content on both channels, measure its impact on youth political awareness, identify differences among different age groups, and provide recommendations for promoting positive awareness. The study›s importance stems from its scientific contribution to filling a gap in Arab libraries, its social value in providing a deeper understanding of how media shapes youth consciousness, its political relevance in helping policymakers understand youth political behavior, and its media significance in offering insights for creating more effective news content.
The study used a multidimensional methodology that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. It employed a field survey using questionnaires, quantitative and qualitative content analysis, and case studies through semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The research also explored a comparative theoretical framework using theories such as agenda-setting, framing, cultivation, and social identity. It also examined youth segmentation based on their demographic and psychological traits, the characteristics of breaking news content, and the influence of digital interaction and regional contexts on news reception and civic and political participation.
The research yielded several key findings. Older youth (26-34 years old) have a higher political awareness, with an average score of 7.8 out of 10, compared to younger youth (18-25 years old) with an average of 6.5. In addition, 50% of younger youth feel politically frustrated due to breaking news. Urban youth show a higher degree of critical thinking, with an average of 7.5 out of 10, compared to their rural counterparts at 5.5. The study also found that 75% of younger youth rely on social media as their primary source of news. Finally, the results indicate that breaking news reduces the desire for political participation in 45% of all young people surveyed.

The United States has not been far removed from the political events taking place in Iraq since Britain relinquished its leading role in controlling Iraq›s political, economic, and even social destiny. It handed this role to its ally, the United States, since the successful change that took place in Iraq on July 14, 1958. This role became the sole controller of Iraq›s fate. Therefore, it directed much of its resources and capabilities to monitoring developments in Iraq and other countries in the region. The State Department was the most effective tool for successive American governments in understanding what was happening in Iraq. These reports pointed to the most important and serious issues that dominated the Iraqi political scene during the late 1960s and early 1970s: the events that paved the way for some senior officers in the military establishment to launch military coups, the goal of which was to change the regime. These coups were often doomed to failure, including Nazim Kazar›s coup in July 1973.

The science of morphology plays a fundamental role in shaping meaning and guiding the understanding of literary texts in the Arabic language. It contributes to making precise changes in the structure of words that add multiple and profound connotations. Through morphological processes such as inflection, substitution, deletion, and conjugation, writers and poets can express various emotional states and accurately direct meaning to suit the rhetorical and artistic context. Morphology also helps clarify relationships between words and elucidate rhetorical structures, enhancing the reader’s comprehension of the intended messages and enriching their interaction with the text. Overall, the science of morphology is a vital tool for a deeper understanding of literary texts, highlighting the beauty of the Arabic language and uncovering the secrets of its artistic and semantic expression.

This study aims to analyze the role of political opposition in consociational democratic systems through a comparative approach that includes four case studies: Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Lebanon. The study stems from the apparent contradiction between the nature of consociational democracy based on consensus and power-sharing, and the traditional role of political opposition centered on competition and confrontation. The study hypothesizes that the role of opposition in consociational systems differs fundamentally from its role in majoritarian democracies, characterized by flexibility and adaptation to the nature of the consociational system. The study employs a comparative method to analyze the distinctive characteristics of consociational democracy in each case, the role of opposition within this framework, the mechanisms it uses to exercise its influence, and the challenges it faces. The study concluded that opposition in consociational systems plays vital roles in oversight, pressure, and representing the interests of societal components through mechanisms appropriate to the consensus environment, contributing to the stability of the political system, although this may limit its ability to bring about radical change or provide comprehensive political alternatives. The study also showed the diversity of forms of opposition in consociational systems, from opposition within government coalitions to direct popular opposition, reflecting the ability of these systems to accommodate political .and social diversity.

The topic ‘The Effectiveness of Remembrance and Its Impact on the Art of Elegy in Early Islamic Poetry’ (an analytical study) is based on numerous poetic examples in which a selection of Islamic poets from the early Islamic period attempted to commemorate various events. Among these events are the martyrs who fell in the battles of Islam, whom the poets immortalised in their poetic texts. This study will research, analyse and describe several events that occurred to poets of this era, including Hassan ibn Thabit al-Ansari and Ka›b ibn Malik al-Ansari.
The revival also had a significant impact on the image and language of the poet and his experience in the early Islamic period, as well as on the music in poetry in all aspects of the poets› works and the revival of events and facts that he invented for himself in response to his opponents.
It formed part of the spread of the Islamic call, which represented a political commitment to defend the Islamic creed and its ancient religion, where poetry played an effective and clear role, and its influence was felt in the shocking setbacks in the lives of Muslims, including the martyrdom of Hamza bin Abdul Muttalib (peace be upon him).

Abstract:
Usul scholars and commentators have traditionally addressed the topics of the letters of meaning in their books, because legal texts cannot be properly understood unless the meanings of these letters are understood. They have generally considered linguistic studies as an introduction to the fundamentals of Islamic sciences. This is because knowledge of the fundamentals, particularly the principles of jurisprudence, depends on knowledge of the classical language, as the Holy Qur›an and the Prophetic Sunnah are found in it. Therefore, it is impossible to derive rulings and understand meanings from the Qur›an and Sunnah without a knowledge of the language.
In light of this, it can be said that scholars of the principles of jurisprudence and commentators have recognized the importance of the letters of meaning. Therefore, in this research, I will point to the role of the preposition (ba›) - as a model - in interpretation and explaining the rulings resulting from its meanings. I have divided the topic into two sections. In the first, I explain the agreed-upon meanings of ba›. In the second, I examine the issue of wiping the head during ablution and the amount to be wiped, based on the disagreement among commentators and jurists regarding the meaning of ba› in the word «bi-ra›oosukum.»

The research dealt with the rational approach of Tabataba›i in proving the existence of God Almighty, and since reason in the Sharia is commanded and relied upon in many texts, especially by new interpreters, including Tabataba›i, the research dealt with defining the rational approach and Allamah Tabataba›i in addition to defining the role of reason according to Tabataba›i in proving the existence of God Almighty, and since proving the existence of God Almighty is the priority of belief and branches out from it the proof of all beliefs from revelation, the Qur›an, faith and its pillars, reason comes as a complement to transmission in clarifying the legislative image of any belief, especially since Islam is a religion of reason and is considered by all interpreters of the Holy Qur›an.

Drugs, their related problems, spread, trafficking, and abuse have become among the most dangerous issues threatening countries worldwide, as well as our Arab nations, due to their impact on youth and members of society who are the drivers of development and decision-makers. Drug abuse is a social and security phenomenon influenced by political, educational, and media dimensions in every society. This has necessitated the enactment of strict laws to curb this alarming phenomenon, which is sweeping through communities by all means and methods. The present study examines these recent laws aimed at combating drugs, which instill fear and anxiety to a great extent among human societies in general, leading to a rise in mental illnesses such as suicide, deviant and criminal behaviors, violence, delinquency, terrorism, arms smuggling, and more .

The problem of «self and other» is considered one of the most complex and important philosophical and cultural problems, making it the focus of interest of many researchers due to its human, social, and cultural dimensions. In light of the intellectual tensions and disagreements surrounding identity and diversity that contemporary thought is witnessing, the need has emerged to analyze this binary from a feminist perspective, highlighting the place of women within the Arab cultural structure.
This research aims to demonstrate the embodiment of the self in the other through this modern critical book, «Women and the Philosophy of Contradictions,» by Dr. Samir Al-Khalil. The research contributed to clarifying the concepts of «self» as a feminine self that suffers in its relationship with the other. This dealt with various topics, including social and emotional ones, in which he presented a philosophical and analytical approach about the position of women in a discourse full of contradictions and conflicting perceptions. The research proceeded from the assumption that the «feminine self» cannot be understood outside of its complex relationship with the other: man, society, authority, traditions, and customs. This was done through analyzing philosophical and conceptual texts from the book Dr..Al-Khalil, supported by various intellectual and methodological sources, the research sought to analyze representations of the other and their impact on shaping women›s awareness of themselves.
The research methodology is analytical; to analyze this problem, understand its truth, and benefit from it in reality from the standpoint of accepting the other as well.
The study was divided into three chapters: The first chapter examined the formation of the ego in the discourse of contradiction, reviewing the philosophical and cultural contexts that influence the formation of the feminist self. The second chapter focused on the embodiment of the other in culture and society, and its transformation from a dominant symbol to an element of conflict. The third chapter traced the intertwined intersections between the ego and the other in the representation of women in contemporary Arab discourseIn conclusion, the research concluded that there is a relationship between the self and the other that cannot be ignored, because the self must recognize itself without the other, given that the contradictions surrounding women are not a reflection of an individual issue, but rather the product of an intellectual and discursive system that requires continuous deconstruction in order to rebuild the feminine self in a free and independent manner

The current research aims to identify the effect of the authentic learning strategy on the achievement of second-grade middle school students in geography and their reflective thinking. The sample of the current research was determined by second-grade middle school students at Durrat Al-Janub Basic Intermediate School affiliated with the Diyala Education Directorate for the academic year (2024-2025). Second-grade middle school students were chosen to be the research sample intentionally. Two halls were chosen from a total of three halls, one of the two groups was experimental and the other was a control group. The research sample amounted to (70) students, with (35) students in the experimental group and (35) students in the control group. The researcher rewarded the two research groups in the variables of the intelligence test, chronological age, and reflective thinking. The achievement test was also prepared, as (35) paragraphs were formulated in accordance with the content of the material and behavioral purposes (cognitive, understanding, application). The reflective thinking test was prepared by the researcher, which is reflective thinking, which consisted of (15) paragraphs. The data were analyzed and processed statistically using the statistical program (21.SPSS.V). The results showed that students excelled The experimental group who studied using the authentic learning strategy were compared to the control group students who studied using the traditional method in the reflective thinking test. Based on the research results, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting the authentic learning strategy in teaching the subject of (Geography) due to its positive impact in increasing reflective thinking among students. In order to verify the research objective, the researcher set the following urban hypothesis: - 1-There are no statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who study according to the authentic learning strategy, and the scores of the control group who study using the traditional method in achievement.
20There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.005) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study according to the authentic learning strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study according to the traditional method in reflective thinking.

The research aims to demonstrate the educational journey between the Prophet Moses and Al-Khidr (peace be upon them), as mentioned in the Qur’an and the Sunnah. This educational journey is considered a relationship between the scholar and the learner. It is one of the most prominent Qur’anic stories, carrying within it many lessons and morals in knowledge, humility, patience, and the wisdom of God Almighty in managing affairs. Given the great importance of the features of this relationship, this educational process contributes to achieving its desired goals.
It demonstrates the role of patience, humility, and adherence to the teacher’s approach when facing situations. The research attempts to employ the educational implications of this journey in a contemporary reading that contributes to enriching the educational process and paving the way for educational curricula based on the Holy Qur’an for their foundations and principles. Hence, the value of the research emerges in highlighting this educational journey as a complete educational system, with the goal of establishing a civilized vision for learning.

Despite the region›s increasing intensity of rivalry between Britain and Germany over the Ottoman Empire, which had become more widespread and comprehensive between the two countries, Britain was able to consolidate its influence in Iraq with the knowledge and approval of the Ottoman Empire. This was evident in the reduction of German influence in the extension of the Baghdad Railway, which resulted in an increase in British influence within Iraq, signaling the region›s future importance, as demonstrated when Britain began establishing irrigation projects and developing agricultural production. This was also not isolated from British interests in the region, including the commercial activities that Britain pursued to increase its influence in the region, as well as its diplomatic efforts, which had considerable power and influence. However, the prevailing view in all of this was that the effort focused on placing Iraq under direct British control.
Confirming this importance, British military authorities began developing military plans to occupy southern Iraq before the outbreak of World War I. The Government of India formed a Quadripartite Committee in 1911 to study the measures that should be taken to protect its interests in southern Iraq. This committee issued a report on October 12, 1912, directing the occupation of Al-Faw and Basra.
Contributing to this was the fact that British trade began to face competition from German commercial activity during this period, which began to increase day by day. Britain viewed this as a potential threat and a challenge to its interests in Iraq. It can be said that British fears of German influence constituted a strategic factor, over and above other factors, in British policy toward Iraq, aiming to maintain British influence there.
The outbreak of World War I in early August 1914 between the Entente and the Central Powers was the step Britain had been waiting for to implement its plans and objectives in the region, and more specifically, to begin the occupation and control of Iraq.