JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES

Abu al-Sa‘adat Majd al-Din ibn al-Athir was an Arab historian and scholar, considered one of the prominent figures of the sixth century AH. He was born on the island of Ibn ‘Umar and grew up in a distinguished Arab family renowned for its scholarship, belonging to the Banu Shayban. His family, in addition to its noble lineage, enjoyed wealth and prosperity and held a prominent and respected position among the princes of Mosul during the Atabeg state of that period.Majd al-Din ibn al-Athir moved with his father and brothers from the island of Ibn ‘Umar to Mosul while he was still young, where he received his primary education under a distinguished group of renowned scholars, including Abu Bakr al-Qurtubi, Abu Muhammad al-Dahhan, Abu al-Fadl al-Tusi (the preacher of Mosul), Abu Yasir ibn Abi Hubba, Abu al-Qasim al-Farati, Abu al-Faraj ibn Kulaib, Abu Ja‘far al-Wasti (Imam of the Wast Mosque), Abu al-Hazm al-Maksini, Abu Ahmad ibn Sukayna, and many others. He mastered the sciences of language, jurisprudence, hadith, and other disciplines.A distinguished group of scholars also studied under him, including Abu al-Khair, Abu Hafs, Abu al-Hasan, Abu Ja‘far, Abu al-‘Abbas, Abu al-Qasim, his brother ‘Izz al-Din ibn al-Athir, his brother Diya’ al-Din ibn al-Athir, al-Shihab al-Qawsi, Fakhr al-Din, and Imam Taj al-Din Abd al-Muhsin al-Bajirbaqi, among others, who carried forward his knowledge and transmitted his works.Majd al-Din ibn al-Athir enjoyed great respect among scholars, literati, and historians, who praised his learning, virtue, and writings. He passed away at the end of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 606 AH at the age of approximately 63, leaving a luminous scholarly legacy that had a significant impact on the intellectual and academic life of his era.

This research sheds light on the most important political developments witnessed in Cambodia in the first half of the first decade of the Twenty-First Century , as the Cambodian political arena witnessed many developments , including the events of the years 2000-2001 , which focused on the people\\'s demand for the government to improve the country\\'s situation from the chaos witnessed following the conflict between Hun Sen and Ranariddh in the nineties , not to mention the municipal council elections ( local elections ) of 2002 , which was the first elections in the history of the country, in which a number of parties, especially the Cambodian People\\'s party Hun Sen and the Cambodian royal party led by Norodom Ranariddh , The opposition party led by Sam Rainsy, Hun Sen and his party were able to win a landslide majority in those elections, as well as the parliamentary elections held in 2003, which led to a year-long political crisis in Cambodia, ending with the formation of a coalition government in 2004.

This research deals with a comprehensive study of the Kirkuk – Banias pipeline as an economic and political tool that deeply influenced the course of Iraqi–Syrian relations during the period 1952-1982. The research begins by tracing the historical background of the construction of the pipeline and its importance in the global oil market, and then discusses the differing positions of the Iraqi and Syrian governments regarding its investment and operation. The research also analyzes the repercussions of major political events on the continuation or disruption of the line's operation.
The results show that the Kirkuk-Banias line was not just an oil project, but was a key factor in shaping the policies of the two parties, as it was sometimes used as a means of political pressure and other times as a gesture of rapprochement and cooperation. The research concludes that the study of this line reveals how economic interests overlap with political dynamics in the formulation of regional relations in the Middle East

Prince Badr al-Din beylik Al-khazandar and his political, military and administrative role during the reign of the Mamluk state.
This research deals with the biography of Prince Badr al-Din beylik Al-Khazindar, one of the most prominent princes of the Mamluk state in the seventh Hijri/thirteenth century AD, as he held the post of Khazindar (treasurer of the Sultan's House), and enjoyed wide influence in the Mamluk court, especially Sultan Al-Zahir Baibars, the research highlights his Origin, social status, political, military and administrative role, and his role in the internal conflicts witnessed by the era, the research relies on contemporary historical sources that formed the integrated picture of the personality of Prince Badr al-Din beylik Al-Khazindar .

This research deals with a comprehensive study of the personality of Abdul Sattar Tahir Sharif (1933-2008) and his cultural role in Iraq, the first research begins from the early life of Abdul Sattar Tahir Sharif, his education (1941-1985), his joining the Muslim Brotherhood movement, the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the revival of the Kurdistan Revolutionary Party, in addition to the administrative positions he held .
In the second section, he deals with the role of cultural Abdul Sattar Tahir Sharif, where he wrote 17 books in Arabic and Kurdish, and Abdul Sattar Tahir Sharif published hundreds of articles, stories, studies and academic research in local newspapers and magazines in Arabic and Kurdish, and was also an activist in the field of translation, as he worked on translation from Arabic to Kurdish and vice versa, which contributed to enrich the intellectual and cultural content in Iraq.

Between 1994 and 2005, Palestine witnessed significant political developments that reshaped the course of its national struggle. The period began after the Oslo Accords and the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, which marked the first attempt at Palestinian self-governance in parts of the West Bank and Gaza. This phase represented an important step toward building state institutions and managing internal affairs, yet it faced major obstacles, including the persistence of Israeli occupation, expansion of settlements, and internal political divisions that weakened the emerging governance system. In 2000, the Second Intifada erupted as a reaction to the collapse of peace negotiations and Israel’s failure to honor agreements, leading to intensified military confrontations and placing the Palestinian cause once again at the forefront of regional and international attention. The period also witnessed a leadership transition with the death of President Yasser Arafat in 2004 and the rise of Mahmoud Abbas in 2005. This era remains a turning point in understanding the present Palestinian reality and its future challenges.

examines and analyzes the evolution of economic relations between the Republic of Yemen and the United States of America during the period from 1991 to 2012—a time marked by significant political and economic fluctuations that directly impacted Yemen's economic landscape. The research traces the trajectories of these relations and investigates the extent to which they were influenced by Yemen’s political stances on regional and international issues, most notably its position on the Gulf War and the 1994 civil war, as well as its adoption of economic reform programs in the mid-1990s. The study highlights the role of the United States in imposing or easing economic sanctions, supporting development and reform programs through various channels such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, It also explores the nature of trade exchange between the two countries and analyzes the reasons behind the limited American investments in Yemen despite its strategic geopolitical location and oil resources. Findings indicate that U.S.-Yemeni economic relations fluctuated between tension and cooperation depending on political circumstances. The United States played a pivotal role in shaping Yemen’s economic environment, both through pressure and aid. Moreover, Yemen continued to suffer from economic dependency, particularly due to weak productive structures and limited export diversification.The study concludes that genuine improvement in U.S.-Yemeni economic relations requires internal political stability in Yemen, independent and balanced economic policies, and an expansion of international partnerships to reduce overreliance on a single actor.

subject to a high degree of regulation and organization. The muḥtasib (market inspector) occupied a pivotal position in overseeing commercial activities, ensuring order, maintaining public hygiene, and safeguarding the sanctity of thoroughfares. Merchants employed a variety of weights and measures, most notably the ratl (pound). The iron ratl bore the official seal of the muḥtasib to guarantee its precision and formal validity, whereas the stone ratl required wrapping and sealing after proper calibration. Likewise, highly sensitive balances were in use, necessitating regular cleaning and maintenance to preserve their accuracy.The Abbasid state was particularly committed to enforcing stringent regulations aimed at preventing fraud and deception in weights and measures, thereby protecting both consumers and the integrity of the marketplace.In terms of pricing, it was acknowledged as a legitimate instrument for curbing exploitation and avarice. Nonetheless, it did not fall within the muḥtasib’s jurisdiction to impose prices directly; rather, his responsibility was to monitor fluctuations and to intervene in cases of monopoly or unjustified inflation. Furthermore, the muḥtasib was tasked with tracing the quantities of foodstuffs available in the market and locating storage facilities in order to expose monopolists. Monopoly was regarded as a harmful practice that disrupted economic and social equilibrium, deprived others of fair participation in commerce, and facilitated the illicit accumulation of wealth.

This research examines the Midrarid State (140–354 AH / 757–965 CE), which emerged in the Maghreb during the rise of various independent Islamic entities in the second century of the Hijra. Founded in Sijilmasa by the Ṣufri Kharijites, the state became a major political and commercial center in North Africa. The study highlights the role of geography and tribal dynamics in the foundation of the state, its political relations with neighboring powers such as the Abbasids, the Aghlabids, the Idrisids, and the Rustamids, and the importance of Sijilmasa as a hub of trans-Saharan trade, especially in gold. Furthermore, the research analyzes the socio-economic and cultural aspects of the Midrarid state, and explains the factors that led to its decline, particularly the Fatimid expansion and internal conflicts.

This research provides a historical and analytical study of the Arab tribes’ revolts against the Mamluk state in Egypt, spanning from the rise of the Bahri Mamluks in 648 AH to the fall of the Burji Mamluks in 923 AH. The study focuses on tracing the most significant uprisings in Upper and Lower Egypt, highlighting their causes, motives, and consequences.
The findings reveal that these revolts were not merely incidental events but rather reflected a persistent conflict between the central authority in Cairo and the Arab tribes that were accustomed to autonomy and influence in the peripheries. Their causes varied between economic (taxation and levies), political (power struggles), and social (preservation of tribal status). The study examines specific cases, including the revolt in the reign of al-Mu‘izz Aybak, the Kurani revolt against Sultan Baybars, the uprisings during al-Mansur Qalawun and his sons, and the revolts of the Burji Mamluk era.

The scientific output in the book Al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim
(d. 380 AH / 990 AD) is one of the most prominent features of this encyclopedic work , In it, the author compiled the most comprehensive collection of the achievements of the Islamic mind and the translations of books, authors, and diverse scientific fields from previous civilizations up to the fourth century AH. The index is a unique document in the history of Islamic sciences because it not only presents the titles of books, but also links them to their methods, authors, and sources.
Ibn al-Nadim did not separate religious and rational sciences, or human and natural sciences, but rather presented them all as integrated chapters in the Islamic epistemological project.
The scientific output in Ibn al-Nadim's Al-Fihrist embodies a vivid picture of the Islamic scientific renaissance, revealing a vast world of books and knowledge that formed the foundation of Islamic civilization. This book is an essential reference for anyone studying the history of Arab and Islamic science, distinguished by its depth, precision, and diversity in the presentation and documentation of the sciences

The importance of the research topic, "The Role of Oil in the Saudi Economic Renaissance During the Reign of King Abdulaziz Al Saud," lies in its representation of the early historical roots of oil in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the foreign attempts to obtain these concessions, which continued from 1933 to 1953.
Oil played an effective role in developing the natural, demographic, and social conditions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as its economic and other services. With the beginning of the 1930s, the Kingdom began to adjust its financial budget after emerging from the financial crisis. This encouraged national investments, in addition to foreign investments, upon which the Saudi government relied primarily, and worked to extract the Kingdom's oil wealth. Hopes for developing its services and improving its financial situation increased with the discovery of oil in commercial quantities in Al-Ahsa in 1938, by increasing its national income from the discovered oil revenues. However, the outbreak of World War II affected this process, as oil extraction operations were reduced, and the number of pilgrims coming to the Kingdom decreased, which led the Saudi government to request assistance from the American aid fund called (Lend-Lease) in order to improve the state’s financial revenues, which it needed to carry out the necessary reforms that the Kingdom needed to obtain these financial revenues, despite the injustice that the Saudi government suffered as a result of it in favor of the investing companies. Therefore, American companies, and behind them the American government, did not hesitate to extend a helping hand to the Kingdom, but at the expense of its oil, to develop their interests and control the state’s capabilities completely.

This research deals with the study of bridges and arches as mentioned in Ibn Hawqal's book Surat Al-Ard, as urban elements with cultural, economic and geographical significance. The researcher sought to analyze these structures from a functional and architectural perspective, to reveal how Muslim geographers perceived infrastructure and its role in urban organization. The research relied on identifying the locations where bridges and arches were mentioned, analyzing their geographical and functional distribution, and comparing them with information provided about them in other sources. The research concluded that Ibn Hawqal did not mention bridges and arches in passing, but rather highlighted them as part of urban development, linking parts of cities and contributing to connecting roads. The research also revealed clear care in describing these structures, whether in terms of the materials used (such as brick and stone), or in terms of dimensions, size and location. Ibn Hawqal provided precise descriptions of some bridges and arches, which indicates their role in the prosperity of Islamic urbanism

In this research, I dealt with the semantics of morphological structures of abstract triple verbs and more in the Diwan of Zuhair bin Abi Salma _ an analytical study _ This research focused on the significance of abstract triple verbs and more with one or two or more letters as shown the significance of their meanings. I have tried to limit this research to the morphological buildings that were contained in this office due to the number of issues that met in them, as touched on the levels of other language other briefly, this research has included an easy overview of the life of the poet Zuhair bin Abi Salma and then stand on the meanings at the level of morphological is it for buildings or for increase? We dealt with the views of ancient and modern scholars and our personal opinion: I ended the research with a conclusion in which I summarized the most important findings reached through research in the midst of the Diwan, and dealt with the semantics of language levels to show the impact of the morphological level in the comprehensive semantics of morphological structures in the Diwan.

Anyone who follows the neighborhoods of Damascus, particularly Bab al-Saghir and Bab Kisan, will notice the extent of scientific interest and literary prominence, not to mention the architectural aspects of mosques, schools, baths, and mills. Bab Kisan was distinguished by the presence of a number of prominent scholars and statesmen, in addition to a large number of scholars and jurists who played a prominent role in academic matters.
Bab Kisan was also considered one of the most important neighborhoods due to its role in protecting the city of Damascus against external interference, as it served as its fortified wall.

The tribes and clans of Banu Yahaber, or what is known as Murad, are among the illustrious Arab tribes. Their ancestry goes back to the celebrated Qahtanite tribes, descendants of Malik bin Madhhij bin Adad bin Zaid bin Yashjub bin Arib bin Zaid bin Kahlan bin Saba bin Yashjub Ya’rub bin Qahtan, who settled the regions of northern Yemen and southern Arabia, where they recognized great civilizations. They had numerous contributions to the battles and fights that Yemen witnessed during the ages, whether before or after Islam. In addition to that, those clans (Yahjub) had financial activities in trade and agriculture. Between the clans of these tribes are Banu Najia, the clan of Zahir bin Yahaber, the clan of Kinanah, and Malik, in addition to many other branches and clans.

This research aims to study history as a visual reference in contemporary Iraqi painting, by tracing the influence of historical references extending from the civilizations of Mesopotamia (Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian) to the experiences of Iraqi artists after 2003. The study adopted the descriptive-historical and analytical method in approaching the subject through four main chapters. The first chapter examined the historical dimension as a visual reference in ancient Iraqi art, while the second chapter focused on the influence of historical and visual references in contemporary Iraqi painting. The third chapter concentrated on analyzing selected works of a number of contemporary Iraqi artists who employed historical references in their artworks, including Moayad Mohsen, Alaa Bashir, and Alaa al-Din. The fourth chapter was devoted to the results and conclusions of these artistic practices .
The study concluded that the inspiration drawn from history was not merely a decorative or formal revival, but rather an act of cultural and identity consciousness, reflecting the Iraqi artist’s endeavor to reconstruct the self within a changing global context

The study shed light on the cultural conditions in Egypt and the Levant during the reign of Sultan Al-Ashraf Qaitbay, whose era was considered a miniature model of the Mamluk period due to its comprehensive civilizational prosperity. This period was marked by the strength of the Mamluk military class, the increase in the number of imported Mamluks (jilban), and the emergence of several historians from among their ranks. Religious scholars held a prestigious status, and the Shafi\\'i school of jurisprudence enjoyed wide influence. The Sultan supported merchants by abolishing some taxes, but later resorted to harsh economic policies to confront crises, which negatively affected social classes, especially peasants and commoners. The country experienced natural disasters and outbreaks of the plague, along with a decline in industries due to economic collapse and the misconduct of the jilban Mamluks. Women held a high status and participated in public and religious life. Non-Muslims and foreigners were granted certain rights, though under restrictions. The Sultan was devoted to scholars and knowledge, leading to a flourishing of writings in various fields. Architecture thrived, thanks to his support for religious and public construction. Festivals played a vital role in social cohesion. The Sultan worked to secure trade routes, combat Bedouin corruption, and grant privileges to foreign trade, which helped maintain economic activity despite the challenges

This study investigates the role of the governors of Mosul during the Umayyad period (113–126 AH / 731–749 CE), focusing on three prominent figures: al-Walid ibn Talid al-ʿAbsi, al-Walid ibn Bukayr, and Abu Quhafa al-Muzani. The research underscores the strategic importance of Mosul as a major political, military, and economic center, serving as a focal point for Kharijite activity and other uprisings opposing Umayyad authority. The governorship of al-Walid ibn Talid was distinguished by his effective suppression of internal disturbances, most notably the revolt of Bahlul ibn Bishr, alongside his contributions to Islamic conquests and the maintenance of internal security. His tenure also witnessed significant urban reforms, including the completion of the excavation of the Nahr al-Makshuf, the construction of watermills, and the improvement of public roads, which collectively enhanced Mosul’s agricultural and economic vitality. Al-Walid ibn Bukayr, despite his brief governorship, is noted for his scholarly engagement in the transmission of Hadith as well as his role in resisting the revolt of Zayd ibn ʿAli. Abu Quhafa al-Muzani’s administration was characterized by efforts to settle Arab tribes, preserve public order, and prevent the spread of large-scale uprisings such as that of ʿAbd Allah ibn Muʿawiya. The study concludes that the governors of Mosul played a decisive role in consolidating administrative and military stability, thereby ensuring the city’s continued integration into Umayyad control.

Political assassinations in Morocco are considered one of the prominent phenomena that accompanied the course of the state after independence, as they were linked to the struggle for power and intense partisan competition. These assassinations served as a means to eliminate rivals and silence opposing voices, especially during periods marked by political tension and social unrest. The danger of this phenomenon lies in the fact that it was not merely the result of personal disputes, but was often connected to internal partisan and ideological balances, and at times influenced by external regional and international factors. It also contributed to exposing the limitations of the emerging democratic practice and the weakness of institutions in protecting political actors and regulating the public sphere. Moreover, these events revealed the fragility of the Moroccan partisan structure, which often turned into an arena of conflict instead of being a tool for peaceful power-sharing. Therefore, studying political assassinations in Morocco between politics and partisanship provides a deeper understanding of the nature of the political scene and the relationship between violence and party activity.