iklil for Humanity Studies

This is the critical edition of the treatise entitled Al-Lata’if al-Nuwayriyya fi al-Manah al-Damanhuriyya, authored by the renowned scholar Ahmad ibn ‘Abd al-Mun‘im ibn Siyam al-Damanhuri (d. 1192 AH). The edition was based on two manuscripts. Due to the limited scope of this study, only the first part of the treatise has been edited, with the intention of completing the remaining sections in future work, God willing. The study consists of two main parts: the analytical study and the edited tex

Imam Muhammad Sari al-Din al-Daruri is considered one of the eminent scholars who have extensive experience in the jurisprudence of the Hanafi school of thought. He possesses a unique style in conveying Islamic knowledge. Those who came after them found it difficult to understand what the early scholars said, so they wrote commentaries. Then those who came after them found that the need required further explanations. They wrote the footnotes and comments to simplify what was confusing to the readers, which made Imam Al-Daruri feel and sense the need of the people of his time for further simplification of what the scholars had recorded, so he began to explain the book “Al-Inayah” by Al-Babarti, and I sought in the book a precise scientific method, as he excelled in explaining the book “Al-Inayah” by Imam Al-Babarti in a correct language, and the nature of the research required that I divide it into an introduction and two parts. The first section consists of two sections. The first section includes a biography of Imam Al-Babarti, the author of Al-Inayah. The second section includes a biography of the author of the commentary, Imam Sari Al-Din Muhammad bin Ibrahim Al-Daruri. The second section includes the verified section, which is a chapter on menstruation and istihadha, followe.

This research examines one of the extinct Shiite sects, despite its influence on Yemeni society in several respects. Its primary impact was on the Zaidi Shiites, from which it emerged, and the Zaidi-Zaidi conflict began because of this sect. Its political impact, however, was that it established a state that ruled a large part of Yemen and was a rival and stumbling block to the Ismaili Sulayhid state. Which arose simultaneously with the emergence of this sect, as for its social impact, it increased the fragmentation of Yemeni society and Yemeni society became more divided, and what distinguished this Zaidi sect was that its imam claimed Mahdism and he was the first to claim Mahdism from the Zaidi sect.

This research delves into the study and comparative analysis of two significant treaties, focusing particularly on the Treaty of Hudaybiyah. This peace agreement, initiated by the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him), was made under the challenging circumstances of that era, following a series of intense confrontations between the Prophet and the Quraysh. Among these confrontations, the battle of al-Ahzab (the Battle of the Trench) marked a turning point. It was after this battle that Allah Almighty instructed His Prophet to shift strategies in dealing with the Quraysh. Moving away from prolonged armed conflict, the Prophet Muhammad was guided to pursue a path of peace and reconciliation. In a demonstration of this, he embarked on a journey to Makkah with the intention of performing Umrah. Through this act, he aimed to emphasize to the Arab tribes—who strongly identified with the rituals of Hajj and Umrah—that Islam was a continuation of their deeply rooted traditions. This approach not only served to dismantle falsehoods but also sought to communicate the essence and teachings of Islam more effectively while promoting a foundation built on truth and mutual understanding. The period during which Imam al-Hasan ibn Ali (peace be upon him) reconciled with Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan is regarded as one of the most challenging, intricate, sensitive, and emotional phases of his life. This period represents a similarly profound and testing time in the history of the Ahl al-Bayt of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The reconciliation initiated by Imam al-Hasan (peace be upon him) has since been recognized as one of the most significant milestones in Islamic histor
He demonstrated wisdom in seeking reconciliation, as did the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings be upon him) during the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyah for the sake of achieving certain higher objectives. It is permissible to issue certificates to those who profess the two testimonies when it serves a paramount Islamic purpose. This research has been divided into two main sections. The first examines the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, while the second explores the reconciliation brought about by Imam al-Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon them), focusing on the violations committed by Quraish in both agreements. One of the key conclusions derived from the study is that, despite the repudiation faced by both reformers, their reconciliations yielded significant outcomes. After the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, Islam spread widely, leading to the eventual conquest of Mecca, the strengthening of the Muslim position in Medina, and the solidification of the community. Similarly, through Imam al-Hasan's efforts, the civil war was brought to an end, saving lives and uniting Muslims under a single banner. This unity set the stage for the revival led later by Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). In both occasions, peace prevailed, and conflict was halted, preserving lives and advancing the greater objectives of Islam .

Zuhayr ibn Qays al-Balawi is considered one of the most prominent military leaders in the history of Islamic Morocco, leaving a significant mark on the history of Islamic conquests in the region. His character was distinguished by courage, military intelligence, and loyalty to the Islamic state. He was among the leaders who continued the campaign of conquest following the martyrdom of commander Uqba ibn Nafi al-Fihri, contributing to the establishment of Muslim presence in North Africa.The importance of studying Zuhayr ibn Qays's character lies in revealing a crucial phase of Islamic Moroccan history, where political and military conflicts intertwined with efforts to spread Islam and expand its influence. Thus, this research aims to shed light on the life of this leader, his deeds, and his role in the Islamic conquest of Morocco, highlighting his significant victories that helped consolidate Islamic rule in the region.

This study explores the contribution of the German orientalist Adolf Grohmann to documenting the history of the Yam tribe, one of the most prominent Arab tribes in the southern Arabian Peninsula. The research analyzes his methodological approach to local sources and oral traditions, comparing his findings with those found in both classical and contemporary Arabic records.The study highlights Grohmann’s significant role in reconstructing a clearer historical, social, and political portrait of the tribe, while also addressing the issue of Orientalist bias that may have shaped his intellectual and methodological framework. Furthermore, the paper underscores the scholarly impact of Grohmann’s works in the field of tribal historiography, as his research became a primary reference for both Western and Arab scholars. His studies drew attention to the importance of tribal structures as a central factor in understanding the evolution of Arab societies.The study concludes that, despite some critical observations surrounding his work, Grohmann’s contribution represents a qualitative addition to the historical study of Arab tribes. His research on the Yam tribe exemplifies the intersection between Western methodologies and the Arab historical tradition in writing history.

During the Iraqi monarchy, the legislative authority played a major role in discussing and approving many laws and decrees in various political, economic, social, cultural and other fields, which became the basis for building the contemporary Iraqi state, especially the role adopted by the Iraqi Senate in correcting the course of many of those laws and decrees and filling the deficiencies by submitting recommendations regarding them before they were discussed by its members and approved within the Council in the presence of representatives of the Iraqi government, represented by its Prime Minister and the relevant ministers. Among those laws and decrees was one related to the general labor strike that Iraq witnessed in the 1930s. What encouraged the researcher to continue to shed light on the role of the Senate in discussing and approving them was the lack of an independent documentary study.

Bilateral relations between Iraq and Indonesia represent a fascinating case study of how historical affinity, shared cultural and religious motivations, and practical considerations have collectively influenced diplomatic relations over the past seven decades. Since the formal establishment of diplomatic relations in 1950, the development of Iraqi-Indonesian relations has been marked by pivotal moments of political cooperation, vigorous discussions on economic reconstruction and development, and significant cultural exchanges. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the historical background, political cooperation, economic partnerships, and cultural exchanges between the two countries, offering researchers in international relations, Middle Eastern, and Southeast Asian studies a comprehensive account of the factors that have shaped this bilateral relationship. After 2003, Iraq adopted an external approach that sought to radically change the policies pursued by the former regime. This approach was achieved through openness to the world and expanding Iraqi diplomatic openness around the world to affirm its new orientations and achieve its political and economic interests. In this context, Iraq has been keen to establish balanced diplomatic relations with the international community, both East and West. Especially with emerging economies in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia.

The state of Mozambique is located on the Indian Ocean in the south-east of the continent of Africa، and is considered one of the poorest countries in the world. The political ideologies that emerged from its beliefs were to fight for governmental power and change society، so the Mozambican people، led by the Mozambique Liberation Front Frelimo، fought an extended war for more than For ten years against the Portuguese settler occupation، which resulted in its gaining independence in 1975، the state took a socialist approach to governance، and the Frelimo movement was declared a single party ruling the country. The country then became involved in a political conflict between the ruling Frelimo party and the Mozambican national resistance movement، Renamo، and this conflict dragged the country. To a civil war that lasted from 1977 until the signing of the peace agreement in Rome in 1992.

Research traces the origins of guilds, and the reasons for their decline at the beginning of the period known as the European Middle Ages (476-1500 AD), which witnessed the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire. It then explored the reasons for the resurgence of guilds, which coincided with the emergence of cities in medieval Europe. Gradually, Europe saw a growth in its economic system, which paved the way for guilds, both merchant guilds and craft guilds, to exercise their economic and political roles, in addition to the social role they were known for. Guilds played a prominent role in providing services and organizing crafts and professions, significantly impacting the economy and society of those times. Consequently, the main objectives of the research were to study the emergence of guilds as institutions enjoying a degree of independence, especially in the late European Middle Ages, and to analyze their economic role in medieval society.

This study demonstrates that the modernization of Ethiopia’s armed forces (1953–1974) emerged from a hybrid pathway: post-liberation rebuilding combined with external training and security agreements, alongside quantitative expansion and a rising political consciousness within the ranks due to international deployments and domestic crises. While the 1953 agreements delivered a more professional and better-equipped army, the absence of a unified command, inter-service and educational stratification, and widening social gaps gradually politicized the institution. As operational burdens in Eritrea/Ogaden deepened and living conditions deteriorated, the military moved to center stage in 1974 through the Dreg, inaugurating a profound transformation of the state and civil–military relations.

The study of the economic and social history of countries, especially Iraq, is an important aspect included in modern academic historical studies at Iraqi universities and other research institutions. This is because this branch of history has contributed effectively to explaining and clarifying many of the political, economic, social, and cultural issues that those countries have experienced, as these factors cannot be overlooked in explaining the movement of history and its developments.
During the period of the establishment of the Iraqi state, Iraq witnessed changes and transformations in its economic and social aspects from several perspectives, as Iraq entered a new phase, namely the British Mandate and the initial stages of establishing the Iraqi state, during which the state sought to achieve important changes and developments in its various aspects. In order to improve its economic and social reality, agriculture was affected by the weakness of the infrastructure, with the traditional reliance on grain production. However, that period witnessed the development and progress of educational services through the establishment and increase of the number of primary and secondary schools and kindergartens. Health services also developed through the establishment of hospitals and health centers in the main cities.

This research examines the United States' position on the issue of German reparations for World War II during the period 1943 - 1960, a period that witnessed fundamental shifts in international politics with the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. The research focuses on three main axes: The first axis focuses on the negotiations that took place between the Allies regarding determining the size and mechanism of reparations during the major conferences (Yalta and Potsdam), and the resulting disagreements between the United States and the Soviet Union. The second axis includes the demands of countries affected by the war and Jewish organizations that demanded compensation for the victims of the Holocaust and the economic devastation and human losses incurred as a result of the war. The third axis examines the American position, which was characterized by a gradual approach toward economic punishment. Towards a policy of reconstruction in line with the shift in the American vision toward rebuilding Europe and integrating West Germany into the Western order, the study concludes that the American position on reparations was not static, but rather was influenced by political, economic, and strategic considerations, and by the shift from a logic of revenge to a logic of containment and countering Soviet influence in Europe.

Through investigation of Sibawayh's Kitab (The Book), we found that it embodies the spirit of establishing principles for phonetic studies, which had a clear and profound impact on those who came after him. They drew from his linguistic compilation, relying on the roots of a study that opened the door for anyone examining Sibawayh’s thought. They would thus find themselves influenced by his methodology, originality of thought, and high level of documentation.Among those influenced by Sibawayh was Al-Zajjaj in his book I‘rab al-Qur’an wa Bayanuh (Grammatical Analysis and Elucidation of the Qur'an). The research focus was on the phonetic influence in the issue of phonetic harmony regarding “lightening, vocalization, and omission” ((Lightening, Vocalization, and Omission).We find a set of scientifically-oriented opinions from Sibawayh that Al-Zajjaj drew upon for his scientific material and from which he derived his approach to scientific research through categorization and corroboration, leading to a sound scientific objective in light of the phonetic lesson.This research attempts to find an analytical character for the presented phonetic issues in the above-mentioned matters, leading to a scientific truth that we label as "Phonetic Cohesion"Two main dimensions emerged in Al-Zajjaj's work and his influence by Sibawayh:
1. Establishing the principles for phonetic issues to prove phonetic shift and its causes in studied matters.
2. Demonstrating the extent to which Al-Zajjaj confirms Sibawayh's views in his book without attempting to refute them.

The research addresses a type of derivatives, the "exaggerated form," in a book of immensely beneficial and useful works on the subject of the strange words of Hadith, "The End of the Strange Words of Hadith and Tradition: A Morphological and Semantic Study," by Imam Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari. The researcher chose this title because of the scarcity of studies that combine the morphological structure and semantics of that structure. The researcher chose this title because of the scarcity of studies that combine the morphological structure and the semantics of that structure. The study came to clarify the structures of exaggeration mentioned by Ibn al-Athir in the book, along with an explanation of the meanings of those structures, then referring to the mothers of dictionaries to clarify the meanings of those linguistic terms.

This research serves as an invitation for researchers to undertake a critical narrative rereading of the literary heritage. The study sheds light on the major themes in al-Jahiz’s book through a process of deconstructing the texts and their underlying implications, attempting to uncover the voices that animate the text and its narrative, which relies on the logic of sequential storytelling. The research also seeks to reveal the marginalized identities from which the book’s title is derived, examining whether they are portrayed as the author depicted them and exploring their impact on others. The significance of this study arises from the fact that much of what is mentioned in the book represents characters occupying a central position, distanced from the margins and aligned with the narrative center; accordingly, the title was chosen to be more dynamic in presenting and analyzing the texts, while allowing sufficient freedom in approaching the accounts contained in the work and in analyzing the linguistic codes embedded in the text’s structure. This necessitates a focused framework that simultaneously exposes the dimensions of both the work and the book under investigation. The study is structured around cultural concepts that demonstrate considerable precision in critical practice and align with the main objectives of the research, while the literary text’s capacity to absorb diverse linguistic discourses, being a unit of coherent linguistic and textual contexts working together toward an integrated project, which opens the door to a renewed rereading of the heritage through a modern critical lens.

This study attempts to explore the manifestations of sadness in the poetry of Abu al-Baqa al-Rundi. It is an analytical study whose primary goal is to shed light on sadness and its impact on al-Rundi's poems and his poetic experience, while revealing the themes of sadness in those poems. This study also aims to demonstrate the artistic value of those poems. To highlight the objectives of this study, the researcher adopted the psychological approach in certain places as it is the approach most closely related to the phenomenon of sadness, while relying entirely on the descriptive analytical approach in analyzing these texts and revealing their artistic characteristics and the rhetorical techniques that the poet skillfully employed. This phenomenon formed a prominent and striking presence in most of al-Rundi's poetic experiences, because it had subjective and objective motives that led to the prevalence of this phenomenon in his poetry. This study also contributes significantly to understanding how sadness is embodied in Arabic poetry and sheds light on the psychological and aesthetic dimension of the experience of sadness in al-Rundi, thus enhancing the value of this type of literature in the context of literary.

The current research studies of manifestations of intertexuality in the poetry of the Fatimid Dai-alDu'at(470AH). The concept of intertextuality was studied linguistically and technically, as well as the poet's autobiography. It also presents manifestations of intertextuality in his poetry. The study was divided into two sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by conclusions. The first section included a study of Qur'anic intertextuality in the poetry of Da'i al-Du'at, was divided into three paragraphs: firstly, we studied intertextuality in Qur'anic vocabulary, secondly intertextualiy in Qur'anic verses (Qur'anic stuctures) was studied, finally, inertextuality in Qur'anic meanings was studied. The second section focused on religious intertextuality in the noble prophetic Hadith.

This research aims to study “How to do Things with Words” in the poetry of Al-Abbas ibn Al-Ahnaf (d. 192 AH), categorise them, and identify their purposes and achievement power in the text. Its importance is evident in the fact that an accurate understanding of s is not limited to grammatical and morphological analyses, nor is it isolated from the context, but must be an understanding of the language considering the speaker, the addressee, the discourse, and the place. This should be done by utilising modern approaches, especially the descriptive-analytical and deliberative approaches, to reach an accurate understanding of the meaning of the poetic discourse. In the light of this study, we have concluded that each speech act has a productive purpose that is understood from the context of the text due to the diversity of Ibn al-Ahnaf's purposes. The overlapping of speech acts in his texts gave the text a communicative capacity that opens up to different categories of recipients, and they ranged from informative, directive, obligatory, declarative, and expressive.poetic text

Almouktathb ( The concise) is one of the works which had the favor of the scholars, besides his author Muhammad Ben Yazeed Ben Abdul-Akbar Ben Omayer Ben Hassan AL-Mubared . The scholars who praised AL-Mubared are : AL-Siyrafe, Kamal AL-Deen AL-Anbary, and Iben Gene who said “ He was the pillar of science in his time , our companions sent him research papers concerning different subjects of grammar and morphology . He was the scholar who studied, criticized and analyzed them “ (ebn jenni (1985) : 130/1) [ The art of describing the grammar of the sentence]. Thus Almouktathb was the most important work of AL-Mubared that reflected his method of studying grammar and morphology . It is the most ancient and one of a kind work that we found. after the book of Seybawayah.
I selected some morphological and grammatical extracts from Almouktathb, tried to study theme deeply and mentioned the scholars’ comments. Some of them agreed with AL-Mubared opinions but others were against .

there are three sections of speech, and the letter is the third section of it ,which connects the parts of speech so as to complete its meaning, and scientists have once referred to it by the term letter and once by the term tool, and that this difference between the two schools in naming came as a result of their dealing with them on the basis of , Therefore , I will highlight the study of the tool and the difference between it and the letter in terms of the term between the visual and Kufic schools , and the rest of the details related to it, as well as clarifying selected examples of the meanings of the binary tools that are mentioned in Surah Al-Nisa'ah, for example, the single tools differ from the binary tools in meaning, as well as in directing the context in accordance with the general meaning of the Quranic verse in which the tool is present in particular, and in directing the general meaning of the Quranic text of the same surah in general. therefore, I will highlight the study of the tool and the difference between it and the letter in terms of the term between the visual and Kufic schools, and the rest of the details related to it, as well as clarifying selected examples of the meanings of the binary tools mentioned in Surah Al-Nisa'ah, With regard to the problem of the research ,it examines the issue of the difference between the two schools in the issue of naming the tool and craft, as well as the statement of the difference in the meanings of the binary tools contained in Surah An-Nisa and the impact of these tools in guiding the general meaning of the Surah, As for the aim of the research is to provide what brings scientific benefit to the grammatical linguistic material in general and the Quranic lesson in particular, and from Allah, good luck .

This study explores the impact of passions and their structures on contemporary Iraqi narrative discourse. Taking the works of novelist Batool Al-Hudhairi as a field of study, focusing on the novels (How Close Is Heaven's Daughter) and (Absent), the study seeks to deconstruct the semantic systems that organize human emotions, transforming them from raw emotional experiences into semiotic structures susceptible to analysis. The study proceeds from a central hypothesis: Al-Hudhairi presents passions not as mere psychological reflections, but rather as integrated economies that produce and shape the self within a troubled historical and social context.
To achieve this, the study relies on an integrative methodological framework that utilizes the semiotic tools of passions as developed by the Paris School (Greimas and Fontanet), which views passion as a tense structure possessing its own qualities and logic. It draws on trauma theory (Kai Carrot) to understand the mechanisms of troubled memory, and feminist criticism to reveal the manifestations of the female body as an arena for writing and resistance. The analysis revealed the presence of two distinct identity plans: the first is “dynamic” in (How Close the Sky Seemed), where the self is in a state of tension, conflict, and resistance, and its passions (such as fear and repressed love) still possess kinetic energy. The second is “entropic” (collapse) in the novel (Absent), where passions move toward extinction, fading, and absence, and the self is transformed into a state of objectification and emotional numbness. The research concludes that this shift in the economy of passion reflects the path of the Iraqi self from conflict with trauma to the inability to represent it, which represents a collapse in the structure of meaning itself

This research aims to uncover the features of the comparative approach followed by Al-Mubarrad in his book Al-Muqtab by analyzing his methods of presenting opinions, his mechanisms for balancing them, and his criteria for preference. The study also explores the extent to which Al-Mubarrad adhered to objectivity in his comparisons, as well as the role of linguistic context and the citation of poetry and the Quran in supporting his judgments. Research Problem
A question that comes to mind is whether modern research methodologies, including the comparative method, are a product of contemporary times or if they have roots and early signs in ancient Arabic studies. After reviewing the literature, we decided to focus on Al-Mubarrad's Al-Muqtab as a case study to explore the key features of the comparative method that he applied in addressing grammatical and morphological issues, and to examine how the comparative method outlined by Al-Mubarrad contributed to the development of modern linguistic research.


Importance and Objectives of the Research
The importance of this research lies in shedding light on the Arabic linguistic heritage and re-examining it to uncover the advanced methodological features within it, which can be considered as the roots of modern research methods. Revisiting the heritage with a fresh perspective contributes to enriching contemporary linguistic studies

A student or researcher of the pre-Islamic era will find that the Arabs possessed a rich literary culture across various fields of knowledge, particularly in the arts of literature, including poetry and prose. Moreover, Arabic literature continued to develop significantly in the subsequent literary periods following the pre-Islamic era. Despite criticisms from some literary figures who questioned the authenticity of this heritage without substantive evidence, pre-Islamic literary works stand as a vivid embodiment of the history of the Arab nation. Complete and cohesive pre-Islamic poems have reached us, structurally unified from opening to conclusion. The Mu'allaqat poems are the best testimony to this, having astonished both Arab and Western audiences alike. Arab critics have affirmed that composing a unique poem is by no means an easy task for a poet. Rather, its creation typically involves three cognitive stages that must mature in the poet's mind before being expressed with optimal structure, diction, and meaning. It is here that the poet's creativity shines, particularly in constructing the poetic verse with harmony and coherence among its lines, in alignment with the overall structure of the poem. The researcher also observed the variety in poetic openings and the rich diversity in introductory themes. Among the most significant poetic motifs is the ruins scene, wherein the poet offers a deeply evocative depiction of past dwellings, their landmarks, and the beloved once associated with them. As we know, the Arabs were often nomadic due to harsh living conditions and the demands of nature, leaving behind homes that vanished from physical existence after migration. Yet poets excelled in crafting vivid linguistic and imaginative portrayals of these places. All of this underscores that pre-Islamic poets possessed vast imagination and intellectual depth, allowing them to compose poems that remain a foundational source of Arabic literature and a vessel for preserving the history and civilization of the Arab people .

This study undertakes a critical deconstruction of the concept of culture, presenting its multiple definitions and the diverse fields in which it operates—from anthropology to the domain of cultural studies. It offers a systematic account of the various types of culture, highlighting the distinctions between high (or elite) culture, popular culture, and mass culture, as well as other categories explored in scholarly literature.
The study further reviews divergent theoretical perspectives concerning these cultural forms, particularly with regard to the extent to which they are embraced by the general populace or perceived as the domain of elites or the middle class. In doing so, it engages with the dominant intellectual paradigms of the 1930s and 1940s in both American and European sociology, wherein mass culture was often linked to industrial modes of production, while folk culture was regarded as an organic and spontaneous expression of the people.
A substantial section of the study is devoted to the historical formation of the intellectual class and its evolution over the past two centuries. Special attention is given to the dialectic between the intellectual’s withdrawal into isolation and their engagement with society, a tension that has generated enduring theoretical and practical dilemmas.
In its final section, the study turns to the contested relationship between scholarly culture and popular culture, with particular focus on the conceptual and structural tensions between dominant (central) cultural formations and those emerging from the margins. The study concludes with a summary of key insights and findings derived from the analysis.

This research aims to collect material related to the topic "Say and Don't Say," then to identify the morphological and grammatical errors corrected by Al-Kisa'i in his book. The most prominent findings are:
First: Mispronunciation spread among Arabs as a result of their mixing with non-Arabs. Mispronunciation began to spread among the common people, even among the eloquent among them. Scholars paid great attention to combating this phenomenon, primarily out of concern for the integrity of the Holy Qur'an and, secondly, for the Arabic language. Therefore, scholars contributed to the authorship of numerous books dealing with linguistic correction, most notably Ali ibn Hamza Al-Kisa'i.
Second: In his book, Al-Kisa'i revealed the morphological and grammatical errors common among the common people of his time and then corrected them.
Third: Al-Kisa'i based his morphological and grammatical corrections on a set of criteria, including Qur'anic evidence, Prophetic hadiths, and Arabic poetry.

The significance of the pre-Islamic environment in shaping the meaning of the art of proverbs lies in the fact that it served as the very framework within which these proverbs were born. They thus mirrored the manifestations of a harsh life, tribal values, and social conflicts that the Arabs experienced in the desert. The Arabs crafted their proverbs in response to their daily experiences, giving the language of the proverb a concise yet forceful character, drawn from the scenes of their environment—such as camels, stars, rocks, and the desert itself. This imparted to them a semantic depth that expressed wisdom, experience, and ethical standards deeply rooted in their reality. Such proverbs revealed harmony and attunement with the non-human in their prose experiences, founded on an intuitive sense of the interconnectedness and unity of the cosmos. Consequently, their proverbs acquired a literary dimension infused with environmental imagination; hence, a pre-Islamic proverb cannot be fully understood except through a proper understanding of the environment that produced it.

This research aims to study the issue of the self of the poet Boland Al-Handrail in the field of myth, and our study of it, we find that the poet has written his lines of lived reality and general conditions in different ways, sometimes by relying on well-known ancient myths and representing them clearly to convey the idea, and sometimes by relying on historical figures to show the influential side of them. Among that is highlighting them in a way that makes those facts something that cannot be forgotten or passed through as a transitory passage.

This study examines whether there is a relationship between narrative structure and storytelling techniques in the writer's works, as well as the reasons behind the author's use of these techniques. Did the writer succeed in employing narrative techniques to construct events, characters, and the fictional world in his literary works?
The study aims to explore storytelling techniques—the methods and tools the writer uses to craft his narrative. Through these techniques, the writer conveys his ideas in an innovative and engaging manner, capturing the reader’s attention and immersing them in the text. The research also seeks to analyze and deconstruct these tools and elements.

No poetry can be palatable, regardless of its time or purpose, unless it is formed from several factors that contribute to the formation of the poetic text. Praise is a door of poetic imagery that is represented as a purpose through which the poet depicts all the emotions that are in his chest towards the one being praised. In this research, there is a study of the praise of the Commander of the Faithful by a poet who was depicted in the ugliest images of crime and deviation...and he is the rooster of the Syrian jinn who did not visit Iraq nor mingled with its people. He mentioned the Commander of the Faithful, peace be upon him, and the family of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon them, a lot, between praise, pride, and lamentation. Knowing the lexical significance of the words he used in his praise of him requires careful reading and a precise tracking of the general meaning through which he showed his pride and love at one time and the status of the one being praised at another The importance of the research lies in tracing the poet’s language lexically to clarify the truth of his praise and correct what was mentioned in the books of deliberate distortion of everything that surrounded him. The study came according to the descriptive analytical method, through clarifying the lexical significance of the words that Dik al-Jinn mentioned in his praise of the Commander of the Faithful, peace be upon him, and analyzing them according to the context in which they appeared. The verses were analyzed according to divisions of the axes within which they appeared Then, the semantic fields included in these axes were searched. The axes included several lexical fields, and the field of elegy was lexically richer than the field of pride, while the pride axis was free of any need for lexical references, as it was direct and clear, free of affectation and ambiguity.

This research is concerned with studying the grammatical topics included in the book “Concepts of the Qur’an” by Al-Subhani, Especially with regard to letters.
As Al-Subhani paid attention to it in his book, it is clear that he dealt with it while addressing the interpretation issues :what is related to the function of letters, their meanings,and their uses.
As Al-Subhani paid attention to it in his book, it is clear that he dealt with it while addressing the interpretation issues :what is related to the function of letters, their meanings,and their uses.
One of the most prominent phenomena of the use of letters in the book “Concepts of the Qur’an” is the phenomenon of alternating letters, as Al-Subhani relied on it to explain the intention of God Almighty in many of the verses that he addressed in his interpretation.
This research is concerned with the fact that it deals with a special and unique grammatical phenomenon in our Arabic language, which is the phenomenon of alternation of letters and their function as each other, and the resulting meanings and connotations that contributed greatly to serving the interpretive context in the book, the field of research.The descriptive analytical research was followed based on the description of usage mentioned by Al-Subhani and its analysis, and presented it to the majority of grammarians, then extracting the result and preference. It reached several results, the most important of which are: that alternation is a unique phenomenon that distinguishes Arabic from other languages, and it is a sign of its breadth and comprehensiveness, as well as a statement of the role of the agent of the phenomenon of alternation in the interpretive context, as well as the difference in the word of the grammatical schools in that issue and the preference of the Kufi school that says that alternation occurs between letters..