Research and Islamic Studies Journal

This research aims to study the protection of fundamental rights of citizens within the framework of the international human rights system, focusing on the modern mechanisms developed by the international community to enhance the effectiveness of protection and ensure the implementation of rights from theory to practice. The research begins with a precise definition of the concept of "fundamental rights" and distinguishes it from related concepts such as "public freedoms" and "human rights" in general. It then examines the development of the international human rights system since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the subsequent fundamental international covenants and agreements.
The research addresses the United Nations' treaty and non-treaty mechanisms, such as treaty bodies, individual complaints procedures, the Human Rights Council, special procedures, and the Universal Periodic Review mechanism, as central tools for protecting the fundamental rights of individuals, including citizens within their own countries. It also examines regional protection in European, American, and African systems, paying particular attention to the Arab Charter on Human Rights as a relatively recent Arab regional framework.
The research then moves to the level of national protection, highlighting the role of constitutions, constitutional courts, national human rights institutions, and civil society in implementing international obligations domestically. It discusses practical challenges such as politicization, selectivity, weak political will, and security pressures, as well as challenges arising from digital transformation, artificial intelligence, and the new information environment. The research concludes with a set of findings and recommendations that can contribute to strengthening the protection of citizens' fundamental rights in light of modern international mechanisms.

Elegy is considered one of the most important themes in Arabic poetry, addressed by both ancient and modern poets. In the poetry of Walid al-Aʿdhamī, we find numerous examples of elegy that vary according to ideological and personal orientations. To clarify the meanings expressed in these texts, this study adopts a rhetorical approach, especially since al-Aʿẓamī writes within traditional poetic styles, which makes rhetorical significance more evident in his verse. The research is divided into two sections preceded by an introduction: The first section discusses general elegy, which does not concern a specific individual but rather addresses collective or public causes. The second section focuses on personal elegy, dedicated by the poet to specific individuals.

This research addresses one aspect of the miraculous nature of the Quran، namely، the Quranic rhyme scheme. The Holy Quran presented a new style، distinct from the Arabic language، which was renowned for the eloquence and rhetoric of the Arabs in both poetry and prose. They were familiar with rhyme in poetry and assonance in prose، which was prominent in their oratory. However، when they heard the Holy Quran and how its verses were presented with such precision and in this new form، with its carefully chosen words and meanings، they were struck by its unique structure، Even the single verse reached a level of consistency and precision that they were unable to oppose the Holy Qur’an، even though He، Glory be to Him، challenged them more than once، and they were unable to produce a surah like it، every Qur’anic verse contains a bright and clear aspect of miraculous Ness. Since applied research in this field is scarce، this research came to explain the Qur’anic verse in Surah An-Nazi’at considering the rhetorical miracle.

The Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet are the basis and source of Islam, and they take attention of the Islamic nation has received unparalleled interest, and as a matter of caring for the Holy Quran and the Sunnah, the suspicions of the enemies of Islam from them, the enemies of Islam fight Islam in many respects, and the share of the Holy Quran and the Sunnah were great, they try to raise suspicions, and try to criticize the Holy Quran and the Sunnah, and the share of the Sunnah from their slander is greater, Throughout history, they are trying to fabricate falsehoods on the Sunnah of the Prophet and the scholars of Islam for them with the lookout, and show their lies and their falsehood.
Where the true Islam came, and in the essence of its purposes, the survival of a person with his consequences is happy with a safe life in which he does not see injustice or digestion. Justice, fairness and stretching are the characteristic of life in Islam, integrity, caring for rights and the performance of duties are hope, work, way and goal, and humanity in its path throughout history in time and space was not known as an invitation to justice as It knew in the shadow of Islam to settle the international community and live in security and safety, and in order to achieve the concept of comprehensive security as a good treatment and generous care for non -Muslims who reside in the House of Islam to have the rights and care and attention and protection, and they have the duties of Muslims.
The Muslims from ancient times have been afflicted with enemies who wiped out conspiracies and intrigues to eliminate Islam, and go to his state. So they used the methods of tucker and deception, and the missionary and the orientalists came, so they took these people and those and blowing it, and increased what they wanted for them to increase, while continuing their failed attempts in parallel directions, which are to fight Islam and search for weak weaknesses in it, highlighting it, and the claim that it is a Islamic religion taken from the Judaism & Christian religion. And concealing the facts of Islam from non -Muslims, and trying to warn them of his knowledge, Christianization and trying to remove Muslims from their religion.

This research explores the role of analogy (qiyas) in deriving Islamic legal rulings: an analytical study.
It focuses on its definition pillars conditions and categories and analyzes the differing scholarly opinions on its application to acts of worship intellectual matters and contemporary issues. The research also presents the evidence for each school of thought drawing from foundational texts in the field of Islamic jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh).

Money is considered one of the most important tools of economic interaction in human societies, as it performs essential functions in facilitating exchange, valuing goods, and services, and preserving wealth. Islamic economics has paid special attention to the concept and functions of money, viewing it as a means to achieve the objectives of Sharia in justice and economic balance. This research aims to explain the functions of money from an Islamic perspective—its role as a measure of value, a medium of exchange, a store of wealth, and a standard for deferred payments. It also discusses the fundamental differences between the Islamic and capitalist views of money in terms of purpose and function, and highlights the role of money in regulating financial transactions, preventing usury (riba) and uncertainty (gharar), and promoting economic stability. The study concludes that money in Islamic economics is not an end, but a means to realize the higher objectives of Sharia, such as preserving wealth, promoting lawful economic growth, and achieving social and economic solidarity.
Keywords: Money, Islamic Economics, Functions of Money, Economic Stability.

This research examines the portrayal of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Christian writings of the 20th and 21st centuries through a critical analytical study. It traces the methodological shift in Western discourse from theological polemics to historical and humanistic analysis. The research focuses on selected prominent Christian writers،analyzing their approaches،sources،and the limits of their scholarly fairness. It also highlights the impact of these writings on correcting stereotypes and promoting interfaith dialogue. Muslims believe that Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the seal of prophets and messengers،completing divine messages and embodying a comprehensive and timeless law. Unlike previous prophets،his biography has been extensively documented and accurately preserved. However،the distorted image of him in Western writings،often rooted in ignorance and bias،has been a persistent issue.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of artificial intelligence—particularly sentiment analysis tools—in capturing the emotional dimensions of Qur'anic discourse. The Qur'an presents a rich spectrum of emotional expressions such as fear، hope، sorrow، and tranquility، all embedded within a purposeful pedagogical framework. The research adopts an analytical-applied methodology by employing the AraBERT model to analyze selected Qur'anic verses and comparing the machine-generated outputs with classical interpretations from both Shi'a and Sunni traditions. The findings indicate that while AI tools can reasonably detect explicit emotional content، they struggle to interpret the Qur'an's nuanced rhetorical and symbolic language. The study recommends integrating AI-assisted analysis with traditional hermeneutics and calls for the development of Qur'an-specific emotional corpora that preserve the sacred and linguistic uniqueness of the divine text.

 

This study examines the development of the political and party system in Burkina Faso during the period from 1960 to 1990, within a broader context marked by the rise of military coups in post-independence Africa. The fragility of the national state, the weakness of political institutions, the persistence of colonial influence, and the impact of the Cold War contributed to the dominance of the military over political power, thereby hindering the emergence of a stable party system. The study focuses on the rise of communist parties and currents, supported by labor and student unions as well as segments of the military, and the accompanying ideological orientations, culminating in the coup of August 4, 1983, and the rise of Thomas Sankara. This event represented a turning point through the adoption of a leftist revolutionary project and the implementation of wide-ranging social and that the revolutionary experience ended with the 1987 coup, reflecting a broader dilemma in the trajectory of political transformation in post-colonial African states.

This research examines the role of Medina in the development of administration and politics during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), as the first practical model of the Islamic state, which was founded on clear organizational and political principles that transcended the tribal governance patterns prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula at that time. The research aims to highlight the fundamental transformation that Medina underwent after the Prophet's migration, as it moved from a tribal society with multiple loyalties to a unified political entity governed by the principles of legitimacy, administrative organization, justice, consultation, and social coexistence. The research adopted the historical analytical method by tracing the political and administrative events in Medina and analyzing the practices of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as the leader of the state and head of its executive, judicial, and military authorities. It also clarifies the foundations upon which the Prophetic administration was based, such as organizing the administrative apparatus, appointing governors and officials, managing financial resources, establishing the judiciary, and regulating internal and external relations. The research also addresses the governing values of Prophetic politics, foremost among them wisdom, flexibility, justice, and consideration of objectives, highlighting their practical manifestations in practical models such as the principle of consultation in decision-making. The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah serves as a model of political objectives and a policy of winning hearts and minds, regulating relations with the tribes, the Jews, and the hypocrites within a framework that preserves the unity and stability of the state. The research highlights the importance of the Constitution of Medina as a pioneering political and administrative document that contributed to establishing the concept of a unified state and citizenship. The research concludes that the administrative and political experience in Medina presented a comprehensive model of good governance based on a balance between established religious principles and the demands of reality, making it a rich and valuable experience for contemporary political and administrative studies.

This study examines the dialogic structure in the Diwan of Abu Ḥayya al-Numayrī, considering dialogue as a fundamental structural element in shaping poetic discourse and generating meaning. The research addresses the problem of how dialogue functions in classical Arabic poetry, challenging the view that it serves merely as an ornamental or marginal device.
Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study draws on modern critical perspectives on structure and dialogue, with particular reference to contemporary concepts of dialogism. It analyzes the manifestations of dialogue in Abu Ḥayya al-Numayrī’s poetry, focusing on two main forms: internal dialogue (self-dialogue) and external dialogue, and explores their expressive and semantic functions within the poetic text.
The study concludes that dialogue plays a significant role in enriching the semantic structure of the poem and revealing its psychological, emotional, and social dimensions. Moreover, it contributes to introducing a narrative and interactive dimension into the poetic text without undermining its lyrical nature. The findings demonstrate that dialogic structure constitutes a central artistic strategy in Abu Ḥayya al-Numayrī’s poetry and reflects the poet’s awareness of multiplicity of voices and modes of expression.

This study aims to analyze the main challenges facing the implementation of personal data protection laws in public administrations through a comparative examination of the Iraqi and Egyptian legal frameworks. Personal data protection has become one of the most significant contemporary legal issues, particularly in light of the rapid digital transformation witnessed by public administrations, which has been accompanied by an expansion in the collection, processing, and storage of individuals’ personal data.The study is based on a central research problem concerning the adequacy of the existing legal and regulatory frameworks in both Iraq and Egypt to ensure effective protection of personal data within public administrations, as well as their ability to keep pace with rapid technological developments. To this end, the study adopts a comparative methodology by analyzing the relevant legal texts and identifying shortcomings and differences in the legal regulation of personal data protection in the two countries.The study demonstrates that Iraq suffers from the absence of a comprehensive, dedicated personal data protection law, leading to fragmented legal rules and weak supervisory and enforcement mechanisms. In contrast, Egypt has taken a more advanced step by enacting the Personal Data Protection Law No. (151) of 2020; however, its implementation within public administrations continues to face legal, administrative, and technical challenges, most notably the multiplicity of exceptions and weak institutional coordination.Furthermore, the study concludes that inadequate technological infrastructure, the increase in cyberattacks, and the lack of legal awareness and institutional culture constitute common factors that hinder the effective implementation of personal data protection laws in public administrations. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to develop legislation, strengthen institutional coordination, and build technical and human capacities to ensure effective protection of personal data in both Iraq and Egypt.

Praise be to Allah. The study of psychological disorders and their impact on ritual obligations is of paramount importance, as it explores the relationship between an individual’s mental state and the obligation to perform religious duties according to the objectives of Islamic law. This research aims to examine how mental health conditions, such as depression, panic, temporary insanity, and anxiety disorders, affect a person's ability to perform ritual obligations, through a comparative jurisprudential analysis of the four Sunni schools:Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi’i, and Hanbali.
The study employs a comparative analytical methodology, analyzing primary legal texts and examining how classical jurists addressed cases of psychological instability and its effect on religious obligations, highlighting the legal and ethical rules that govern exemption or facilitation of worship. It also considers the higher objectives (maqasid) of Sharia, aimed at safeguarding the soul and intellect, ensuring a balance between religious duty and the individual’s mental capacity.
The results indicate that Islamic jurisprudence exhibits significant flexibility regarding psychological conditions, allowing mitigation or exemption from certain acts of worship under specified conditions, while preserving the overarching objectives of Sharia. Moreover, subtle differences among the four schools were identified in assessing the individual’s capacity, providing a rich framework for comparison and development of contemporary jurisprudential strategies that align with modern understandings of mental health.
The study concludes that acknowledging the impact of psychological conditions on ritual obligations is essential in comparative Islamic jurisprudence, enhancing the ability of Sharia to address contemporary psychological and social challenges, emphasizing the importance of integrating jurisprudential theory with practical application to achieve justice and compassion.

The Prophetic Hadith is considered one of the most prominent sources of Islamic legislation and one of the most important methodologies aimed at guiding human thought and behavior, as it includes the principles of moderation and balance that reflect the essence of the Islamic religionAmong the most important hadiths that confirm these meanings is the saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): \\\\"Those who are excessive in their religious practices will perish.\\\\" This is a prophetic warning urging the avoidance of extremism and fanaticism, whether in religion or in word and deed. The importance of this topic stems from its highlighting of one of the intellectual and behavioral issues that pose a challenge to contemporary societies This is where excessive religiosity or rigidity in understanding and applying religion is observed, leading to a departure from the objectives of Sharia, which are based on ease and mercy...

This study examines the interpretive structure of the values of assistance in the Holy Qur’an as an integrated moral and semantic system, rather than a mere ethical exhortation or a rigid legal ruling. It explores the intersection between moral discourse and religious obligation within the Qur’anic vision of individual and collective formation. Adopting an inductive methodology, the study traces the occurrences and semantic equivalents of assistance in the Qur’anic text, analyzing their diverse contexts to uncover the logic governing support and solidarity within human and social relations.
The study demonstrates that the Qur’an presents assistance as a dynamic value oscillating between recommendation and obligation, virtue and duty, according to context, purpose, and consequence. It also reveals that Qur’anic discourse employs multiple rhetorical strategies—explicit commands, implicit moral motivation, narratives, and exemplary models—to embed assistance as a manifestation of practical faith.
The research concludes that exegetical approaches to the values of assistance have historically shaped differing ethical and legal perceptions, influencing collective behavior and social responsibility. It emphasizes the need for a renewed interpretive reading that restores the balance between ethical motivation and legal obligation, reaffirming assistance as a foundational element in the Qur’anic construction of individual and communal conduct.

All praise is due to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah. To proceed:
This research is concerned with the study of analogy to testimony (qiyās ʿalā al-shahādah) as discussed by scholars of uṣūl al-fiqh, focusing on the theoretical grounding of this analogy and the ways in which it has been employed as a mode of reasoning in issues related to reports (akhbār) within uṣūlī works. To this end, the study undertakes an inductive survey of uṣūlī arguments that rely on analogy to testimony in their primary sources, then identifies their occurrences within the chapters on reports and their related topics, and clarifies their impact on juristic disagreement in the uṣūlī issues of those chapters. It further examines the ways in which uṣūl scholars discussed and critiqued these arguments through various dialectical invalidators (qawādiḥ jadaliyyah) that are typically directed against analogical reasoning.
The research is structured into an introduction, a preliminary section, two chapters, and a conclusion.
The introduction addresses the importance of the topic, the research questions, previous studies, the research plan, and the methodology adopted in writing the study.
The preliminary section is devoted to defining analogy and testimony from both linguistic and technical perspectives.
Chapter One is dedicated to establishing the theoretical foundations of analogy to testimony, by presenting the uṣūlī disagreement over its use as evidence in issues related to reports, followed by an exposition of the pillars of this analogy and its various forms.
Chapter Two is devoted to collecting the issues in which uṣūl scholars employed analogy to testimony in their works within the chapters on reports and their related matters. These issues number twenty-two in total and are classified into thematic sections as follows: the chapter on reports, comprising nine issues; the chapter on (taḥammul wa-adāʾ), comprising six issues; the chapter on integrity, accreditation, and discreditation, comprising three issues; and the chapters on conflict and preference between reports, comprising four issues.