journal of Basic Sciences

This research examines the position of the United States toward the Kyoto Protocol on climate change (1997), analyzing the historical and political roots of American reservations toward multilateral environmental agreements since the 1970s. The study traces the evolution of U.S. environmental policy from President Bill Clinton’s administration, which signed the treaty without congressional ratification, through George W. Bush’s administration, which rejected its commitments on the grounds of economic harm, to subsequent administrations—particularly that of Donald Trump, which withdrew from the 2017 Paris Agreement under the slogan “America First.” The research argues that these positions reflect a profound internal debate between economic growth imperatives and environmental protection requirements, as well as between economic nationalism and a global vision of climate cooperation. It further shows that despite the United States’ central role in global carbon emissions, it has historically sought to preserve domestic policy autonomy in energy and industrial affairs. Adopting a historical and political analytical approach, the study draws upon official U.S. documents and both Arabic and Western academic sources. It concludes that the American stance on Kyoto embodied an internal struggle between federal bureaucracies and major industrial interests rather than an outright rejection of environmental protection itself

The research aims to study the morphology of rural settlements in Dibs district, which has two dimensions. The first is the shape of the village, its composition and the extension of the residential units in it, while the other is the design and construction of the rural house. represented by the settlement plan, the components of the rural housing and the uses of land in the rural settlement. The study of the rural settlements and their housing units in the countryside of the Dibs district is one of the geographical phenomena It has prominent economic, social and civilizational characteristics, as it represents effects and results for the other stages that follow it in the development of societies, as well as the stability of man in a certain environment and his adaptation to its atmosphere and securing the necessary components of life. It is considered the most accurate expression of man’s connection to the land and the work to invest in it and the emergence of a type of economic and social relationship in it, in addition to choosing the best locations for the emergence of the settlement, and studying the changes that occurred in its residential units from Where the form, function, design, building material and urban expansion are compatible with the social and economic activity of the population in the district’s countryside, which is a true expression of the interaction between the general form of the residential unit in the countryside and the nature of the functions it performs. The results showed that the random system of streets, which lacks planning, is prevalent in the study area in general, and that the main building material is blocks at a rate of (72.7%), and that the residential units with The single floor constitutes (53.1%) and residential use represents the first place among rural land uses with a percentage of (77.6%), while religious use came in last place, constituting (0.6%) of the total uses

1.Study objective:
The aim of research is to determine the effect of the learning contracts strategy on the achievement and acquisition of scientific concepts among third-grade middle school students in biology.The research seeks to identify whether this strategy positively affects student performance comparison to the traditional method of teaching the same subject,by verifying the formulation of two null hypotheses as follows:
1.There is no statistically significant difference at the 0,05% level in the achievement test between the average scores of the experimental group that studied according to learning contracts and the average scores of the control group that studied according to the tradition method.
2. No statistically significant difference at the 0,05% level between the average scores of the experimental group and the control group in their acquisition of scientific concepts attributed to the learning contracts strategy.
2.Research community and sample:
The research community was based on all third-grade middle school students at Al-Shaheed M0hand intermediate school,totaling (64) students,selected purposefully.Subsequentaly, study sample was chosen randomly and consisted two classes,one for the experimental group and the other for the control group,with each group comprising (32) students.The sample was matched on several variables including prior achievement,age,and intelligence,and the experiment was conducted in the first semester of the academic year(2025/2024).
3.Study Results:
results of the study indicated a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group of third-grade middle school students who studied according to the learning contracts strategy in terms of achievement and acquisition of scientific concepts.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the SPAWN strategy on academic achievement and coordinative thinking among second-grade intermediate female students. To achieve this objective, the experimental method was adopted due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research was limited to second-grade intermediate female students, with a sample of 69 students from public schools in Wasit Governorate. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group of 35 students who studied using the SPAWN strategy in the subject of biology, and a control group of 34 students who studied using the conventional method in the subject of biology. The two groups were matched in several variables: (prior achievement in biology, Raven\'s Intelligence Test, parental educational level, and chronological age calculated in months).
After determining the scientific content, the researchers formulated (57) behavioral objectives and prepared model teaching plans for each topic in the experiment. To measure student achievement, the researchers developed an achievement test consisting of 30 questions distributed across the four levels of Bloom\'s Taxonomy. Additionally, the researchers adopted a test for coordinative thinking. At the end of the experiment, the achievement test and coordinative thinking test were administered to the students. The data were statistically analyzed using the t-test for two independent samples.
The results revealed that the experimental group, which studied biology topics using the SPAWN strategy, outperformed the control group, which studied using the conventional method, in both the achievement test and the coordinative thinking test. Thus, the researchers conclude that this strategy clearly contributed to raising the academic achievement level of second-year middle school students, as it was effective in supporting the learning of scientific concepts and consolidating them in their minds effectively, and it also helped in developing students\' thinking skills, along with improving their scientific communication and collaborative work skills, and taking into account individual differences by providing diverse opportunities for thinking and participation. Therefore, the two researchers recommend promoting and employing the SPAWN strategy and fostering coordinative thinking in diverse educational environments, due to their positive and effective impact on developing students\' higher-order thinking skills and deepening their understanding of scientific material. They also encourage conducting further studies exploring this strategy with other educational variables and across different educational stages, contributing to the development of pedagogical practices in educational institutions.

The narrator has been a focus of scholars since ancient times, because he represents the primary tool for transmitting stories across time. In other words, the emergence of the narrator is linked to the beginnings of humankind, from the time when people began to tell their stories orally before committing them to writing. His role is no longer limited to being merely a literary element of the work, but has become an essential complement to the structure of the narrative discourse, especially if this narrator is one of essential participating elements of the work. This narrator appears in the works of the writer and novelist (Ahlam Mosteghanemi) as an internal voice narrating events in the first person (I), experiencing the events and participating in them with others simultaneously, thus bringing the reader close to the narrative experience. However, he presents the facts and events according to his subjective perspective, which may reflect a degree of ambiguity on the reader, giving them the opportunity for interpretation. In addition, the narration is closer to reflections and internal confessions, and this is what distinguishes the style of the writer (Ahlam) in her novels, as most of her novels bear the mark of first-person narration. This means that the narrator in the writer’s style is not merely a narrative technique, but rather part of her literary philosophy.

This study examined the impact of climatic characteristics on estimating the water requirements of wheat in the Mahmoudiyah District, which is located within an arid desert climate characterized by scarce surface water, low rainfall, and fluctuating rainfall from year to year. The study aimed to calculate the water requirements of wheat, determine the amount of field water losses, calculate potential evaporation/transpiration, and water consumption, as well as calculate the total water balance using mathematical equations. The study relied on a descriptive and analytical approach to study, analyze, and link climatic characteristics to the water requirements of wheat. It also relied on a quantitative approach to studying equations and statistical data, using the CROPWAT 8.0 program to extract the water deficit in the study area.

In the study of the heritage blog, pilgrims play an important role in the meturation of their critical discourse and revealing its secrets and the creativity of its authors, which reflects the value of the interdependence between pilgrims and heritage. The book of the Mayor by Ibn Rashiq Al-Qayrawani (d. 463 AH) is one of the important literary works that enriched the Arab reader who is fond of heritage because of the literary and critical issues presented by this heritage author that represent the axis of Arab aesthetic and critical thought. Poetic balances are among the issues addressed by the book, as the poets were divided into multiple layers, although the book is not its own, but it was able to provide us with new standards such as (fame) that came to Al-Qayrwani equal to the poetic viscenity in Al-Asma'i and Ibn Salam .
The classes were represented by the classes of the caliphs, judges and jurists, the class of the famous poets, the class of the fried poets and the class of the majority, and we find that the Qayrwani exceeded the element of time that stopped with the Al-Asma'i in the pre-Islamic era, and with Ibn Salam in the pre-Islamic and Islamic to include the poetry of the births as well

The dialectical relationship between the Self and the Other constitutes a central and indispensable axis of analysis. The study of the Other cannot be undertaken in isolation from the Self، just as the image of the Self is never complete without its reflection in the Other. Every portrayal of the Other is، in one way or another، a mirror of the Self. This relationship serves as a cornerstone in all literary texts، characterized by its dynamic and mutable nature. Such interplay is vividly manifested in the poetry of Ibn Abdi Rabbih al-Andalusi، where the multiplicity of self-images provoked the poet’s consciousness and shaped his interaction with the Other. Accordingly، this research explores the concept of the Self and the Other as a primary framework for understanding the reflections of the self in Ibn Abid Rabbih’s poetry. The Self and the Other are inextricably connected; every Self inherently implies an Other that it can neither ignore nor separate from.

This research aims to explain the concept of hypocrisy and its dangers as manifested in Surah Al-Munafiqun (The Hypocrites), using an analytical approach based on the interpretation of Qur\'anic texts in the major exegeses, prophetic hadiths, and authoritative Islamic studies. This research also aims to reveal the dangerous dimensions of this phenomenon in Muslim society, the behavioural and psychological characteristics of these hypocrites, how the Holy Qur\'an deals with this phenomenon, and the mechanisms it employs to limit or eradicate it. This surah is a Qur\'anic document of great importance, revealing the most dangerous diseases that threaten the very existence of faith-based societies from within, including this phenomenon: the phenomenon of hypocrisy. Its danger is greater than that of an apparent enemy. The danger of hypocrisy lies in its hidden destructive nature, which, through lying, breaking covenants, and spreading discord, targets the constants of society and weakens its cohesion. The surah provides a detailed analysis of the character and behaviour of hypocrites, highlighting how doctrinal and moral flaws negatively affect individuals and groups, and warning of the dire consequences of such behaviour for society in this world and for individuals in the hereafter. The surah is therefore a diagnostic and preventive approach to combating this moral and ethical disease. For this reason, the Holy Qur\'an equates hypocrites with disbelievers in many of its verses, in terms of the punishment they will receive.

The research aims to explore effect \"Spot the Differences\" strategy on acquisition sociology concepts among fourth-year literary preparatory students. A quasi-experimental design was used، involving an experimental group and a control group، with a post-test applied. researcher randomly selected section (A) to represent the experimental group، which was taught using \"Spot the Differences\" strategy، while section (B) served as control group and was taught using traditional methods. The total number of students was 66، with 33 students in each group. two groups were matched based on variables such as age and intelligence. researcher developed a tool to measure acquisition of sociology concepts، ensuring its validity and reliability. The t-test for two independent samples was used analyze data. Results showed that experimental group significantly outperformed control group in acquiring sociology concepts، with a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group\'s post-test results.

This study examines a prominent phenomenon in the Arab-Islamic heritage, namely the practice of scholars dedicating their works to rulers and authorities during the Abbasid era. The research aims to analyze this phenomenon from its intellectual, political, and social dimensions, and to highlight its impact on the development of authorship and the dissemination of knowledge.

The study demonstrates that the dedication of scholarly works served as an essential means of communication between scholars and those in power, fulfilling various functions such as seeking patronage and financial support, ensuring a secure environment for intellectual production, and expressing gratitude for the protection and encouragement provided by the rulers.
The research further reveals that such dedications sometimes reflected scholars’ desire to influence the ruling authorities through advice and guidance. Moreover, the study shows how this phenomenon contributed to strengthening the status of scholars and enhancing the movement of authorship, while also clarifying the limits and possibilities of this relationship within different political systems.

The concept of the Unity of Existence addresses a matter related to God\'s relationship with the universe. In reality، the Unity of Existence is a philosophical doctrine stating that God is nature and the source of existence. Therefore، Ibn Arabi considers the Unity of Existence a fundamental truth of existence; God is the source of existence، and everything else is a manifestation or appearance of existence. Some modern studies indicate that some who are considered extremists may be symbolic or religious in nature، and their meaning encompasses absolute spiritual striving. For this reason، it has been stated that extremism، according to the Sufi perspective، is not limited to certain individuals، but rather manifests in behaviors that exceed the bounds of reason and religion. For Sufi philosophers، extremism means excess in the self، or what they call Through spiritual knowledge، or the claim of the unity of existence، some extremist Sufis have gone to extremes in venerating and sanctifying their sheikhs، considering their actions in this regard as absolute authority. They interpret religious texts in a way that abolishes legal boundaries، and then claim the ability to control the universe and creation. This is a type of exaggeration regarding the spiritual authority of the state.

Narrative speed is a prominent technique within the framework of narrative time, enabling the narrator to control the story\'s duration and regulate its artistic rhythm. These speeds vary, including omission, pause, summary, and scene, lending the text movement and a diverse tone. In novels, reality and imagination generally intertwine, while in autobiographical texts, narrative speeds take a specific course linked to reality and life events. Each type of narrative speed has its own characteristics and functions that contribute to shaping the text\'s temporal structure.Through this, the narrative rhythm is varied, and the aesthetic control over narrative time is highlighted.

The current study aims to investigate the following:
1. The level of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) among university students.
2. The level of digital dementia among university students.
3. The nature and direction of the correlation between Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and digital dementia among university students.
4. Gender-based differences (male–female) in the relationship between FoMO and digital dementia.
To achieve these objectives, the researcher adopted and translated the Fear of Missing Out scale developed by M.M. Mazloom and A. Atalay (2022). Additionally, the researcher utilized the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), based on which a 20-item scale was developed to assess digital dementia across four dimensions: memory, concentration, device dependency, and cognitive overload.
The total sample consisted of 493 male and female students, selected through stratified random sampling from the University of Baghdad and distributed across various colleges.
The results revealed the following:
● FoMO was prevalent among students at a level exceeding the average.
● Digital dementia was found to be highly prevalent.
● A statistically significant correlation was found between FoMO and digital dementia.
● No significant gender-based differences were found in the relationship between FoMO and digital dementia.
In light of these findings, a set of conclusions and recommendations were presented to guide future research in this field.

This research aims to explore the educational landscape in the Umayyad state, through an analysis of educational institutions, curricula, and the human resources involved in the educational process. The strategy for developing education in the Umayyad state was based on foundational and developmental principles. Initially, it relied on mosques and kuttabs (traditional Quranic schools), and then added something new: the role of scholars and the palaces of the caliphs. This was the beginning of a new concept that emerged in the Abbasid state: the House of Wisdom, which was founded by Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Muawiyah. He was passionate about chemistry and took great care in collecting books and establishing a library called the Library of Books. He then developed its work by appointing a number of scholars to translate these books from foreign languages into Arabic, especially in medicine and chemistry. As for Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, he was interested in the science of medicine. The study relied on historical sources to clarify the pivotal role played by kuttabs, mosques, and the houses of scholars as the main places of education The research also examined teaching methods, such as the use of a \"correspondent\" (a bright student to assist the teacher) and the organization of study and review times. The study highlighted the Umayyad interest in education through the directives and encouragement of governors, which led to the emergence of prominent teachers who established renowned schools (kuttabs) in various regions. The research also discussed the financial aspects of education (low wages or free education), and the social and professional standing enjoyed by teachers, which qualified some of them for high-ranking administrative positions in the state.

This research aimed to identify the tasks of a successful school counselor from the perspective of the counselors themselves in the Salah al-Din Education Directorate. The research sample consisted of 100 counselors (50 males and 50 females) selected using simple random sampling. To achieve the research objectives, a scale measuring the tasks of a successful school counselor was required. Therefore, the researcher adopted the Al-Hasnawi and Al-Khashab scale from 2020. This scale comprised 25 items, each with three response options: (strongly agree, moderately agree, disagree). A three-point scale was used for each response (1, 2, 3). The scale was scored by assigning one score to each respondent. After establishing face validity and reliability, the scale was administered to the sample. To obtain the study results, the researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The second test of independent samples was used to determine the discriminatory power of the scale items. The research aims to determine the relationship between each item and the total scale score, as well as the scale\'s reliability coefficient. Cronbach\'s alpha was used to establish the scale\'s internal consistency reliability. The results showed that educational counselors possess high competence in performing their counseling duties. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences between male and female counselors based on gender. Similarly, no differences were found in the performance of counselors based on their years of service (1-5 years) or (6 years and above). Furthermore, no differences were found in the performance of counselors based on their specialization. Based on these findings, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study investigates the manifestations of place in the poetic work of the poet Bushra al-Bustani, considering it a dominant element that contributes to shaping the overall vision of the text. This is based on the concept of place as one of the fundamental components in shaping the semantic and aesthetic structure of modern poetry. In Bushra al- Bustani\'s poetry, place is not a marginal element or a rigid framework for events, but rather represents an active semantic structure that participates in the production of meaning and contributes to deepening the poetic experience and enriching its aesthetic and intellectual dimensions. The study reveals how place transforms from a mere vessel for events into an expressive and symbolic force reflecting psychological and realistic transformations. It observes the manifestations of the place at its various levels, where the (urban) place emerges as a space of conflict, alienation, resistance, and disappearance (Natural) It manifested as an open space bearing connotations of freedom and liberation from the constraints of reality. The poet relied on elements of nature as a symbolic field to rebuild the relationship between the self and the world, and to evoke profound human values. Al- Bustani\'s manifestations of place were characterized by semantic displacement, where places were charged with emotional outpourings that made them symbolic spaces par excellence.

Human factors have had a significant impact on trade in Iraq in the Seljuk era (447-590 AH / 1055-1193 AD). Although it is one of the main reasons for the flourishing of domestic and international trade; yet it has contributed to the obstruction and deterioration of trade. This happens due to government policies that accompanied the Seljuk control of imposing modern (illegal) taxes, as well as the emergence of a number of outlaws who often exploited the weakness of security to carry out their plans of raiding and looting merchants\' property.
The research includes an introduction, three sections and a conclusion. In the first section, the concept of human factors and their impact on the prosperity of trade in Iraq in the Seljuk era is discussed. The second section is devoted to government policies and their impact on trade. The third one examines the outlaws and their impact on trade movement. The conclusion is made to record the most important findings of the research.

This study aims to analyze hydrological changes in Hawr Al-Hammar using Sentinel-2 satellite data in order to identify fluctuations in inundated areas and changes in their environmental characteristics, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of hydrological indices in distinguishing water bodies from wet soils and vegetation cover. The research problem arises from the exposure of Hawr Al-Hammar to hydrological fluctuations driven by climate change and reduced water releases, which have led to variations in inundated areas, in addition to the limited utilization of modern remote sensing data in analyzing these changes. The study employed a set of spectral indices, including NDWI and MNDWI for mapping water bodies, NDMI for assessing surface moisture conditions, NDVI for analyzing vegetation and water-related cover, as well as NDTI and NDCI for estimating water turbidity and algal activity. The analysis was based on quantitative assessment and spatial mapping for the period 2017–2025. The results indicate a relative decline in open water extent and surface moisture, accompanied by a reduction in vegetation cover and qualitative changes in water properties, suggesting a general trend toward environmental and hydrological imbalance in Hawr Al-Hammar.

Through the theoretical frameworks of Homi K. Bhabha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, the paper studies Caleb Azumah Nelson’s Open Water (2021). Bhabha’s concept of hybridity and Spivak’s theory of the subaltern voice will be observed closely in this paper. This study, through a close reading of the protagonist’s navigations of identity as a young Black British man, seeks to explore how the combination of the portrayal of the experiences of being placed in hybrid cultural spaces but also being profoundly voiceless. The novel depicts a narrator who occupies the “third space” of cultural hybridity; he is neither Ghanaian nor British but finds that this liminal positioning does not lend authentic voice or agency. Instead, hybridity becomes an erasure where the protagonist is always seen but fundamentally unheard. The critique of post-colonial theories of hybrid identity has been a large part of the body of work on Nelson. It demonstrates that occupying multiple cultural positions does not necessarily produce empowerment or authentic self-expression. Instead, the novel postulates that for Black British individuals, hybridity can intensify rather than resolve voicelessness, as the protagonist wanders spaces that at once celebrate as well as silence Black bodies. The results contribute to contemporary post-colonial literary criticism by revealing how twenty-first-century British fiction articulates the ongoing crisis of representation for racialized subjects in seemingly multicultural societies

Mathematics learning among middle school students is very complicated, especially when it involves algebra, as it needs a combination of symbols, formulas, and multi-step procedures. Regarding the Iraqi educational setting, students\' performance is generally very low, with many procedural mistakes, which is caused by traditional teaching methods that do not take into account the limitations of students\' cognition. This research was designed to investigate the impact of mathematics teaching based on the guidelines of Cognitive Load Theory on reducing mistakes among middle school students. A design-based research approach with a one-group quasi-experiment pre-test/post-test approach was considered for the research. A total of 25 students from the second grade of the middle school, all of whom are female students from Al-Narjis Secondary School for Girls, Wasit Governorate, Iraq, participated in the research. An instructional unit on algebraic expressions and equations, based on cognitive load theory, was created and implemented over a period of four weeks. Data collection methods included a researcher-developed achievement test in mathematics, an error analysis tool, and classroom observation. Results of the quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, effect size, and correlation. Results from this research indicate a significant statistical impact on the achievement of the participants in mathematics following the implementation of this instructional unit (p<.001), as well as a significant decrease in the number of common mistakes made at the level of algebra. Additionally, the participants realized faster problem-solving as well as greater classroom engagement. Greater classroom engagement of participants has a significant positive correlation to achievement at the second test. This research drew a conclusion indicating that a cognitively based instructional process is a powerful factor in impacting positive outcomes for the achievement of middle school mathematics. This research\'s findings place a great emphasis on cognitively based instructional processes to positively impact mathematics achievement at the national level of Iraq.

Polyurethane is widely used in many industrial applications. However, it is highly flammable. This limits its safe use. This study aims to improve the fire resistance of polyurethane foam. Foam samples were prepared using equal amounts of polyol and isocyanate. Some samples were pure. Others contained sodium bicarbonate as an additive. The added amounts were 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 g. The addition of sodium bicarbonate increased the foam density.
It also reduced the thermal conductivity. AFM analysis showed that the average particle size of sodium bicarbonate was about 44.43 nm. All samples were exposed directly to a cooking gas flame. The results showed better flame resistance in the modified samples. The best performance was observed for concentrations between 2 and 4 g. The 4 g sample showed the highest fire resistance. Heat transfer resistance was evaluated using the UL-94 test.
The samples were tested in the perpendicular position.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition thought to arise from environmental exposures in genetically predisposed individuals. Enteroviruses have frequently been proposed as key candidates in triggering the disease. However, the current body of literature presents conflicting findings concerning the relationship between viral infections and T1DM, in addition to uncertainties surrounding first-line antiviral strategies for protective immunity The direct of this study was to examine the currency of three viruses which can cause dogged infections Coxsackievirus (B4), herpes simplex virus type1 (HSV-1), and parvovirus (B19) in patients with T1DM. Our study involved 68 T1DM patients and 24 healthy individuals as a control group. Blood was taken from all the study participants. Methodological considerations of the ELISA technique were used to measure virus antibodies. In general, our results showed that only CVB4 has a role in the development of T1DM patients. However B19 virus is useful in distinguishing between DM1 and LADA types, as well as between children and adults with T1DM disease, while no role for HSV-1 in T1DM patients.

Escherichia coli (E.coli) is a leading cause of bloodstream infection (BSI) and sepsis globally. For E. coli, the O-serogroups and VF genes in septicaemia isolates were determined and correlated with the severity of sepsis and outcome among patients. Eighty-six non-repetitive E. coli isolates were obtained from blood cultures of the septic cases, who were aged between 20 and 70 years. Haemolytic genes were detected by multiplex PCR, serogroups were classified, and the clinical and microbiologic factors related to the severity of illness and mortality were statistically analysed. High virulence genotypes having toxin genes, serum resistance genes, predominant dominant O-serogroups (O25/O6/O15), and multidrug resistant profiles were significantly associated with severe sepsis and in-hospital mortality. In this report, we add to the contribution of high-virulence genotypes (≥4 virulence genes, including toxin and complement resistance determinant) for E. coli septicaemia and predominant O-serogroups (O25/O6/O15) as independent predictors of severe clinical outcome, as well as in-hospital death rates, even more than multi-resistance phenotypes. These data provide evidence for integrating molecular virulence profiling in clinical risk stratification and antimicrobial stewardship programmes, particularly in resource-limited settings where focused intervention scales more effectively to impact outcomes.