AL-ADAB JOURNAL

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Mobile applications have significantly transformed the field of language learning and teaching, leading to a substantial increase in downloads and user engagement for global language-learning apps. Some of these applications have even gained official recognition. However, applications designed for teaching Arabic to non-native speakers remain in their early stages, often developed as individual initiatives rather than comprehensive projects. One key reason for this is the scarcity of research focusing on mobile applications for teaching Arabic to non-native speakers, as well as the lack of clear guidelines on their optimal specifications and essential standards. This study aims to bridge this gap by providing a structured analysis of the key features that should be present in effective Arabic language-learning applications. It serves as a valuable reference for developers and specialists working on improving such applications, as well as for educators selecting apps to recommend to their students. Additionally, it provides guidance for learners and anyone interested in studying Arabic as a foreign language. The study seeks to identify and define the essential specifications and standards that contribute to the effectiveness of Arabic language-learning applications. To achieve this, it reviews relevant literature in both Arabic and international contexts, synthesizing insights on mobile-assisted language learning and applying them to the field of teaching Arabic to non-native speakers.
The study classifies these specifications into three main categories:
1. Linguistic and Content-Based Aspects, including content accuracy, quality, and the comprehensive integration of language skills.
2. Pedagogical Aspects, such as interactivity, engagement, feedback mechanisms, performance tracking, adaptability, and personalization.
3. Technical Aspects, including user-friendliness, multimedia integration, design quality, and overall attractiveness.
The findings highlight that designing an effective and well-rounded Arabic language-learning application requires the integration of all these aspects. Therefore, the study emphasizes the necessity of collaboration between educational experts, linguists, and technology specialists to develop high-quality applications that reflect the prestigious status of the Arabic language and position it competitively in the global market.

The research aims to uncover the relationship between the recipient and the poet, as the poet leaves in his creative texts what are known as textual gaps that the recipient takes as a way to reach the meanings and then decipher the codes and ciphers related to the creative text, as we believe that there is a role played by the poet (the producer) in this process (the production of potential meaning), and that filling those textual gaps is a dual tool between the producer and the recipient, in other words, the poet recovers some meanings and interpretations for the recipient through those textual gaps that he leaves in the text. From this point of view, the research seeks to reach a logical approach in the production of meaning between the poet and the recipient to capture the artistic and poetic sensitivity in creative poetic texts.

This research examines the binary of “strength and weakness” and its impact on the structure of words in the Arabic language. It is considered one of the fundamental principles adopted by linguists in analyzing linguistic usages. The structure of a word in Arabic is influenced by multiple factors that may lead to its alteration or change. The study addresses the concept of strength and weakness both linguistically and terminologically, highlighting the significance of the position of a letter within a word, which can influence its stability or modification through processes such as inflection (iʿlāl), inversion (qalb), substitution (ibdāl), deletion (ḥadhf), or assimilation (idghām), and analyzes manifestations of this duality in the structure of the word. The research aims to elucidate the concept of this binary and to review how ancient scholars approached this phenomenon as they interpreted changes occurring to a word through justifications of strength or weakness, and the relationship of this concept to other binaries. These changes fall into two categories: the first is phonological, related to sounds and their mutual influences, while the second is morphological, concerning the structure of the word and the positional relations of its components, which is the subject of this research. The significance of the research lies in elucidating the concept of this binary and its synonyms. revealing its role in shaping the structure of words in Arabic. It presents aspects of its role in morphological explanation as scholars interpret changes occurring in the word structure, to derive the rules of this binary and its manifestations in morphological usage. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach as a tool for research by collecting instances of this binary in morphology, classifying, and analyzing them according to what scholars have stated, to extract manifestations of this binary and the rules guiding its use. The research concluded that the structure of the word is ruled by a precise system, linked to specific morphological and phonological factors. And the binary of “strength and weakness” serves as a morphological cause, with a significant impact on explaining the evolution of words and their morphological changes. This allows the Arabic language to possess a flexibility in handling that endows the word with the ability to interact within its components, thus achieving formation according to the principles of ease and facilitation.

This research investigates the semantic dimensions of the word hatred in the Holy Quran through an applied study of Quranic texts that include the word hatred with its various inferences, lexical, phonetic, morphological, contextual, and social, with the aim of identifying the inferences that are based on the radical and broad meanings that the word hatred carries. Therefore, this research was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with the verbal inference of the word hatred in the Holy Quran, including the lexical inference, phonetic inference, and morphological inference. As for the second section, it dealt with the other inferences of the word hatred in the Holy Quran, including the contextual inference and the social inference. The study reached some prominent findings; lexical inference is the main meaning of the word as it appears in Arabic dictionaries and lexicons, both ancient and modern, in addition to the fact that the word of hatred came in the Quran to achieve an educational and moral goal.

The prohibition is similar to the command in terms of importance, and although they represent the thing and its opposite, they are compatible in roles, as the prohibition is mentioned with the command in the wills in a large way, as both share in advice and guidance, and in supplication and prohibition it is mentioned with the prohibitive (la) and other than it, and the origin of the prohibition is its will, and this will may be implemented by speech or other than it, as it may be implemented by the prohibitive (la) or by actions indicating the prohibition, or the explicit action such as (I forbid you), and there is no doubt that the prohibition is the most present style in the collection of the Arabs’ wills after the command, and it was mentioned (924) times in the form of the three, and all the wills were by way of superiority, as they are either from a prince to his subjects, or from a leader to the led, or a father to his sons.

This research explores the implicit structures (ansaq) in the speeches and letters of Umar ibn al-Khattab from religious, social, and political perspectives. It examines how these structures guided the Islamic society, fostering values of justice, equality, and unity. The study highlights the principles embedded in Umar's discourse that contributed to building the Islamic state, such as the purity of faith, social solidarity, and good governance. Additionally, the research emphasizes the role of political frameworks in organizing state affairs through the establishment of administrative bureaus (diwans) and the unification of the Hijri calendar. The study concludes by stressing the importance of analyzing implicit structures in Islamic discourses to understand historical and social dynamics, recommending the application of cultural criticism to other texts in Islamic heritage to uncover their hidden values and their role in shaping society.

Scientific material was focused on studying Hajj services in the Ayyubid era and the Ayyubid’ interest in them. The importance of the research lies in revealing the interest and care of the Ayyubid sultans in Hajj affairs and its tasks, foremost among them Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubid (567 AH - 589 AH / 1172 AD - 1193 AD), who followed the path of his predecessors in caring for pilgrims and taking care of them and securing their path to Hajj throughout his reign, which lasted nearly twenty-two years. He did not delay in providing all available facilities and offering them to pilgrims, but rather considered this one of the priorities that must be taken care of. The problem of the research lies in answering the following questions:
-Did the Ayyubid sultans provide services to the pilgrims?
-Did the Ayyubid state secure the route of the pilgrims' caravans that were always exposed to Frankish raids to ensure their safe arrival and return?
-Did the Ayyubid provide services to the Two Holy Mosques and did this continue throughout the Ayyubid era?
- What was the Ayyubid' position on the taxes imposed on the pilgrims?
-Did the Ayyubid state care about organizing the Hajj caravan, whether in the Levant or in Egypt, by appointing the so-called Emir of Hajj?
The researcher also showed the covering of the Kaaba in the Ayyubid era (567-648 AH/1172-1250 AD), which was one of the tasks of the Abbasid Caliph. The Ayyubid state was subordinate to the Abbasid Caliphate, and the honorable covering was prepared from Egypt every year by order of the Abbasid Caliph, due to Egypt’s fame in the textile industry.

The importance of the book "Mukhtasar al-Tarikh from the beginning of time to the end of the Abbasid state" is not limited to the fact that it is "one of the concentrated books - as described by its researcher Mustafa Jawad - but its importance is evident in that the historian Zahir al-Din Ali Muhammad al-Kaziruni was a reliable and knowledgeable person, one of the most trustworthy. He. Ibn al-Kaziruni was born and lived in Baghdad and received his education from its most prominent scholars and witnessed what happened to it following the Mongol invasion in 656 AH. Ibn al-Kaziruni wrote in various types of sciences: language, literature, jurisprudence, and history. However, only a few of his books have reached us: Mukhtasar al-Tarikh "the subject of the study", and Maqama fi Qawa'id Baghdad, in addition to fragments of his other books scattered in the works that I adopted as a source. Ibn al-Kaziruni followed the method of the book of biographies in dealing with the biography of the Prophet in terms of chronological order. As for the Islamic Caliphate: the Rightly Guided Caliphate, passing through the Umayyads and ending with the Rightly Guided Caliphate, he followed the objective method in presenting it, one caliph after another, reviewing the most important Each of them has created, as the study dealt with his approach in dealing with the sources he used, and their types: oral, or written, and his honesty in transmission, and the methods of presenting the historical material and criticizing it, and the historical approach was adopted for its suitability to the subject of the study. The study concluded with some results, the most important of which were: The book "Mukhtasar al-Tarikh" is a valuable book, its author succeeded in recording the news of Islamic history from the era of the message to the end of the Abbasid state. Despite his abbreviation of the news, he did not compromise the content and sequence of events.

Sharjah is a prominent cultural center in the Arab world, having succeeded in promoting knowledge and education through the development of its libraries and cultural centers. Under the guidance of its wise leadership, the emirate has focused on establishing a culture of reading and encouraging society to expand its cultural horizons. Efforts have included building public and specialized libraries, supported by modern technologies to facilitate access to knowledge. The government has also launched initiatives to promote a love of reading among young people and children, in addition to prominent events such as the Sharjah International Book Fair, which is one of the most important in the Arab world. Efforts have extended to providing digital platforms that support e-learning, reflecting the emirate’s keeping pace with technological developments. Thanks to these initiatives, Sharjah’s libraries have become a role model in spreading knowledge and promoting cultural dialogue, enhancing its position as the cultural capital of the Arab world.

This study presents a comparison between the battles of Harim (559 AH/1164 AD), led by Nur al-Din Mahmoud against the Byzantine-Armenian Crusader alliance, and the decisive Hattin (583 AH/1187 AD), led by Saladin against the Crusader forces. The research explores the events of both battles, given their significant role in the history of the Crusader-Islamic conflict. The Battle of Harim is seen as a strategic victory that enhanced Nur al-Din’s position, demonstrating the ability of local Islamic forces to defeat the Crusader presence in the Levant. Meanwhile, the Battle of Hattin was a military triumph that led to the liberation of Jerusalem from Crusader control, a result of years of planning by both Nur al-Din and Saladin. This study employs a comparative approach, focusing on identifying the similarities and differences between the events and historical phenomena, which deepens the understanding of both battles. The comparative method is essential in historical research as it allows for the exploration of perspectives that are only visible through such an approach. It aids in understanding the evolution of Islamic military thought in confronting the Crusaders, particularly in the context of the military history of the Crusades. This method also illustrates how Muslim leaders benefited from their past experiences in refining their strategies, which ultimately paved the way for their victories.

he urban heritage represents great importance from the tourist perspective. Because of its importance, global interest in it increased in the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, at the level of enacting laws related to its management and protection. and exploiting it in economic development programs, and benefiting from it in achieving long-term financial sustainability; Because it constitutes a national wealth for generations and they have to protect and preserve it. The city of Taif has many heritage potentials that are important attractions for the tourist movement. It is rich in many features of the urban heritage that represent one of the most important components and pillars of cultural tourism, which today has become a promising activity and an important tourism pattern that contributes to increasing the number of tourists, which supports the economy and provides job opportunities for the local community. This research - which relied on the analytical descriptive approach - aims to review the components of the urban heritage in the city of Taif, and to show how to invest it in tourism activity, and to identify the economic methods in dealing with heritage resources as investment-feasible projects, and the role of local communities in investing in heritage. The research also seeks to present a proposed strategy for investing in the urban heritage and exploiting it in tourism development in a way that guarantees the protection and upgrading of heritage resources, considering the social dimension of the population, environmental considerations, and creating economic opportunities that contribute to the development of the community. The local money.

An analysis was carried out to trace the development of the Russian novel in the nineteenth century. This was done by examining the ways of portraying Russian and reality and post-realism. The aim was to answer the following questions: Why was the nineteenth century called the Golden century? And why did the Russian novel become a façade of the literary movement in Russia in the second half of the nineteenth century? It should be noted that the Russian novel during this era reached the depths of the human psyche in an unprecedented way, by presenting the life and ideas of the individual to create multifaceted images of contemporary life and the recent past at the time