journal of Basic Sciences

Oil was discovered in Libya in 1958. Before that, Libya was one of the poorest countries in the world, and agriculture was the primary economic activity in society. Following this discovery, the Libyan economy witnessed a turning point, with oil dominating the economy and prompting rapid growth. Libya became one of the richest countries in the world, especially after the coup from the monarchy to the republic in September 1969. The new government worked to free the country from foreign dependency, nationalizing oil companies and evacuating foreign military bases affiliated with the United States, France, and Britain, in order to advance the country and its economic situation.
The health sector is primarily linked to the economic sector, as good health is an indicator of strong economic growth and a fundamental pillar for achieving economic growth. Healthcare has become a global priority. Focusing on developing health care and improving citizens' quality of life is an opportunity to stimulate trade and attract local and foreign investment.

The research aimed to identify the extent to which biology teachers use artificial intelligence tools in teaching middle school students in Baghdad.The research sample consisted of (50) male and female teachers who teach biology in middle schools affiliated with the Al-Rusafa II Education Directorate/Baghdad. The researcher used a questionnaire related to their awareness and use of artificial intelligence tools, consisting of (30) items and (3) main areas, which are (producing smart content, automating educational tasks, preparing the infrastructure for the use of artificial intelligence), and each area includes (10) items. The validity and reliability of the study instrument were confirmed by applying it to a pilot sample of (22) male and female biology teachers at the intermediate level from within the same population. The research results showed that the extent to which biology teachers use artificial intelligence tools in teaching intermediate schools was limited
The researcher suggested to the Ministry of Education that it conduct workshops and development courses for teaching staff in the field of biology regarding how to deal with technology and artificial intelligence while teaching their students, and prepare the technical resources and infrastructure to implement artificial intelligence technologies.

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Sufism represents a human spiritual phenomenon and represents a philosophy of life according to the theories and methods adopted by the Sufis. It is a field in which religious knowledge interacts with spiritual experience, and it seeks to refine and purify the soul in accordance with the innate human tendency towards closeness to the Creator. It also represents a deeper spiritual and intellectual path that includes walking through multiple spiritual stations to deepen faith, and it differs according to the Sufi trends, but its essence is related to connecting with God and spiritual elevation. This trend has contributed to strengthening the dimension of faith among Sufis, and Sufi women in particular, and consolidating spiritual values.

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This research aims to explore the attitudes of Geography Department students towards blended learning and to determine the extent to which these attitudes are influenced by gender and academic level. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire to measure attitudes, consisting of 40 items on a five-point Likert scale. The research population consisted of all students in the Geography Department at the College of Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, totaling 855 students. A stratified random sample of 555 students was selected, comprising 201 males and 354 females. The face validity of the instrument was verified by expert review, and its reliability was calculated, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.80, which is considered good. Statistical analysis of the data using SPSS software yielded the following results: the t-test results showed statistically significant differences in students' attitudes towards blended learning attributable to gender, and the one-way ANOVA also showed statistically significant differences in students' attitudes towards education. The blended learning is attributed to the academic level variable. Geography students show a positive acceptance of blended learning. The results confirm that there is a substantial effect of the academic level variable on students' attitudes, just as the gender variable has a clear effect, as females excel in the positive attitude towards blended learning. Based on the previous conclusions, the researcher recommends: the necessity of adopting the blended learning model more broadly, with the design of courses to meet the needs of the specialization that combines the theoretical aspect and practical applications, and providing training programs for first-level students and males to enhance their digital skills and increase their positive interaction with the blended system.

Drug addiction is considered one of the most complex and dangerous phenomena affecting individuals and society, as it primarily targets youth and poses a serious threat to the present and future of society. This study aims to analyze the political and social repercussions of drug abuse crimes and their impact on political stability in Iraq in general, and in Wasit Governorate in particular, by identifying the main factors associated with this phenomenon. The importance of the study lies in addressing the issue of drug trafficking and abuse and their negative effects on social stability and, consequently, on the stability of the political process.
The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach to examine the impact of drugs on political stability.

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This study aims to provide a political-geographical analysis of kidney failure in Kirkuk Governorate by examining the spatial distribution of public and private treatment centers, assessing the spatial variation in the number of patients and the capacities of dialysis units, and analyzing the relationship between the health situation and the political-administrative structure of the governorate. The findings show that dialysis services are not randomly distributed; rather, they are concentrated in the city of Kirkuk, which contains the largest share of specialized medical centers, while southern and western areas such as Hawija and Riyadh suffer from limited services, forcing patients to travel long distances. The study relies on patient-visit data for 2023, which indicate a rise in demand for dialysis services to approximately 62,047 visits due to increased chronic cases and weak health oversight. The results reveal that the main factors influencing the concentration of cases include economic conditions, inadequate health services, disparities among administrative units, and political instability, which has affected the provision of treatment halls, beds, and medical equipment. The study also shows that the capacity of the centers is lower than what patients require, and that nursing staff remain insufficient in several units, especially in peripheral areas. The study recommends developing health infrastructure, improving staff efficiency, ensuring equitable service distribution, and adopting geographic information systems to monitor health changes and guide future governmental decisions.

The focus on language—nearly a century ago—pushed the humanities toward what became known as the Narrative Turn. This shift created a need within these disciplines, including psychology, to engage with narrative beyond its literary domain. Psychology thus moved toward this specialization due to its importance and as a way to mitigate the dominance of the cognitive paradigm, which had excluded crucial topics such as self and identity.
Despite the growing significance of narrative psychology in universities, research centers, and therapeutic clinics worldwide, our Arab and local institutions have distanced themselves from this field, even though its theoretical and practical importance has been firmly established. Accordingly, this study aims to provide a critical review of narrative psychology in the Arab context, to alert specialists, researchers, and practitioners in the psychological field to its importance, and to identify the challenges hindering its growth and flourishing in the Arab world. It also raises the question of whether the Western cognitive paradigm can be applied to the Arab reality within this specialization (narrative psychology).
The study relied on analyzing a number of books that addressed narrative psychology, most notably two works: Narrative Psychology by Julia Vassilieva, and Critical, Narrative, and Discursive Psychology: Selected Basic Texts by Parker and colleagues. In addition, several other books were consulted, which, although not directly dedicated to the subject, included chapters relevant to the study.

There is no doubt that sound plays a significant role in constructing text and forming meaning, as it is the first cell in sentence structure. Through sound, different meanings can be distinguished, and the phonetic approach is one of the most important methods used to eliminate dissonance and the muscular effort resulting from these sounds, by influencing their interaction within the flow of speech.
Therefore, this research sought to demonstrate the phonetic approach in Al-Zamakhshari'sbook, "The Golden Necklaces in Sermons and Orations," by examining the most important phonetic phenomena present within it. Al-Zamakhshari employed these phenomena in his sermons and orations to create harmony and balance between disparate sounds in the context, in order to achieve his purpose easily and smoothly, and to influence and persuade the recipient without compromising the flow of the discourse.
With the demonstration of Al-Zamakhshari’s intention in employing the phenomenon of assimilation in a phonetic and semantic manner, as well as employing substitution and similarity to get rid of the heavyness and dissonance and to push the chain of speech towards flow and fluency while preserving the spirit of the meaning that he wants to convey to the recipients.

The musicality of Badi' (rhetorical figures) represents one of the most prominent aesthetic dimensions in Arabic poetry, owing to its inherent rhythmic and phonetic elements. Accordingly, this research investigates the impact of the rhetorical structure—with its underlying semantics and connotations—through the interaction of words and vocabulary. This connection substantially helps to enhancing and highlighting the musical and rhythmic aspects inside literary writings. Hence, the research focuses on the impact of Badi' musicality on both the rhythm of the poetic text and the poetic experience of chosen poets.
This necessitates an elucidation of the concepts of Badi' and "musicality," alongside an examination of rhetoricians' perspectives on these two concepts. Subsequently, the research addresses the significance of musical analysis, the profound attention this concept has garnered among both classical and modern scholars, its efficacy in refining and embellishing speech, and its psychological impact on the human psyche and temperament.
The research emphasizes on the investigation and evaluation of three distinct rhetorical figures: Repetition (Takrar), Paronomasia (Jinas), and Antithesis (Tadadd). By offering example poetic extracts for each, the study seeks to identify the tremendous influence of these personalities on the musicality of poetry. Consequently, this prompts a re-evaluation of the concept of poetic musicality beyond the traditional confines of prosody (‘Ilm al-‘Arud). This is based on the premise that the musical flow generated by poetry transcends formal meter, evoking a profound sense of aesthetic pleasure and emotional resonance that surpasses the mere structural constraints of poetic meters (Buhur) and their metrical feet (Taf'ilat). Indeed, Muslim philosophers and other scholars have historically conceptualized poetry as a language of evocation and imagination—a specialized linguistic application rather than a mere numerical meter formulated by a sequential arrangement of vocalized and unvocalized consonants (movements and pauses) in speech.

Three areas in the Hilla district were studied, namely the Hilla district center, Al- Kifl, and Abi Gharaq, for the period (2018-2023). The study clarified the role and impact of
climatic elements, particularly temperature and relative humidity, on the variation in poultry production quantity and the number of farms prepared for production. It proved that the study area enjoys good climatic characteristics for expanding animal production (poultry), except for some cases that witness sharp changes in climatic elements that require human intervention using air conditioning and refrigeration technologies to cope with climatic fluctuations. The study confirmed the continued increase in production during the study years, as production did not fall below the required level. The year (2023) witnessed the highest value of poultry production, reaching approximately (2,340,917 kg/year) at the study area level, while the lowest value of production was recorded in (2018), reaching approximately (851,172 kg/year). As for the equantity of production at the administrative unit level, the Hilla district center rankd first, followed by the area (Al- Kifl) ,
then (Abi Gharq), ranked third in terms of the number of farms and the quantity of meat animal
production, It is worth noting that there were no egg farms in the center of Hilla district
area while the (AlKifl) region ranked first, followed by Abi Gharq, in terms of the quantity of production and the number of farms for animals dedicated to their egg production ,
the study also demonstrated a moderate positive correlation between temperature , the number of farms , and their production quantity for meat and eggs production , while poultry productivity and relative humidity were weakly inversely related in terms of the number of broods and their meat and egg production ,
. It is wort noting that there were no egg farms in the center of Al-Hillah district. The study also showed the role of other natural and human factors that complement the role of climatic elemet in the variation of poultry productivity in of the region the study .

The current research aims to identify the level of blended learning employment in teaching dictation at the primary stage and measure statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in the level of blended learning employment according to the variables of gender (male – female), academic qualification (diploma – bachelor’s degree – postgraduate studies), and years of service (less than 5 years – 5-10 years – 10-15 years). To achieve these objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The research population consisted of Arabic language teachers in public primary schools affiliated with the Wasit Education Directorate – Al-Aziziyah District for the academic year (2025-2026). A sample of (100) male and female teachers was selected. The researcher used the SPSS program for statistical processing. The researcher reached a set of results, including that teachers use blended learning to a relatively high degree in teaching dictation, with variation among different dimensions. Planning for blended learning and classroom and digital management recorded the highest averages, while the executive and evaluative dimensions were relatively lower. Regarding the gender variable, the results showed that females outperformed males in the dimensions of planning and classroom management. Concerning the academic qualification variable, it was found that teachers with postgraduate studies recorded higher levels in planning and management compared to those with diplomas and bachelor's degrees. Regarding the years of service variable, the results showed that teachers with (less than 5 years) of experience have a greater ability to employ blended learning in some dimensions. The researcher also suggests conducting a study on the effectiveness of blended learning in developing students' critical thinking skills.

Self-regulation of cognitive processes is defined as the activity exerted by learners starting from receiving information, representing and integrating it into their cognitive structure, and then using it to achieve the intended goals. Helping students develop these concepts appears increasingly important to meet the challenges they may face in the future. From this perspective, the present study aimed to identify: The level of self-regulation of cognitive processes among preparatory school students. Statistically significant differences in self-regulation of cognitive processes according to the variables of gender and specialization. The study was limited to fourth-grade secondary school students of both genders (male and female) and both specializations (scientific and literary). A sample of (200) male and female students was selected using a stratified random sampling method with equal distribution. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher adopted the Self-Regulation of Cognitive Processes Scale developed by Miller and Kelly (2004), which in its initial form consisted of (30) items distributed across six domains: attention focusing, reflection–impulsivity, self-control, skills organization, perseverance, and self-regulation. Two types of validity were established: face validity and construct validity. Reliability was determined using the test–retest method, yielding a reliability coefficient of (0.76), while the split-half method produced a reliability coefficient of (0.78). The final version of the scale consisted of (30) items. After administering the instrument to the research sample and statistically analyzing the collected data, the researcher reached the following results: students in the research sample generally demonstrated a good level of self-regulation of cognitive processes, as their mean score exceeded the hypothetical mean of the scale. Students in the scientific specialization showed a higher level of self-regulation of cognitive processes than those in the literary specialization, for both genders. In light of the study results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations deemed beneficial for students’ learning, and, as a continuation of the research, proposed several topics for future studies

The study examined the nature of the relationships between Corinth and its colonies in Sicily during the fifth century BCE, with particular emphasis on the colony of Syracuse as the most prominent Corinthian outpost on the island. The research argued that these ties were not a form of direct subordination; rather, the colonies enjoyed a degree of political autonomy while maintaining historical, religious, and strategic connections with the mother city. Using a historical-analytical approach, the study traced the development of these relationships in the context of political and military changes, especially during the Peloponnesian Wars, drawing on both ancient Greek sources and modern scholarship. The findings indicated that Corinth’s stance toward its colonies was primarily guided by political and strategic interests rather than other considerations, and that the Peloponnesian conflict reshaped this relationship, giving it a clearer military dimension. The study concluded that Sicily occupied a central position in Greek politics, and that the relationship between Corinth and its colonies, such as Syracuse, exemplified a balance between autonomy and cooperation dictated by the political realities of the time.

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This paper aims to solve fuzzy nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equations in three variables. The formula under study is an important type of nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm equation. The fuzzy integral equation with nonlinear fuzzy kernels is proven with convergence analysis. Furthermore, the study establishes certain properties of the solution. The results also demonstrate that, for the parametric cases of the fuzzy problem formulation, some necessary and sufficient conditions are met for the Lebenszian model of various functions and their derivatives, as well as the use of Lebenszian's rule for the presented problem formulation. The study also demonstrates the existence and uniqueness of solutions in the space of continuous fuzzy functions with a regular criterion, which generalises the space of fuzzy numbers and is based on the contraction condition.

This study is an investigation into the syntactic and structural aspects of complex clauses in six varied text types, namely literary texts, academically written texts, journalistic texts, conversations, technical texts, and poetic texts. Having a balanced number of sixty texts, the present study merges computational parsing with qualitative analysis of clausal function to determine the genre-dependent features of sentence complexity. Such quantitative-based measures as clausal density, sentence length, and readability indices have been tested statistically to show significant similarities and dissimilarities among text types. Furthermore, qualitative measures within a functional grammar approach have highlighted the rhetorical aspects of complex forms. The findings have demonstrated that complexity is more than a stylistic choice; indeed, it is genre-based communicative strategy affected by the expectations and cognitive requirements of readers. Implications for linguistic theory, pedagogy, and genre-sensitive text production have been taken into account.

This study investigates the phonological characteristics of stuttering among autistic individuals in Iraq’s Mosuli society, addressing a research gap beyond Western contexts. Employing a qualitative case study approach, participants were asked to read a set of pre-prepared Arabic words while being video-recorded, allowing for detailed phonological analysis. The study aimed to identify types of stuttering—repetitions, prolongations, and blocks—and to determine which Arabic phonemes were most associated with these disfluencies. The results revealed the occurrence of all three stuttering types, with the phonemes /ħ/, /æ/, and /ʊ/ particularly linked to blocks and prolongations. This indicates that specific sounds in the Mosuli dialect may present unique articulatory challenges, reflecting underlying phonological processing difficulties among autistic speakers. The findings are significant in highlighting the influence of dialectal and linguistic factors on stuttering and underscore the need for speech therapy approaches that are culturally and linguistically adapted to Arabic-speaking autistic individuals.

The present study aimed to determine the physiological, biochemical, and histological effects of Candida glabrata on the female reproductive system of mice and the therapeutic role of rosemary aqueous extract in the blood and reproductive system throughout the experiment period and to compare these effects with the role of this extract in synergy with amphotericin-B. The experiment lasted for (28) days. (35) mice were divided into 7 groups, each containing 5 mice, aged (16) weeks, which were first treated with estradiol hormone, except for the control group, to induce false menstruation, as it was injected with 0.5 mg subcutaneously for 6 days at a rate of one injection every two days before the start of the experiment. After that, a portion of these animals was vaginally injected with Candida glabrata fungus every two days for 6 days. After that, the experiment was conducted.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare and highly aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the thyroid gland. Around three-fourths of cases are sporadic, and in 50% of these cases, there are somatic mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. Recently, delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), which is broadly expressed in neuroendocrine tumors, emerged as a new target molecule. Therefore, the current analysis of the correlation of the overexpression of the DLL3 gene and its clinical value is of great interest. In this work, a total of 69 formalin-fixed, paraffin-sectioned sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma samples were studied. Among those, 48 cases were already known to be associated with confirmed lymph node metastases, and 21 cases were stage I or stage II MTC without nodal involvement. Expression of the DLL3 gene was evaluated by RT-qPCR and correlated with clinical and pathological factors. High DLL3 gene expression was remarkably correlated with lymph node involvement, whereas tumors without stromal desmoplasia consistently exhibited an absence of DLL3 expression. These data emphasize the role of the DLL3 gene in MTC and its correlation with disease aggressiveness. It appears that DLL3 is an accurate surrogate marker for the presence of lymph node metastases and may similarly reflect disease aggressiveness. Given the theoretically promising role of DLL3 in the treatment of other tumors that express the gene, DLL3 may also serve as an alternative therapeutic target in MTC.

Background: Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli is a major concern for public health, as it reduces options to treat infections such at urinary tract infection (UTI). Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and other natural plant products have been of interest for their ability to modify antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria, a capacity largely attributed to bioactive polyphenols. Objective: The purpose of this work was to investigate in vitro the potential effect of green tea leaf ethanol extract on the antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates. Materials and Methods: Green tea leaves was extracted using ethanol and re-dissolved 1% DMSO. Five concentrations of green tea leaves ethanol extract 0.60, 0.50, 0.30, 0.16 and 0.08 g/mL were studied. E. coli isolates were detected by biochemical procedures and further tested using a VITEK 2 compact analyzer according to their biological profile; susceptibility to different antibiotic types was also established. Results: Exposure to green tea leaf ethanol extract at 0.16g/ml and 0.08 g/mL concentrations was associated with notable changes in the antibiotic susceptibility profile of E. coli. The observed alterations included a shift from a generally susceptible profile to an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype under the experimental conditions. Conclusion: Findings suggest that green tea leaf ethanol extract may modulate E. coli antibiotic resistance profile in vitro, indicating potential relationship between plant compounds and microbial antibacterial resistance mechanisms necessitating additional exploration

In this article, the generalized exponential Rayleigh distribution and reliability function are defined by using a censored sample. Censored data plays an important role in life over time and is divided into three branches: left-censored data, interval, and right-censored data. In this paper, we study the part of right censoring called (type one) by explaining the maximum likelihood method under type one. We are estimating and deriving the three parameters of the Generalized Exponential Rayleigh distribution under the formula of type one; this method depends on the Newton-Raphson method. to find the estimate of the reliability function using the simulation procedure by the Monte Carlo technique under different sample sizes and various initial values for the parameters for all estimated parameters of the generalized exponential Rayleigh distribution by applying the initial values in the MATLAB program, then comparing the estimated reliability function with the empirical reliability function by utilizing the mean squares error procedure. Finally, finding the probability density function f(t), the reliability function.

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production, impaired insulin action, or both. The Uncontrolled-DM remains a major public health problem due to its association with multiple health complications. This study aimed to evaluate microbial, immunological, and other contributing factors associated with health deterioration among patients compared with healthy controls. The structured questionnaire was used to collect the data on the basis of the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association and was tested on the pilot study, and on the basis of Cronbach's alpha. Moreover, two hindered oral swab samples were gathered and examined on the basis of traditional microbiological procedures and the VITEK 2 Compact system to determine fungal agents. Additionally, HbA1c, IAA, ANA, and ESR were measured. The outcomes indicated that the prevalence of oral fungal infections was much higher in diabetic patients, and Candida albicans was the most common one. The level of inflammatory markers were high significant increasing in the patients compared to control, poor sexual life and work capacity, along with a high rate of negative emotional feelings, were also observed in diabetic patients, implying a high psychological burden. The findings indicate the multi-dimensional effects of uncontrolled diabetes on immunological, microbial, and psychosocial health. In addition to this, demographics and education were discovered to be factors that affected disease awareness and healthcare satisfaction. The presence of microbial infections, an increase in the level of inflammatory markers, and suffering highlight the importance of multidimensional patient management plans beyond glycemic control. In conclusion: this study has shown that uncontrolled diabetes is also linked to higher vulnerability to oral diseases, dysfunction in the immune system, lower quality of life, and psychological impairment. It is important to include oral screening, immunological markers, psychological assistance, and multidisciplinary care in the program of diabetes management to achieve a better clinical outcome and overall living standards in this demographic.

This study examines the effectiveness of dialogue in the textual structure of the poetry the “Mutā’allihīn” in the Pre-Islamic era, considering it one of the stylistic components that contributed to distinguishing poetic consciousness from what was prevalent at the time. The poetry of the God-loving and God-annihilated constituted a distinct artistic phenomenon, manifested in a departure from the traditional poetic pattern and the articulation of a monotheistic religious vision that advanced a discourse transcending the familiar boundaries of Pre-Islamic poetry. Dialogue in this poetry functioned as a central device for shaping the spiritual experience and expressing the alternative consciousness adopted by these poets. Its patterns varied between dialogue with nature, dialogue with the reproaching figure as well as its manifestation in didactic religious discourse. The study adopts a stylistic-analytical approach aimed at uncovering the internal and external levels of dialogue and clarifying their functions in the construction of the poetic text. Accordingly, dialogic structure emerges as a fundamental entry point for understanding the specificity of the poetry of the God-conscious poets and its distinctiveness within the Pre-Islamic poetic landscape.

Four compounds with heterocyclic six-membered rings (K1-K4) were synthesized in this work via the use of Schiff's bases and the appropriate reagents. To prepare Schiff bases, 4-chloroaniline was condensed with different aromatic aldehydes in absolute ethanol with a few drops of glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The substituted 1,3-thiazinan-4-one was obtained by treating these Schiff bases with 3-mercaptopropanoic acid in anhydrous benzene under reflux conditions. The products were isolated, purified, and characterized by FT-IR, 1H- NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and C.H.N. analysis. Finally, molecular docking was used to investigate the inhibitory effects of the produced compounds (K1-K4) on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). All the 1,3-thiazinan-4-one derivatives showed enzyme inhibitory activity. The derivative K1, with a docking score of -9.3 kcal/mole, revealed good inhibitory effects on AChE inhibition compared with galanthamine, which was used as a reference drug.