Journal of Education for Humanities

This study explores banking activity in the Islamic era, with a special focus on the Abbasid era, which witnessed unprecedented economic and commercial prosperity. It demonstrates how the banking profession evolved from a mere currency exchange into a strategic tool for supporting trade, by financing caravans, managing deposits, and contributing to market stability. It also examines the economic and social dimensions of this profession, comparing the Abbasid experience with some modern economic concepts such as financial inclusion and reducing transaction costs, drawing on authentic historical sources and contemporary economic analysis within the framework of sustainable development

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Peace and blessings be upon the noblest of the messengers, our master Muhammad, and upon his family and companions. To proceed:
Allah the Exalted has endowed our noble Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) with every aspect of human greatness— in his essence, his noble qualities, and all his states. He granted him perfection in both physical form and character to the highest degree of excellence, to the extent that Allah, Glorified be He, praised him saying: “And indeed, you are of a great moral character” (Al-Qalam: 4). Allah Almighty also says in His Noble Book: “Indeed, in the Messenger of Allah you have an excellent example for whoever hopes in Allah and the Last Day and remembers Allah often” (Al-Ahzab: 21).
Therefore, it is incumbent upon us to give due attention to studying his biography. This concise research focuses on the book History of Prophets and Kings by Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, a comprehensive encyclopedic work that combines historical narration with academic documentation. It contains numerous reports concerning the noble Prophetic biography and covers extensive historical periods, making it a fundamental reference for understanding Islamic and world history through its methodological approach and multiple narrations. Al-Tabari presents a comprehensive view of events that shaped the course of human civilizations.
Accordingly, this research has been divided into three sections. The first section introduces Imam al-Tabari, discussing his scholarly journeys, his most prominent teachers, his well-known students, his creed, his jurisprudential school, his scholarly standing, and scholars’ opinions about him.
The second section addresses the events of the Prophetic biography as presented in the book during the first year after the Hijrah, including the Prophet’s migration (peace and blessings be upon him) to Madinah, his first sermon there, the establishment of the Mosque of Quba, and his dispatching of expeditions.
The third section provides a brief overview of the most important events of the Prophetic biography in the second year after the Hijrah, including the Battle of Badr and its consequences, the expedition against Banu Qaynuqaʿ and its outcomes, followed by the Expedition of al-Sawiq. The research concludes with a conclusion and a list of sources and references

instruct a scale for family disintegration among male residents of the observation home in Nineveh, as well as to identify the level of family disintegration among male residents of the observation home in Nineveh. It also aimed to identify statistically significant differences in family disintegration among male residents of the observation home in Nineveh according to the following variables:
A- Birth order (1-3), (4-6), and (7- and above) B- Variable number of family members (3-6), (4-6), (11- and above) C- Type of misdemeanor (violent crimes and serious misdemeanors include fighting, murder, attempted murder, terrorism, rape, sodomy, threats, robbery) and (moral or financial crimes include theft, defamation, slander, and moral harassment
The marital status of the mother (married, widowed, divorced, deceased). The basic research sample consisted of (190) inmates of the male observation home in Nineveh, who were chosen intentionally. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers built a scale to measure the patterns of social interaction and family disintegration among the male observation home inmates in Nineveh, which had (56) paragraphs with five-point alternativesThe standard properties of the scale were verified, as apparent validity was found by presenting it to a group of experts and specialists. The structural validity of the scale was also found by extracting the discriminating power of its paragraphs and calculating the internal consistency coefficient. The relationship of each paragraph of the scale to the total score of the scale was also calculated
The reliability of the scale was also extracted by the retest method, as the reliability coefficient value reached (0.87). The data extracted from the answers of the research sample members were processed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, including Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the t-test for one sample, and the one-way analysis of variance. The researchers reached the following results The results showed that the research sample had a below-average level of family disintegration.
The results also showed no statistically significant differences in family disintegration among male residents of the Nineveh observation home and the four research variables.
In light of the research findings, a number of recommendations and proposals were made, including
- Awareness programs for divorced parents on the importance of continuing their role in their children's lives.
- Establishing psychological and educational support centers in middle-income neighborhoods, where families most vulnerable to stress are often located.
- Specialized rehabilitation programs based on the type of crime.
- Building community partnerships: Partnerships between juvenile prisons and universities (psychology and social work departments) to provide counseling and programs Encouraging civil society organizations to adopt ongoing family counseling programs for families with criminal histories.
- Conducting a longitudinal study to follow up on inmates after their release to evaluate the effectiveness of reform programs.
- Studying the phenomenon of "functional disintegration in stable families in more depth and developing indicators for early detection

This study examines the scholarly life of one of the scholars of the Islamic West, Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Naji al-Tanukhi al-Qayrawani al-Maliki, who was known by the title al-Tanukhi in reference to his ancestor Tanukh. He lived during the 8th century AH / 14th century CE. Ibn Naji al-Tanukhi was a distinguished jurist, traditionist, and historian whose name became prominent particularly within the Maliki school of thought.
He lived during a period of significant intellectual activity in North Africa, especially in Kairouan and Tunis. He was a contemporary of many leading Maliki scholars and studied under some of the greatest teachers of the Maliki school, from whom he learned jurisprudence, Qur’anic exegesis, and Hadith. He also taught in scholarly institutions and mosques in Kairouan.
Regarding Ibn Naji al-Tanukhi’s scholarly status, it is evident that he authored numerous works in Maliki jurisprudence, among them Sharh al-Mudawwana (Commentary on al-Mudawwana), known as Sharh Ibn Naji, which is considered one of the most important works in Maliki fiqh. He also had other works, some of which are lost or attributed to him, including writings on Hadith and the Prophetic biography (Sīrah). Ibn Naji al-Tanukhi passed away in 839 AH / 1435 CE

The large Kuwaiti Mubarak Port, with its strategic location in the northern Arabian Gulf near the Iraqi border, poses a significant economic challenge to Iraq. It aims to reduce Iraq's dependence on its ports and trade by decreasing its share of international shipping lanes, especially with the overlapping of maritime borders and the creation of direct competition for the Grand Faw Port, also known as the Grand Basra Port, which is expected to be completed. This could cause Iraq to lose a large part of its economic revenues and undermine its ambitions as a regional strategic hub, especially with the Mubarak Port's connection to global initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative. Moreover, the Mubarak Port's existence has reduced the Iraqi coastline, prevented Iraq from having a sea outlet, affected Iraqi investments in the region, and threatened the viability of the Faw Port and weakened its competitiveness.

The study focused on the importance of the intellectual output of Islamic newspapers in Iraq, particularly the newspapers of the Islamic Guidance Society (Jam'iyat al-Hidaya al-Islamiya) during the period 1930-1945. The study highlights the role of these newspapers in spreading Islamic thought, promoting religious values, tolerance, compassion, and coexistence among members of society. These newspapers had a significant impact on raising awareness among Muslims, responding to doubts about Islam, and resisting atheism and non-Islamic propaganda, which contributed to strengthening the religious identity in Iraqi society

Popular customs and traditions among Iraqis in general, and Mosulis in particular, are an integral part of the ancient popular heritage and legacy, which in turn is a part of the authentic Arab-Islamic heritage. Societies differ in their cultural heritage, in terms of the depth and value of their historical heritage, and even in their interest in human heritage, its renewal, and the preservation of its natural and modern features and forms. Iraqis, with all their sects and nationalities, are like all other peoples in this field. They have their own customs and traditions that are very distinctive, but they are distinguished from all other peoples by their rituals, quality and simplicity. We are not surprised that the Iraqi people are classified, through their heritage, customs and traditions, as the most generous people in the world. We often hear and see with our own eyes vocabulary, terms and proverbs about customs, traditions and popular heritage. These are inherited throughout history, common among peoples and used in daily life. They are one of the most important drivers that directly influence the course of life of individuals and peoples in a single society

This research examines the conditional construction and its connotations in the noble Prophetic hadith: (“Whoever believes in God and the Last Day, let him speak good or remain silent. Whoever believes in God and the Last Day, let him honor his neighbor. Whoever believes in God and the Last Day, let him honor his guest.”) from a grammatical and semantic perspective, The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach in tracing the grammatical structure of the condition, and analyzing its components represented by the conditional tool, the conditional clause, and the consequence clause, while clarifying the effect of this structure in conveying meaning and establishing values. The study and its results showed that the hadith was built on three parallel conditional sentences that begin with the conditional tool “whoever”, It came to link the condition of belief in God and the Last Day, and the reward for this belief. The analysis also showed that the meaning of the conditional structure in the hadith is an obligatory meaning, as it indicates that the realization of true faith requires the Muslim to be committed to controlling his tongue, being a good neighbor, and being a generous host. The structural repetition contributed to strengthening the meaning and achieving emphasis, Highlighting the comprehensive impact of faith on all aspects of life, the study concludes that the conditional structures in the prophetic texts carry a comprehensive rhetorical, legislative, and educational dimension, combining precise grammatical formulation with profound meaning, reflecting the genius of the prophetic statement in linking belief to behavior

Although studies and research that collect semantic terms are numerous, they are limited. However, the lists that explain the meanings of words are limitless, because they are in constant development, change, and transition within the linguistic system and general linguistic usage. This is not surprising, as the Arabic language is a living entity, as Jurji Zaydan says, meaning that it is in constant development, resulting in continuous linguistic richness. Based on this, new usage of words arises, which in turn constitutes a source of development and semantic transition in general linguistic usage. From this standpoint, this study is based on monitoring the words whose meanings have developed in Ibn Qutaybah's book "Gharib al-Hadith" among Arabic dictionaries, in an inductive manner that aims to discuss the multiplicity of studies that have occurred regarding terms, attempting to follow the origin of their use and the stages of meaning transition within them. The research also aims to clarify the concept of semantic change in the book "Gharib al-Hadith" and identify its forms and reasons for its emergence, citing the Holy Qur'an, the noble Prophetic Hadith, eloquent Arabic poetry, Arab sayings, and knowledge of their origins in Arabic dictionaries

This study explores the emergence and development of military schools during the Abbasid Caliphate (132–656 AH). It focuses on the institutional evolution of these training centers into organized educational entities that systematically trained soldiers and military leaders.
The research analyzes the structure, curriculum, and function of these schools and their role in fostering political loyalty and strengthening central authority. It also provides a comparative analysis with the Sassanid, Byzantine, and early Turkish military systems, highlighting the uniqueness of the Abbasid model in integrating religious, political, and military education.
Additionally, the study traces the Abbasid military educational roots to the Umayyad era and examines their profound influence on subsequent Islamic states, including the Buyids, Seljuks, Mamluks, and Ottomans.
The study concludes that military schools were foundational to Abbasid military efficiency and state control, despite their later contribution to the rise of dominant military elites

This study examines the Ottoman military policy in dealing with local revolts in the Province of Aleppo during the period (1795–1822), a stage characterized by political and social unrest and a decline in the authority of the central state. The research focuses on the nature of the challenges faced by the Ottoman administration as a result of limited resources, the growing influence of local powers, and increasing tensions between military factions, tribes, and clans in the province’s surroundings. It also highlights the mechanisms adopted by the state to contain these revolts, including military campaigns, the replacement of governors, the reorganization of local forces, in addition to resorting to negotiation and reconciliation when necessary. The study further underscores the impact of these policies on strengthening or weakening the state’s position in the region, and how revolts constituted a pressing factor on the Ottoman Empire amid regional rivalries and struggles for influence.

The global environment, particularly in Iraq, has witnessed rapid climate transformations in recent decades, representing one of the most significant strategic challenges of the twenty-first century. Climate change has become a global phenomenon with intertwined environmental and geopolitical dimensions. The question arises as to the extent to which human activities and geopolitical factors contribute to the exacerbation of these transformations. How human geographic factors such as population growth, industrial expansion, agricultural environment, transportation networks, energy sources, and rapid urbanization are reshaping the characteristics of global and regional climate.
Despite the tremendous scientific and technological progress achieved by modern societies, the unbalanced expansion of human activity has become the most influential factor accelerating the pace of climate change. This is due to the excessive consumption of natural resources, the heavy gas emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels, the rapid population growth, and the uncontrolled urbanization that puts pressure on ecosystems.
In this context, a pivotal problem emerges: analyzing the interactive role of human geographic elements in causing climate change, and revealing the geopolitical dimensions of this phenomenon, particularly in light of the clear disparity between countries in their economic and technical capabilities and adopted environmental policies, and the resulting imbalances in the balance of responsibility and ability to cope

The phonetic level is the first level of stylistic analysis concerned with the study of sound changes and the extent of their impact on the recipient. Accordingly, in this research, we addressed the manifestations of phonetic density and its impact on the connotation, by monitoring the most frequent sounds and linking them to the context in which they appear, revealing the creator\'s vocal style; this is due to its importance in embodying his emotions in a suggestive manner, relying on the rhythmic structure of the voice - the first tangible physical manifestation - as the basic building block in the construction of the poetic text; this is of great importance in creating an attractive musical atmosphere, and then reflected in the emotional state of the recipient. This is the first physical manifestation of the sound as the basic building block of the poetic text because of its great importance in creating a breathtaking musical atmosphere, and then this is reflected on the recipient\'s emotional state, which leaves a deep impact on his imaginative powers, through skillful selection and good composition, as the rhythm is the first thing that strikes the ear and affects the hearing, so we can start from it to analyze the text, meaning that it is an effective mechanism in enhancing and confirming the connotation.
The research approaches selected samples of Tamim Barghouti\'s poetry, as he was meticulous in his poetic structure, especially the sound, through which we aim to provide a stylistic analysis that shows the extent of his success in the inclusion of certain sounds in certain contexts, relying on the descriptive (analytical) and statistical methods, in addition to showing his uniqueness with a distinctive sound engineering, as he was characterized by beautiful weaving, soberness of style and strength, as we found in his poetry what prompts us to study him a sound stylistic study

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

The light of the Islamic religion illuminated the universe, and the four doctrinal schools extended the Islamic radiance to horizons, and among those who bore the doctrinal glow were the school of (the people of opinion) or (the school of opinion), which was launched and radiated from the land of Kufa, the home of ancient and modern sciences. The origin of the jurisprudential sciences in terms of understanding, deduction and rulings were generated from this school and the scientific and cognitive threads was woven from it, and these threads extended to all parts of the Eastern and Western of the Arabic and Islamic world, and it was the Hanafi school.

Think tanks exert a significant influence on the social, scientific, and economic life of nations. Their work across various orientations and humanities disciplines in developed countries has had a major impact on the planning and development of those societies. This is because think tanks, through their studies and research, address developmental problems with an academic rigor, solving them according to a sustainable, scientific, and developmental methodology.
For instance, most developed nations, which were pioneers in establishing think tanks, have greatly benefited from them in addressing their social, economic, service-related, and even political issues. This is achieved through the vision of these specialized centers, which conduct research and studies within their own countries or for others upon request. Specialist researchers conduct these studies to tackle problems plaguing their societies—such as poverty, education, healthcare, or unemployment—and to find effective solutions, often linking them to economic revitalization. The additional financial resources generated are then channeled into other social and service sectors according to structured developmental plans that obligated developmental institutions to adopt and implement them.
Consequently, the research produced by these think tanks has contributed to the advancement of those societies, ultimately enabling them to create sustainable development for their countries. This highlights the core importance of think tanks: their contribution to decision-making and providing essential information to decision-makers across various sectors, enabling them to direct policies and plans in a scientific and sound manner, thereby supporting development and progress.
Therefore, think tanks are considered factories of knowledge products that drive the wheels of economic and social development in any country that utilizes them. Furthermore, they play a vital role in preserving heritage and knowledge, acting as a vessel for the memory of human history and contributing to the preservation and development of knowledge accumulated over the ages. They also scientific competencies by providing a suitable environment for scientists and researchers to invest their energies and innovations, which contributes to societal progress through sustainable development.

The fourth century AH witnessed a significant inclination among Andalusians to travel to the East in pursuit of knowledge. This naturally coincided with the flourishing scientific renaissance that Andalusia experienced during that era. By researching and studying the topic of the Andalusian journey to the East (Mashriq), one can track its impact on the history and civilization of Andalusia. Doing so requires the careful and correct selection of historical sources to document that journey, understand its implications, and study its outcomes for the Andalusian civilization.
These sources were diverse and encompassed more than one type of historical documentation. Foremost among them were biographical dictionaries, which served as the primary resource for the topic of scholarly journeys, both Andalusian (such as Tarikh Ulama al-Andalus by Ibn al-Fardi and Al-Sila by Ibn Bashkuwal) and Mashriqi (such as Mu'jam al-Udaba by Yaqut al-Hamawi and Inbah al-Ruwat by al-Qifti) . This research will identify the most important resource among the various historical sources when writing about the Andalusian scholarly journey

One of the main characteristics of Islam is moderation which refers to the straightness of the path and avoidance of excess or deviation This concept of moderation is clarified by God Almighty in the Quran as stated From this principle emerged the idea of establishing the Global Forum for Moderation which aims to instill a spirit of tolerance love cooperation and respect for religious and intellectual freedom

Through its scholarly activities the forum has highlighted that one of the main causes of extremism is a misunderstanding of Islam and the solution lies in promoting a culture of dialogue among citizens the Arab and Islamic nations and between people of different civilizations and religions

The Islamic Ummah requires a renewal of Islamic discourse to strengthen the values of moderation and balance and to confront intellectual and cultural extremism The reformist approach adopted by the forum embodies this discourse relying on Islamic values to establish

This study aims to examine the origins and development of schools and educational institutions during the Seljuk period, with particular emphasis on their architectural and artistic aspects. The Seljuks devoted considerable attention to the dissemination of education and the promotion of both religious and rational sciences, founding numerous Nizāmiyya madrasas that became advanced models for educational institutions in the Islamic world.
These madrasas were distinguished by exemplary Islamic architecture, commonly organized on a four-iwan plan with expansive internal courtyards, massive arches, and high domes that provided natural light and ventilation. They appeared in two principal forms: closed-courtyard and open-courtyard schools. In terms of ornamentation, the Seljuks excelled in the use of muqarnas to decorate domes and entrances, and employed various Arabic scripts such as Kufic and Naskh to inscribe Qur’anic verses on the walls and ceilings of mosques and educational buildings. They also paid careful attention to geometric and vegetal motifs carved on walls and to the embellishment of façades with glazed tiles in blue and turquoise hues. Among the most prominent examples are the Nizāmiyya in Baghdad and Nishapur, and the madrasas of Tokat, Konya, Kayseri, and Sivas in Anatolia. Seljuk architecture left a lasting imprint on subsequent periods—particularly on Ottoman architecture—from which many of its architectural, artistic, and aesthetic elements, as well as traditions of Arabic calligraphy and Islamic ornamentation, were adopted

Summary The summary of our research (Arabic Grammar Between Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence Towards Sustaining the Identity of the Language) is to clarify the interaction between Arabic grammar from its classical traditional perspective and modern linguistics, as well as its relation to artificial intelligence and Natural Language Processing (NLP), aiming to preserve and sustain the identity of Arabic grammar with its rules. The need for this study arose due to contemporary trends, particularly technological ones, and the extent to which they can contribute to maintaining the identity of the Arabic language. Accordingly, the research was divided into an introduction and two main chapters. The first chapter addressed: Arabic grammar between preserving identity and the elements of modern study, containing two sections: the first section is the role of grammar in preserving the identity of the Arabic language, and the second section is attempts to develop grammatical study in light of linguistics. The second chapter discussed: artificial intelligence, the Arabic language, and the sustainability of its identity, with two sections: the first section covers artificial intelligence applications in Natural Language Processing (NLP), and the second section addresses the Arabic language and sustaining its identity. The conclusion presented the main findings of the research and included the sources and references. Success is from God.

The book Al-Itifa' Fi Akhbar al- Khulafa' by Ibn al-Kardabus, who was still alive in (575AH/1179AD) is considered arelatively late historical source, yet it preserves valuable material on the early Abbasid period, particularly on the role of Viziers between the Foundation of the Abbasid state in (132AH/749AD) and the death of caliph al-Mutawakkil in (247AH/861AD). The text sheds light on the Abbasid Vizierate as a central political and administrative institutions in managing state affairs.
Ibn al- Kardabus highlights the names of Viziers, the conditions of their appointment, and their relationships with the caliphs. the early Abbasids relied on Prominent Arab and Mawali figures, before the dominance of great family such as the Barmakids, whose administrative reforms and centralizing policies deeply shaped the caliphate until their famous downfall under Harun al-Rashid. The book also presents biographies of influential Viziers such as Abu Ayyub al-Muriyani, who organized the state bureaus, and al-Fadl ibn sahl, the vizier of al-Ma'Mun, who combined political and military leadership to consolidate the caliph's authority.
The text also reveals the nature of caliph - Vizier relations, sometimes harmonious and based on trust, as in the case of yahya ibn khalid al- Barmaki with Harun al- Rashid, and sometimes Fraught with suspicion and rivalry, as seen in the fate of Ibn al- Zayyat under al- Wathiq and al- Mutawakkil. The vizierate Was not merely an administrative office, it was an institution with intellectual, economic, and military dimensions Viziers often played decisive roles in political decision- making and influenced major events such as internal revolts and Conflicts with regional Powers.
From acritical perspective, Ibn al- Kardabus's accounts must be balanced with earlier sources such as al- Tabari, al- ya'qubi, and al- Mas'udi, since be often transmitted reports Without rigorous scruting nevertheless, his work remains Valuable, refecting how alater andalusian historian perceived the Abbasid calphate and its key institutions, especially the vizierata. whickmh stood as the baxhbone of Abbasid governmance during its golden age.

The city of Baghdad was established as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Since its founding by the Abbasside Caliph Abu Jaafar al- Mansur, it has become one of the most Islamic cities, based on its distinctive urban planning, which was established in a circular manner to provide security and protection for the city. Perhaps the ingenuity of the Abbasids in construction was that they made its distinctive urban planning a fundamental basis for sustainable development, which did not appear in its basic from at that time, but rather consisted of several elements, the most important of which were the circular urban planning of the city and the irrigation system that met the daily needs of the population for drinking water and irrigation, the city, with its medieval plan, provided an integrated system that achieved an internal balance between the economic and social needs of the city, and made the city of Baghdad occupy a prestigious position among the capitals of the Islamic world, and an important model to be emulated as a city of Sustainable development, with its distinguished urban planning, which had a circular shape, giving the city a beautiful urban specificity and providing it with comprehensive protection. The Abbasids also made use of the river tributaries that pass through Baghdad, such as the Tigris and Euphrates reveres, to establish a Sophisticated irrigation system. Thus, the City of Baghdad provide the elements of sustainable development and made it one of the most important, prosperous, and developed capitals of the Islamic world

The study "The Structure of Nouns and Verbs in Surat Abasa" falls under the morphological studies of the Holy Quran. The surah contains nouns and verbs, and the structure of nouns varies between derivatives, proper nouns, and plurals. The same applies to verbs, some of which appear both in the abstract and in augmented forms. The additional verbs of the triliteral form were formed by one, two, or three letters, and the resulting significance of this augmentation led us to trace these words and clarify their morphological structure and the defects that occurred in them, whether by inversion or deletion
Or its significance, then I explain the significance of (the word) through its occurrence within the Quranic context. The research contained an introduction and then a preface in which we explained the concept of the morphological form, the functions of the forms and the importance of studying them, in addition to explaining the structures of nouns and verbs, then we followed the preface with two discussions, the first of which we devoted to the structure of nouns, while the second was to the structure of verbs, all of that by relying on the most important sources in this field, and the conclusion of the study was to mention the results we reached, followed by a list of sources and references

The axes of this research entitled (The Structure of the Textual Pattern in the Poem (Not the Stranger) by Imam Zain Al-Abidin) deal with the textual structure of the poem in its two types: the major textual structure and the minor textual structure, and the study of the system patterns associated with the text in the poem (Not the Stranger), which includes the two patterns of coherence with its three elements: the pattern of grammatical coherence achieved through the mechanisms of reference, substitution, deletion, and conjunction, and the pattern of lexical coherence achieved through the means of repetition and lexical accompaniment, and the pattern of phonetic coherence achieved through alliteration, meter, and rhyme. The second pattern is the coherence, which is achieved through a group of textual relationships, such as: the pattern of the relationship of generality and detail, generality and specificity, cause and effect, contrast, and other textual patterns such as title, purpose, time, and place.
The poem also contains pattern patterns related to the producer of the text and the recipient, including the patterns of purpose and acceptability, in addition to patterns related to the circumstances of the production of the text and the recipient, under which fall the patterns of information with its three degrees: highly efficient information, medium efficient information, and low efficient information, the pattern of position, and the pattern of intertextuality and its various colors. It is worth noting that the method followed in explaining the systematic structure used in the poem is the descriptive and applied statistical method.
The research concluded that the poem (Not the Stranger) is built on tight, interconnected textual patterns, between its parts, subject to multiple textual standards, some of which are related to the text itself, some of which are related to the producer of the text and the recipient, and some of which are related to the circumstances of the production of the text and the recipient. The research also concluded that the efficiency of the text in it is high; because it is built on cohesive textual patterns that link the parts of the poem to each other

The current era is witnessing rapid development in artificial intelligence applications, opening new horizons for researchers in various scientific fields, including historical studies. This research aims to explore the role of artificial intelligence techniques, particularly natural language processing and machine learning algorithms, in analyzing historical texts related to Andalusia. The importance of this topic lies in its ability to overcome traditional challenges facing researchers, such as the difficulty of understanding ancient terminology, the multiplicity and diversity of sources, and the need for high accuracy in interpretation and analysis

According to some ancient Iraqi laws, specifically the Code of Hammurabi and the Middle Assyrian laws, the punishment of flogging was one of the corporal punishments that the ancient Iraqi legislator enacted individually or alongside other punishments against some crimes and behaviors that violate morals and ethics, including false accusation, assaulting a high-ranking person in social standing, defaming a neighbor, abortion resulting from beating, veiling an adulterous woman, holding on to a hostage after paying her price, and encroaching on the property of others and on the water shares for irrigating fields and agricultural lands. The reason for not including this punishment in the laws that preceded the Code of Hammurabi is not known specifically, but it is likely that it was among the secondary punishments that did not rise in importance to the level of severe hudud punishments, which prompted the legislator not to include it in those laws. We do not rule out that its inclusion in the Code of Hammurabi and the Middle Assyrian laws exclusively came as a result of what is present in the heavenly teachings that the prophets were charged with spreading, including The Prophet Abraham, peace be upon him, who lived around the nineteenth century BC, and was a contemporary of the inhabitants of the Old Babylonian era (2000-1595 BC), as well as the Prophet Moses, peace be upon him, to whom the Torah was revealed around the thirteenth century BC and whose period coincided with what is known as the Middle Assyrian era (1500-911 BC). What reinforces this opinion is that the punishment of flogging with a whip is still considered one of the legal punishments in effect to the present time, and the Holy Quran has referred to it in many surahs in addition to the honorable hadiths of the Prophet. Based on the information contained in some discovered cuneiform sources, including laws in particular, the punishment of flogging with a whip was among the punishments practiced against perpetrators of some crimes and unruly behaviors, and its implementation was either as a reinforcement alongside other punishments enacted by the legislator against the accused, or it was a specific and individual punishment on its own, and this duality in the application of the punishment, as it seems, was linked to the nature of the crime committed and the type of crime. Although there is nothing that clarifies the shape of the whip, which is the main tool in implementing the flogging punishment, and its parts in the cuneiform texts or artistic scenes and even among the archaeological discoveries, perhaps due to the nature of the materials used in making these whips, including perishable leather and wood, the whip in general was and still is composed of two basic parts, the first is the body of the whip, and the second is its handle. Given the availability of animal wealth in Mesopotamia, the basic material in making whips was extracted primarily from animal skins and tails, in addition to wood and ropes taken from tree trunks and bark. The manufacture of whips, as it seems, was done in special workshops by people who specialized in this work and were named in the cuneiform texts as (whip makers), and the execution of the punishment was most likely done immediately after the issuance of the ruling against the accused in places designated for this purpose in the courthouse known in the Akkadian language as (bit dini).

Córdoba is one of the most renowned Andalusian cities, having emerged as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate during Islamic rule. It was distinguished by its scientific and cultural advancement, hosting libraries and universities that made it a beacon of knowledge in Europe and a destination for scholars from all directions. The city contained remarkable landmarks, the most prominent of which is the Great Mosque of Córdoba, which stands as a testament to the interactions between different cultures. These features attracted Spanish and French Orientalists, who devoted considerable effort to studying Córdoba. In total, they published 39 scholarly works, of which Spanish Orientalists produced 20, while the French contributed 19. These studies covered a variety of fields, including political, artistic, architectural, intellectual, social, and religious aspects. Among these areas, political history received the greatest attention, ranking first among all topics, followed by studies on architecture, particularly those focusing on the Great Mosque of Córdoba --- a unique landmark of the city. The French orientalist Lévi-Provençal was the most prolific researcher, publishing about seven works out of the 19 French studies, while among the Spaniards, Hernández Jiménez stood out with four studies. These data indicate that Spanish Orientalists surpassed their French counterparts by a margin of one study, highlighting the strong scholarly interest of both groups in Córdoba's historical and cultural heritage

The current research aim at shedding light on impact of hearing triangle on developing social interaction for fifth primary class pupils in sciences.Researchers adopted empirical methodology due to its appropriateness. To realize such goals , the researchers made 2 null hypotheses to be tested. Sample was (67) fifth primary class pupils.Researchers adopted experimentsl design of two equivalent groups with pre-post tess.Experimental group (division A) of (35) pupils, studied using hearing triangle method. Control group (division B) of (32) pupils used traditional method.Researchers equalized both groups in the following (tim age measured in months, academic achievement of parents, degree of science in fourth grade, pre-test of social interaction) variables. Researchers made scale of social interaction prepared by (AL-Zobaidi,2013) of (41) items of three alternatives.. Researchers used the following statistical means ( T-test for two independent samples ,T-test for two related samples , T-kai square test, and Alph-Kronbach equation ).

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The research comprises three axes. The first axis covers a brief overview of the establishment of the Marinidstatein Morocco and its interesting zawiyas.
The second axis examines the meaning of zawiya in Morocco, which is the place where a sheikh meets with his followers and disciples for worship, education, shelter, and food, and then, when necessary, for mobilization and jihad.divided into three categories:
• First: The simple zawiya: which was not built on the tomb of a saint, nor was it attributed to a Saintora Sufiorder.
• Second: The zawiya: with a saint which was built around a tomb and gained a great reputation for it, quickly trans form in giant a major ban center.
• Third: The tariqa zawiya: which is attributed to a Sufiorder.
Then, we touch upon the most important zawiyas established during the Marinid era in Morocco.
The third section addresses the role of the zawiya in scholarly life, where it contributed to the scholarly role alongside mosques and schools. It was a center for teaching Islamic sciences and a platform for scholars and their students to travel from all over Morocco. In addition, it played a social role, serving as a refuge for the needy and poor among the country's population, feeding wayfarers, sheltering strangers and travelers, and assisting the needy elderly

Iraq experienced serious events, including the withdrawal of Ottoman forces from Iraq and its subsequent submission to the British occupation. The Allies considered who would rule Iraq. After deliberations at the Cairo Conference, Prince Faisal bin Sharif Hussein was nominated as King of Iraq in 1921. The aforementioned conference was convened against the backdrop of the heavy losses suffered by the British in the 1920 Revolution.
The research aims to shed light on an important political topic closely related to a figure who played an active role in building the Iraqi state; King Faisal I bin Sharif Hussein. It also highlights the importance of this period in contemporary Iraqi history, represented by a significant number of significant events linked to the events preceding World War I (1914-1918), the outbreak of the Great Arab Revolt in 1916, and the signing of the Sykes-Picot Agreement

This study examines the impact of Assyrian ideology and its propagandistic programs on the formation of Achaemenid imperial thought. Both empires are regarded as among the greatest to have emerged in Western Asia, and both relied on power as a means of asserting their existence and preserving their political entities.
The research identifies shared textual indicators and propagandistic features that reveal the dimensions of political and military dominance within Achaemenid imperial ideology. Central to this is the construction of an idealized image of the king as a divinely appointed figure—sent by the god Ahura Mazda and entrusted with establishing order in the world. The study also highlights the deliberate emphasis on the strong and inseparable relationship between the king and the deity, framed within the concept of political legitimacy, and used to justify military campaigns as the execution of divine will.
At the same time, power is subtly suggested and actively promoted both visually and verbally through artistic representations and a biased literary discourse. On the surface, this discourse conveys themes of peace and the justice of Persian kings in governing the world, while implicitly concealing ambitions of domination, control over subject peoples, and the exploitation of their resources to sustain imperial glory and expansionist objectives.
This duality is reflected in the contradiction between proclaimed ideals and actual practices on the ground—such as the conduct of military campaigns, the suppression of separatist revolts, the management of internal tensions, and the punishment of dissenters. Such an approach closely parallels what is frequently observed in the Assyrian royal annals, which stand among the most effective instruments of imperial propaganda in this regard

Mosul is replete with numerous figures and notables in various fields of science and knowledge who have contributed to enriching its cultural landscape throughout the ages, enhancing its intellectual and cultural standing, and its ability to innovate and create. This has prompted researchers and academic and non-academic stakeholders to document the lives and works of these figures in recognition of their merit, introducing them, and drawing values from their biographies, considering them inspiring models for future generations and a part of Mosul's history. Through them, we learn about the political, economic, and social circumstances in which the person whose biography was translated grew up and the extent of their influence on his works. Its importance is not limited to its being an indispensable source in preparing historical studies, which are not absent from any author or work, but also because it has opened horizons for researchers and formed the basis for many master's theses and doctoral dissertations, each of which is unique in studying one of the figures and explaining their role in society, which contributes to maintaining communication between the past and the present

Historical bibliography is considered an important tributary of solid and sustainable scientific research, due to the help and assistance it provides to the researcher in his quest to complete his research in the best possible way. For this reason, I chose the topic of my research as “Bibliography of the Works of Iraqi Authors on the Jews of Iraq and Their Conditions 1921-1952 ” who wrote over decades about this group that shared the joys and sorrows of the rest of the Iraqi society for thousands of years

This study sheds light on a problem that a number of primary schools suffer from, represented by linguistic dualism among a number of students who learned in their childhood a language (the mother tongue) that differs from the language they learn in school, which is the official Arabic language approved in our Iraqi country, especially in the stages. The first of primary school. The study aims to explain the most important problems and difficulties faced by teachers and students alike, and to attempt to develop solutions and treatments for those problems
The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method, as the research was based on an introduction that explained the importance of the study, its place and time, and stated the most important objectives of the study. The first section was to explain linguistic dualism and explain the most important problems and difficulties faced by non-Arabic speaking students in the primary stages of study. The research dealt with The second is to develop solutions and proposals to address these difficulties and clarify the tasks of teachers, the tasks of the family, and the tasks of the student in trying to implement solutions and treatments

This study aims to examine the challenges facing the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. It focuses primarily on the linguistic characteristics of Arabic, as well as educational, technical, and organizational aspects. After introducing AI as a simulation of human intelligence, the research delves into the potential obstacles that may hinder its effective implementation in language education. Arabic possesses distinctive phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic features that make it difficult for AI systems both to fully comprehend and to teach the language. Additionally, the phenomenon of diglossia between Standard Arabic and colloquial varieties presents further pedagogical challenges. The study also addresses technical barriers, such as the limited availability of digital linguistic resources, the insufficient support for Arabic in many intelligent applications, and the high cost of infrastructure required for development in these areas. The third axis discusses human-related challenges, including the continuous training and qualification needs of educators, alongside organizational constraints affecting institutional performance. The study concludes with several findings that identify numerous linguistic, technical, and organizational challenges, while emphasizing that many of these obstacles can be mitigated or overcome through targeted efforts and strategic adaptation