journal of Basic Sciences

Arabic journalism emerged at the beginning of the 19th century as a result of contact with the West and the influence of ideas from the French Revolution about freedom, justice, and equality. This influence was further enhanced by Napoleon Bonaparte's French campaign in Egypt in 1798, which contributed in one way or another in awakening intellectual awareness from the depths of eras of decline and backwardness.
When Arab Renaissance pioneers directed their critique towards the Ottoman Empire, calling for reform, freedom, constitutionalism, limiting the Sultan's powers, addressing the drawbacks of autocratic rule, and responding to tyranny.
It seems that the emergence of the reformist discourse, which was advocated by leaders of the reform movement among Arab intellectuals in the mid-nineteenth century, and their attempt to catch up with Western progress and advancement, has garnered significant interest among Arab and foreign researchers, just as the emergence of Arab journalism constituted a pivotal stage in Arab history.
From this perspective, the importance of the research stems from the fact that journalism holds a prominent position. The emergence of the educated class, which had a significant impact on changing society, promoting awareness, and marking the beginning of a historical turning point that contributed to the Arab renaissance.
The research addresses two main aspects: the first aspect is the beginnings of the appearance of Arab journalism, and the second aspect is the emergence of Arab journalism in (Belad Al-Sham (Levant), Egypt, Iraq).
Keywords: history, journalism, Arabic.

The question of the identity in the novel (kismat) constitutes the main axis in it. The novel studies the life of an ethnic minority in the Iraqi society who are ( Faili Kurdish) before and after the Iranian _Iraqi war . And what they were subjected to the conditions of the displacement practised against them since 1975 A.D and it's intensification the beginning of the war . And the repercussions that it left in the belonging to the this minority which is related to what is the narrator saying about (Ghulam Ali) who is the grandfather of the Faili family ( half Iraqi and half Iranian) that it means that the identity of the Faili Kurdish is influenced between two different cultures and affected by the political influence of the decisions of the two countries towards this minority.
However this research wants to explain to another topic that it is not clear and it is related to the female identity that the problem of this identity increases because it takes to a larger dimension that represented by the specificity of the Faili Kurdish woman . She has a crisis in the novel about it's identity in the public and private levels. The general level that what is shared with the characters of the novel about the problem of the belonging. On the private level is related to her as self (a woman, female) in it's difference from (man) and what is followed by the view of the society of woman and femininity and what is the novel itself depicted in terms of the image to the Faili Kurdish woman.

Historians have pointed to many reasons that interacted with each other and ultimately resulted in the defeat of the Sassanians before the Muslim Arabs. In 2008, researcher Parwaneh Pourshariati gave new life to this issue with the publication of her book titled: Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire (The Sassanid-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran), the author presented the issue and analyzed it with a new and innovative methodology through analysis of written sources and archaeological evidence. Historians have directed criticism from different angles of the aforementioned book, especially since it is not devoid of defects such as the author’s acceptance of some narratives without constructive criticism and her failure to pay attention to the impact of recent wars between The Sassanians and Romans condemned the fall of this dynasty, and for not analyzing the archaeological evidence correctly and accurately, and for ignoring the natural crises that befell the irrigation system in Mesopotamia. In our research, we will attempt to review and criticize this book by looking at the above cases.

Hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 powder has been locally extracted and prepared from bovine bones. Compounds were also prepared from hydroxyapatite-alumina (0,5,10,15,20,25%wt), labeled (HA), and hydroxyapatite-zirconia (0,5,10,15,20,25%wt) and were chosen. Its name is (HZ), and hydroxyapatite-(alumina-zirconia) (0,5,10,15,20,25%wt) is called by the symbol (HAZ) and the final state includes alumina (80%) and zirconia (20%). Use polyethylene glycol as a binder. After that, heat treatment was carried out at 1350ºC for three hours. X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests, and tests that include mechanical and physical properties, including radial shrinkage, Vickers hardness, compressive strength, apparent density, porosity, and water absorption rate were conducted. X-ray diffraction tests showed that the hydroxyapatite phase was stabilized for the samples prepared before and after heat treatment with the chemical formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, i.e., without partitioning into separate components.

The critical discourse of the critic Dr. Thaer Al-Adhari represents a basic structure, as his writings contributed to enriching the Arab and Iraqi critical arena in particular. The critic began studying from multiple critical approaches, including artistic, stylistic, formative structuralism, etc., which characterized the language of his analysis as superior, in contrast to the social, psychological, and historical contextual approaches that were characterized by With ease and simplicity, it derives its strength from the Arab critical heritage. The critic’s focus was on the poetic language, as it represents a fundamental pillar in literary studies. The critic stopped at the borders of the dictionary because of what characterized it of religious heritage, women, and nature. As for composition, he stopped at the borders of the sentence because his study was characterized by the perspective of composition. For the verb and the letter, as well as the binary oppositional relationship between them, as for the word, its significance ceased in the past, in the modern, and in the contemporary era. The critic presented poetic texts for each of them, while expressing his opinions on each issue. The critic Thaer Al-Adhari sought to balance between the poets through poetic rules and systems represented by their image, language, and style. Analyze and detail it seriously.

Without a doubt, the emergence of the Anyanya movement in 1955 AD had its reasons and justifications as a natural result of neglect or lack of regard for the rights of southerners in Sudan, especially since the British occupier planted in them the seed of division, conflict, and desire for secession. This is why local, regional and international interests came together in the secession of South Sudan to serve the interests of Zionism and global imperialism. Without the interest of the brotherly Sudanese people.
This is why we were eager to delve into the depths of research to reach results that could serve as an alarm bell and a warning to the governments of all our Arab countries, in which this malicious seed was planted that could be exploited by the dark forces that serve foreign interests without the interests of the our Arab peoples, especially our dear people .

The current research aims to identify:
1. The level of reflective thinking among sixth grade middle school (scientific) students.
2. The difference in the level of reflective thinking according to the gender of students in the sixth year of middle school (scientific).
3. The level of perceived excellence among sixth grade middle school (scientific) students.
4. The difference in the level of perceived excellence according to the gender of students in the sixth middle school (scientific) year.
5. The relationship between reflective thinking and perceived excellence among sixth grade middle school (scientific) students.
6. The difference in the relationship between reflective thinking and perceived superiority according to the gender variable (males - females) among sixth grade middle school (scientific) students.
The research sample consisted of (500) male and female students who were selected randomly with a proportional distribution of (250) males and (250) females.
1- An increase in the level of reflective thinking among sixth-grade science students.
2- Females practice reflective thinking more than males in the sixth scientific grade.
3- High level of perceived excellence among sixth grade science students.
4- There are no differences between males and females in the level of perceived excellence among sixth grade science students.
5- There is a real relationship between reflective thinking and perceived excellence among sixth grade science students.
6- There is no real difference in the relationship between reflective thinking and perceived excellence according to the gender of the students.

This paper endeavours to destabilize perceptions that are christened by the laws of hegemony, which seek the ego and the other’s exclusion. It also aims to breathe life into the invariable and does not acknowledge its stability, in time presenting these intersections.
Later, the desire to define this vision hereby distances struggles, throughout invoking the sequential dimension, and via sharing it with the humanistic rhetorical scheme.
Thus, its significant role, contributes at restricting these sciences away from geography and the nature of sex, is goaled to break down the rhetorical unconscious conventions and the limited ones at the unlimited.
Keywords: hegemony - struggle – sequentiality - human rhetoric

Arabic and Persian literature have received the attention of researchers and writers, and poetry has been one of the most prominent studies on which comparative studies have taken place.
There is no doubt that the studies have contributed to clarifying some aspects of literary and cultural relations between Arabic and Persian, and this is a welcome matter, as cultural dialogues between these two closely linked countries are an important necessity, and this study includes a literary study in comparative literature between two languages close in heritage, and between two poets similar in Their ideas are in most fields, cultural, literary and artistic knowledge.
This study touched on two contemporary poets who gave their lives in serving their country and combating falsehood until they became among the group of resistance poets in Iraqi and Iranian literature. They are the poet Muhammad Hassan Abu al-Mahasin al-Karbalai and the poet Muhammad Farkhi al-Yazdi. They shared a desired goal, which is resistance to injustice. They differed in style. The Iraqi poet increases the resolve of the Iraqi people by reminding them of the heroics of their history throughout the ages. As for the Iranian poet, he scolds them and harshly reproaches them, so that they do not submit to the people of injustice, and the study method was a descriptive and analytical method.
The study reached results including: the manifestation of poetic words in the souls of the recipient, and the similarity of cultural ideas between Arabic and Persian literature. Excerpts from Iraqi resistance poetry according to Abu al-Mahasin, and Iranian resistance poetry according to Yazdi, were mentioned.

Nineveh Governorate is located in the northeastern part of Iraq, and its area 38392 sq. km, or 8.82% of Iraq’s area. He wants an irrigation project that he does not own, and four projects are important in it: The North Island Irrigation Project, which is one of the largest projects implemented in Nineveh Governorate, with an area of 639 km2, and the number of it is estimated for two reasons. 36,888 farmers, and the Al-Salamiyah irrigation project, which is one of the elaborate projects with an area of 175 km2, and their number is estimated at 14,000 farmers, while the main southern Al-Jazeera irrigation project is being implemented, and there are many development times that are considered an obstacle in the way of developing its projects, which are: the climate, the Mosul Dam, and the event. The dams built on the Tigris River in Turkey, where some of the solutions that have begun to appear have begun to expand in achieving the goals of developing modern New York projects, And must Initiating owned real estate projects, Types of effective networks that nine Coffee Yes human being for the agricultural sector, And It can be used For agricultural lands Irrigation using modern scientific methods, And he stopped Wasted water (surface And subterranean), BWhat a servant the green revolution is for current and future generations.

The structures of speech are the basic component of the poetic text, and they convey the messages and purposes of the speech to the recipient. Therefore, the research aims to extrapolate the structures of the multitude of multitudes and the ultimate multitude in Al-Tughra’i’s Lamiya Al-Ajam, distinguishing the standard ones from the auditory ones, and explaining their meanings through the poetic context . Al-Taghra’i used many verses and analogies in Lamiya to show his courage, his love, his passion, and his self-esteem. He innovates to depict the generosity of the neighborhood that he seeks and ridicule of eternity, following in that descriptive application the evidence of induction and analysis.

The research aimed to identify The effectiveness of the CAME model on the ability of tenth grade scientific students to solve problems and mathematical proficiency. Its sample consisted of (58) female students from the tenth science grade for the academic year (2022 - 2023) who were intentionally selected from the research community in schools. Preparatory School for Girls in Western Education and chose Sfin Preparatory School for Girls. The researcher distributed the sample members into two groups, one of which was an experimental group that taught the subject according to the CAME model, and a control group that taught the subject in the usual way. The research tool consisted of two tests, one of which was a mathematical problem solving test consisting of four essay items, and the other was a test of the dimensions of mathematical proficiency, including (19) items to test the dimensions (conceptual comprehension، procedural fluency, strategic competence, adaptive reasoning) and (23) items to measure the fifth dimension. It is the productive desire, and after collecting data and analyzing it using the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, the research results showed: There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average abilities of female students in the experimental and control groups in problem-solving skills. There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of female students in the experimental and control groups for the mathematical prowess test and its scale. After completing the study, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations and proposals that are useful to teachers.

Water and soil are fundamental elements in the natural environment and life on planet Earth. It can be confidently stated that the interaction between these two elements plays a prominent role in maintaining the environment, sustaining natural resources, and impacting human, plant, and animal life.
The study of this interaction is closely related to a branch of science known as hydrology, which deals with understanding the movement and distribution of water on the Earth's surface. In turn, soil science contributes to understanding how this movement affects the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil.
The subject of soil, water, and hydrology is a multidisciplinary field that extends from studying soil formation and its impact on water quality to monitoring floods and water resource management. Understanding this vital relationship between water and soil plays a fundamental role in achieving sustainable development and preserving the natural environment.
This research paper aims to explore the complex and important interaction between soil, water, and hydrology by studying the characteristics of each element and how the distribution and movement of water affect these characteristics. We will also discuss the research tools and techniques used in this field and the importance of these studies in environmental planning and water resource management.
Through this research, we seek a deeper understanding of the relationship between soil and water and how it influences the environment, economy, and society, thereby contributing to the preservation of these vital resources for current and future generations.

Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari is considered one of the most prominent scholars of grammar, as he has a superior ability in the field of language in general and grammar in particular. The limit is because it contradicts the analogy or agrees with it, but the Arabs did not use it, and the nature of the research necessitated that it shed light on the most prominent issues that Ibn Hisham alone in his invocation of the rare concept of a set of controls, the most prominent of which was the Quranic readings, and the invocation of poetic and prose evidence, distributed in the branches of grammar for its different types of verbs; whether localized or not.

The absence of love of work free of charge for children since childhood led to the fading of the spirit of volunteerism and help others and the emergence of selfishness and love of ownership and because volunteer work develops society and develops the spirit of cooperation between individuals and contributes to the formation of the personality of a healthy child and brings the social classes closer so the researcher decided to do this research to answer the questions: Does the group of practical activities affect the development of the spirit of volunteer work in children? In order to achieve the goal of the research, (20) experimental (20) control in the academic year (2020-2021), when the Saqr Ahd Primary Mixed School was chosen randomly. The researcher prepared a measure of volunteer work among children in another research within the current school year and used it in this research to determine the sample to which the program will be applied. It included twenty items and three alternatives (always - sometimes - never) and correction (1-2-3) respectively. The results proved the effectiveness of this program of activities. The researcher recommended to parents of children and educators the necessity of raising children to love cooperation and helping others without compensation, and to develop their volunteer work as well. The researcher proposed conducting a study on the impact of an experimental program to develop volunteer work among middle school students. the researcher prepared a set of practical activities mentioned in the research tool and applied with the experimental group of the research sample and the results proved the effectiveness of this program of activities and the researcher recommended the parents of children and educators the need to raise children to love cooperation and help others free of charge and develop their volunteer work as the researcher suggested a study of the impact of a pilot program for the development of volunteer work among middle school students.

Language is a substantial device for communication, allowing individuals to express their thoughts, feelings, and ideas. Despite the diversity of languages worldwide, some similarities may be found among them, providing a basis for understanding and learning new languages. Cognates, words with similar forms and meanings across different languages, play a crucial role in language learning and cross-cultural communication. This paper will explore the concept of cognates in English and Arabic, highlighting their origins, The main problem of the study is to figure out what are the similarities among the three languages (Arabic, English, and Spanish). This paper examines the English and Arabic origins and cognates. The data consists of about 23 words between English and Arabic and another list between Spanish-Arabic-English cognates. The results show that all such words in Arabic and English, for example, are true cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings which means they belong not only to the same family but also to the same language but their different forms, however, are all shown to be due to natural and plausible causes of linguistic change.

The idea of the research is based on a fundamental pillar that is evident in tracing the cultural patterns of the poet Antarah-bin-Shaddad in order to examine the effectiveness of the pattern in forming the intellectual system, according to a systematic reading of dealing with the text; As it contains influential cultural genes in its poetic texts that must be dismantled, in order for his poetry to express cognitive necessities, and not merely descriptive defects of reality, where the poetic discourse of Antara represented an individual cultural discourse, and then this cultural discourse developed, through which identity transformations were formed from slavery to the stage of achieving tribal recognition, to become a symbol of the tribe, and its most prominent savior, as the importance of this lies in revealing the systemic implications through the deeping activity, its beautiful cultural formations became vibrant with life.