Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

Self-Compacting Concrete mixes (SCC) is increasingly being used in many application some of which are susceptible to an Aggressive Environment such as sulfuric acid solution. In this study, SCC incorporating silica fume, chalk powder, and hybrid fibers were used in casting twelve specimens with a dimension of (1000× 200× 100) mm, in three groups. The specimens in the first group were cured in a normal environment for 28 days, while those in the second and third groups were subjected to a sulfuric acid solution of 0.5% for six and ten months, respectively. The flexural tests of the specimens were evaluated by testing the specimens under two-concentrated point loading until failure. The experimental results show that after chemical exposure for ten months, using of chalk powder or hybrid fibers enhances the resistance to sulfuric solution.

An experimental study to enhance heat transfer by generating a longitudinal vortex with a rectangular winglet has been investigated. Two angles presented (70°, 35° ) in rectangular winglet placed at the entrance of heated channel the study shows the pointing (Down and Upstream) and the effect of attack angle depends on the heat transfer (Nu)and the friction factor (f ) for each angle and two sides, the Reynolds number range from 5000 – 23000. It was found that angle was a significant effect on the heat transfer coefficient and the 70° angle is more efficient in heat transfer at high velocity and the pointing downstream make a good result in heat transfer.

A numerical analysis aiming to gain an understanding of the physical behavior for thermal and fluid flow attributes in tubes fitted with quadruple plain and modified twisted tape inserts (which all occupy an equal volume) for the turbulent Reynolds number range (5,000 to 20,000) is carried out. The tube inserted with quadruple modified twisted tapes showed better thermal enhancement when compared with plain tube and tubes induced with quadruple plain twisted tapes. The simulation included modification on tapes as cuts with; a circular, half-circle on the side, triangular and rhomboidal shapes. The obtained results showed a maximum increase of 31.12% is observed in the Nusselt number by using tube fitted with quadruple circular cuts twisted tapes inserts than that observed with the plain tube. And the higher friction factor obtained of the tube fitted with quadruple circular cuts twisted tapes inserts are up to 32.65% than that of the plain tube.

The objective of this research is to study the effect of adding Styrene Butadiene Styrene polymer SBS as a modifier on the mechanical properties of asphalt binder and hot mixtures asphalt (HMA) and to compare between the properties of the modified and unmodified asphalt binder and hot mix asphalt (HMA) which is used in the rehabilitation of Baghdad province and Al-Basra province highway by paving the surface course of the highway for areas suffers from problems such as rutting and cracks. There are two stages that were used in the laboratory tests on asphalt binder and hot mix asphalt (HMA). The first stage is used laboratory tests without using SBS polymer with asphalt and the second stage is used SBS Polymer with asphalt as an additive material. The results of asphalt binder tests show that the use of SBS Polymer with asphalt binder leads to improving the mechanical properties of the asphalt binder. According to the penetration test, the grade of asphalt is decreased from 61 and 62 to 39. The flashpoint, ductility, and viscosity are increased and the solubility is decreased. The results of the hot mix asphalt test show that the addition of SBS polymer leads to improving the mechanical properties of modified hot mix asphalt. Therefore, the Marshall stability for modified hot mixtures asphalt is increased for all samples. Therefore, the resistance to plastic flow and the load-carrying capacity is improved ...

Service runs had produced several shortcomings when congested in one place. So, using the longitudinal and transverse opening in beams (BLTO) was a creative solution for the purpose of serving those runs with other benefits, especially when utilizing high-strength self-compacting concrete (HS-SCC). To control cracks in web opening regions that lead to possible leakage, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates were a significant strengthening system to realize that purpose. This study examined the behavior of thirteen reinforced concrete (RC) beams. These beams were involved into three groups. All beams were identical in dimensions, reinforcement, concrete type, and hole dimensions. The evaluation is used to select the optimum hollow core section, position effect of web openings with fixed hollow core section, and effect of strengthened web openings. Due to recorded load capacity, a reduction was produced by hollow-core position at mid and bottom section by about (2%-14%), respectively, with comparing by solid section. Therefore, the optimum hollow core section was when locate in the mid beam section which was used to unify BLTO sections. BLTO types indicated different loading data according to web opening position. The decrement of opening provision was about (20.4%) by comparing with hollow beam (without web-opening) and about (22%) by comparing with the solid beam. The optimum BLTO is when the web opening is located in the mid-shear zone, while the critical one recorded in web opening position in the mid-span and near supports in same BLTO. ...

In the present study, three-dimensional analysis is presented to investigate the effect of pile dimensions and configuration on the dynamic response of piled raft foundations subjected to vertical vibration. The analysis considered several factors affecting the maximum amplitude of vertical displacement of deep foundation such as length, diameter, number of piles, and spacing between piles. Furthermore, a validation for experimental piled raft models depending on a scale factor of (20) using (Plaxis 3D) computer software is presented. The sand is simulated using the (mohr-coloumb) model, while the concrete is simulated as a linear elastic material. It has been found that the increasing length and diameter of piles lead to a decrease in the maximum amplitude of displacement. On the other hand, the results showed that the increasing number of piles and increasing the spacing between piles can minimize the dynamic response of the foundation.

The cement plant contains nonlinear loads and significant harmonic sources (kiln rectifiers drives) that can flow through the plant, therefore it is necessary to treat both the harmonics and the power factor reduction problems to improve the system efficiency, power system quality and decrease losses. This work examines the technical feasibility of designing a capacitor filter bank according to the level of harmonics in the network, and also achieving improvement for the power factor (Static Compensators). The methodology used for this work is based on the practical measurements of real-time operation of the electrical parameters of cement industrial facility, and then the whole system has been modeled (using MATLAB/SIMULINK). A MATLAB code is used to calculate the harmonic filter components required to design the capacitor filter to be then inserted in the simulated model in order to cross-check the load operation after insertion filter component via enabling different modes of operations. Also, system performance calculations are made after including the harmonic filters is to ensure the safety of the operations.

In homes and any processes industry, the main processes that need to be controlled are temperature and level of the water. This paper is focused on the design and implementation of an Electric Heated System that connects with their environment using actuators and sensors for sensing and controlling the temperature and level of the water. Also, the mathematical models for the operating principles are presented. The system used the Arduino UNO card which is a microcontroller board for controls 'ON’ and ‘OFF’ conditions of the heater and motor depending upon the temperature and level of the water in the tank. There are three sensors used with Arduino, First: the Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) is used to measure the distance between the sensor and the object, and this distance is proportional to the level of the water. Second: Infrared sensor (KY-032) is used to control the drain of water by opening and closing the solenoid valve. Third: The sensor (DS18B20) is used to sense the temperature to prevent excessive temperature that can lead to serious accidents. The Android device communicates with a Bluetooth module connected to an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The android application is used for two tasks. First monitoring the value of the temperature and water level in the tank during the operation of the system, second the wireless communications technology is used to turn ON and OFF the system.

The main objective of the current paper is to investigate the effects of the ratio of steel fibers on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete hemispherical domes. Three reinforced concrete domes were experimentally implemented, two of them made fully of reactive powder concrete and the last one made of ferrocement concrete. All specimens have 800 mm diameter, 400 mm height, and 20 mm thickness, and they are reinforced with welded wire meshes. The experimental program included casting and testing the domes, by applying a single point load at the center of the dome, until the failure happens. The first cracking load, ultimate load, load-deflection curves, and crack pattern for all tested domes were included in this study. In general, the effects of concrete type and the ratio of steel fiber are obviously important on the behavior and ultimate strength of the domes.

The traditional Iraqi (Baghdadi) houses were being formed over centuries of effort and contribution and reached their final shape at the end of the nineteenth century. These masterworks have nowadays arrived at a critical stage. The fundamental problem with these houses is that they were all built with non-durable materials, such as clay brick, timber, and mud with straws. Therefore, the majority has been ruined; very few survived or should be saved for the future. The survivors should be conserved in a vigorous way to maintain their heritage values. Unfortunately, in Iraq to date, the process of dealing with historical buildings is rather artless and immature for various reasons. As a first conservation rule, it is always said that there are no rules; however, there is a group of standard ethics and principles that must be thoroughly taken into consideration in conservation. The conservation ethics and principles are given in the context of this paper. Every technical decision made should be assessed alongside the principles and ethics. Given that the number of this type of historical structure is not rare, the paper aims at setting standards and rules to facilitate the mission of conservation. Despite the sheer volume of such houses in the old dense zones of Baghdad, their structure is quite simple, and original materials are advantageously identified. Some common structural defects along with their repair procedure are reviewed in this paper.

The purposes of this study are to investigate and evaluate the benefits of using geogrids as a circular pipe of two different lengths of (20 cm and40 cm) under the footing base in the improvement of bearing capacity and settlement in terms of the bearing capacity ratio (BCR) and the settlement reduction factor (SRF). A load-frame assembly was designed for the experimental work. Two types of the aluminum rigid foundation were used; flat-footing and shell footing of dimensions (20× 20 cm) and different angles of (20˚, 30˚, and 45˚) for the shell. The sand Rainer device technique was used to fill the tank to obtain a homogenous sandy soil. The result shows that using a circular geogrid with a length (H=20cm) leads to an increase in the BCR by (14-41)% higher than that for unreinforced sand while increasing the geogrid length to 40 cm leads to increase BCR by (6-19)% . The SRF for a certain footing decreases with decreasing the geogrid length from 40 cm to 20 cm by (11-21) %. This may be related to the punching effect caused by the longer geogrid through the loose sand stratum.

This work deals with a Non-Conventional machining cell consisting of the copper tool of dimensions (30 mm width and 50 mm length and 7 mm thickness ), En8 mild steel workpiece of dimensions (30 mm width and 50 mm length and 8 mm thickness ), and fluid of (10 % NaCl w/w). The flow into the machining cell was fully developed turbulent flow. For the numerical solution, ANSYS FLUENT software was used to solve the basics equations. The inlet operating parameters for this cell was selected within the range of industrially realistic machining circumstances(supply voltage 12 to 18 volt, tool feed rate 0.35 to 1.65 mm/min, fluid flow rate 5 to 30 lit/min, fluid temperature 40 ºC and fluid back pressures 0 to 6 bar). The distributions of fluid velocity, static pressure, and temperature along the flow path were obtained. The results show the increase of fluid temperature toward the outlet flow.

Concrete wastes are generally delivered to landfill sites for disposal. Due to increased charges of landfills and shortage of natural coarse aggregate (NCA), recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) (resulting from concrete wastes) is growing interest in building engineering. It is sustainable to use recycled construction materials to preserve the natural resources and maintain the environment of cities. In the present study, RCA was used as a full replacement of NCA in some specimens of beams to produce self-compacting concrete (SCC). The experimental work consists of casting and testing eight rectangular simply supported reinforced concrete beams of (1200*180*250) mm for length, width, and height respectively with concentric point load as well as tests for control specimens to determine the mechanical properties of SCC. Four of these eight beams were tested for flexural and the other four beams for shear behavior. The present research includes the following main variables: transverse reinforcement (stirrups spacing, 50 mm and 100 mm), coarse aggregate (RCA and NCA), and steel fibers of (Vf = 0.5%). All beams have constant longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio=0.008. Experimental results have generally shown that ultimate loads (Pu) of beams made with RCA were approximately close to the results of beams made with NCA by percentages (1.08% and 1.11%) for flexural and shear behavior respectively. RCA can be used as a full replacement in the future construction industry. The presence of steel fibers increases the maximum deflection of beams by 1.55% for flexural and 1.02% for shear behavior.

The importance of the management of wastewater treatment plants is the process of purification of wastewater from impurities, suspended materials, pollutants and organic matter to be re-usable (non-human) or to be suitable for disposal in the waterways without causing pollution. Wastewater treatment involves several physical, chemical, and biological phases. Because any wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has environmental risk and negative impact, it is necessary to assess environmental sustainability indicators and thus can diagnose their risks and find solutions to reduce their environmental and health impacts in order to preserve the essential elements of the environment (water, air and soil) and on the conservation and sustainability of the natural resources of generations. There are many software programs designed to assess environmental sustainability indicators for any sewage treatment plant. SimaPro7.1 is one of several programs which are used to count and determine the ecological (environmental) effects related to wastewater treatment technologies. In this study, SimaPro7.1 has been used to inventory test namely the analysis of inputs to the plant, such as materials used in the stage of construction of the plant, incoming wastewater, consumed energy, quality of treated wastewater and quantity of sludge produced, as well as the analysis of effluents to water and emissions air and assess effects caused by Northern Rustimeh WWTP. An outcome from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) shows the pollutant which emitted to all environment sub-compartment such as Carbon monoxide, Lead, Dinitrogen monoxide and another pollutant which causes impacts ...

Due to environmental depletion, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in the refrigeration industry was an important problem. In the experimental study, a (1.0 TR) vapor compression system was used with the original working fluid of R-22 and compared to alternatives refrigerant R-407C and R-22. The effects of the main parameters of performance analysis such as refrigerant type, compressor pressure ratio, outlet air evaporative temperature, coefficient of performance were investigated for various ambient temperatures above 50 ºC. The results showed that the compressor ratio of the system using R404 and R-407C is more than the compressor ratio of the system using R22 by 2% and 4% respectively. Also, the outlet air evaporative temperature of the system using the alternative refrigerant R-22 is more than the outlet air evaporative temperature with the system using R-407C and R-404 by 8% and 5% respectively. The coefficient of performance of R-407C was measured with the same reciprocating compressor that was supplied with the R-22 system. It could be concluded that there is a decrease of 8% in system COP as friendly environment R407C compared with the system using R-22 and a decrease of 12% in system COP when using R-404. However; the result showed that R407C has thermodynamic performance similar to R-22. Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software is used to draw (p-h) diagrams for the cycle.

This paper represents an analytical study, simulation (flow field and sediment movements), and estimation of the sediment deposition for the Al- Betera river reach upstream of Al-Betera regulator – Maysan Governorate–Iraq. Field measurements techniques and SSIIM Model were used for these purposes. A river reaches with a length of 4250m was chosen and divided into 17 cross-sections. The Model solves the Navier – stokes equations for calculating the water velocity with a k-ε model for predication the turbulence (shear stress). The Model is a stepping stone in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The sediment rating curve was established by using the historical data (1984-2014) of the suspended sediment loads and river discharge which considers as a reference for researchers who are interested in the field of sediment transport. The plan form of river morphology was classified as a straight (1.07 sinuosity) for the period 1986, 2007and 2014. In this study, a new sediment load transport rate equation by using multiple linear regression analysis was developed. The results of the evaluation showed that the new model performs better than many Researchers [Ackers(1973), Yang(1996), Van Rijn(1987), Ariffin (2004), and Jassim (2012) ]. A graphical representation of 3D velocities was obtained by simulation and by using Power-law Scheme (x-y,y-z,x-z planes). Good agreements were found between the simulated and measured values of the flow velocity and sediment concentration in 3D for the selected 3 nodes in the y-direction and for 3 depths of flow ...

The Z2000 Evaluation Board performing direct sequence spread spectrum processing, a 900 MHz radio receiver, and a transmitter module was applied to build a Direct sequence spread spectrum transceiver, RF board was designed & implemented for the purpose by al - Ezz company in Iraq.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the possible improvement of the compressibility characteristics (compression index, rebound index, i.e.,)of natural organic soil by using cement dust and fly ash. Natural organic soil with different percentages of organic content (5, 10.15, and 20 %) is used. Three different percentages of cement dust and fly ash (3, 6, and 9 %) are used to improve the compressibility characteristics of the organic soil. The effect of curing time is investigated. The effect of the addition of (cement dust and fly ash) on compressibility characteristics of natural organic soil was studied. The results showed that the compressibility characteristics [compression index, rebound index, coefficient of consolidation, and coefficient of secondary compression] are increased with increased organic content for all samples. The use of (cement dust and fly ash) has improved the compressibility characteristics of organic soil.

The process of making a master plan and carrying it out is not easy because there are a lot of obstacles in front of it, end these obstacles are different with the different of the client, the planer, and the place where the master plan is doing. And because of this, there are many obstacles that may reoccur in many cases which the research tries to indicate and to clarify the number of elements involved in the planning process as obstacles elements in both of its phases (making) and (carrying out) of this process. After clarifying these obstacles the research has limited these elements into three main titles (the planer), (the client), and (the existing conditions) to make it easy dealing with the obstacles.

In recent decades, mixed land uses have become an increasing target in the planning of land use and transportation It was found to be an important factor in mobility and travel behavior and the choice of the appropriate means of transportation and distance, Thus improving public health, which in turn will have a positive impact on improving the quality of life and achieving the desired urban
sustainability. The basic research problem is that there is a knowledge gap that shows mixed use indicators that play a key role in achieving urban sustainability. The research suggests that urban sustainability can be achieved through the use of mixed land use. The research aims to demonstrate the role of mixed use in achieving urban sustainability and to reach a theoretical framework showing indicators of mixed use through which urban sustainability. For the purpose of achieving this goal, the research focused on two aspects of the theoretical side, which in turn was divided into two axes. The first focused on mixed use, its definition, its types and benefits. The second axis focused on urban sustainability and its indicators, The practical side has dealt with two Arab experiences, the first is the(Khalifa tower)in the Emirate of Dubai example of one-use multi-use project and Shigeri Duplex City in
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia with multiple buildings and different uses, In an attempt to investigate the basic indicators derived from the theoretical framework to achieve the hypothesis of research on the possibility of achieving urban sustainability...