Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

The study was conducted in the Bamerny sub-district of Duhok Governorate to identify the extent
obstacles facing backyard chicken breeders. Sixty chicken breeders were comprehensive selected.
Questionnaire of three fields of obstacles facing chicken breeders: production, marketing, and
diseases, covering 16 obstacles was prepared. The results showed that (60%) of the respondents
mentioned that the obstacles they face are medium and large size obstacles. The results also
indicate that the obstacle (high cost of transportation) ranked first among (16) with an average of
(4.017), while the obstacle (inappropriate environmental conditions) came in the last rank, with an
average of (1.59). The results also shows that most of the respondents were younger than 30 years
(46.6%) and had been educated beyond Primary and diploma levels (25%). As clear most of the
respondents (70%) had experience in chicken production was ten years and more. The results
illustrate that for most of the respondents (58.3%) their chicken houses capacity was between 20-
52 birds. The results of the research showed that the level of Sources of information used in
chickens’ production (53.3%) degrees, in a small group. problems and obstacles facing the
individual backyard chicken breeders can be addressed a supported through government agencies,
active extension services, and stakeholders to solve their problems, access relevant information,
and uptake improved management techniques.

The research aims to identify the availability of some basic competencies that are required to
be available to workers in digital agricultural Extension from the point of view of senior
management, middle management, and, employees with Post-graduate education degrees,
represented by the following: Transition to digital agricultural Extension for sustainable and
smart family farms, benefiting from international expertise and experiences in applying for
Digital agricultural Extension, preparing and implementing Extension messages through
platforms, factors affecting the effectiveness of digital agricultural Extension and its platforms,
following up and evaluating the activities and programs of the digital Extension platform.
The research population included agricultural Extension workers in senior management,
middle management, and employees with Post-graduate education degrees in some of the
governorates of the central region of Iraq, namely Baghdad, Holy Karbala, and Babel. A random
sample was taken from the Post-graduate. The senior management, reached 46 respondents by
35%%, and 16 respondents, while the entire population was taken for senior management, which
numbered 2, and the middle management, which numbered 41, and thus the sample subject to
research became 59 respondents. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents,
consisting of 48 items, distributed over five areas: the transition to digital agricultural Extension
for sustainable and smart family farms, benefiting from international expertise and experiences
in the application of digital agricultural Extension, preparing and implementing Extension
messages across platforms, factors Influencing the effectiveness of digital agricultural Extension
and its media, following up and evaluating the activities and programs of the digital Extension
platform at 11, 9, 10, 7, and 11 items, respectively, according to a quintuple scale, and the
weighted mean, the weighted percentage, was used. The research concluded that there is a
discrepancy in the respondents’ answers in the paragraphs of the five domains about the
availability of some basic competencies among workers in digital agricultural Extension, which
range from important to very important according to the scale of the importance level of
quintiles, the highest value of which is 4 degrees and the lowest is zero, with a weighted average
of the total for the five mentioned domains 3.25, 3.42 , 3.42, 3.42, 3.33 degrees and respectively
The researcher recommends the necessity and importance of building human capital through the consolidation of these competencies through the continuous development and training of
workers in digital Extension.

The current research aims to identify the contributions of small income-generating projects in the
empowerment of rural women in Nineveh Governorate ,Al-Hamdaniya district, as a simple
random sample was drawn from the research community of 280 respondents , according to the
Robert Mason equation at the level of significance 0.05, so the sample size was 162 respondents,
i.e. a percentage 58% collected the necessary data using a questionnaire prepared as a basic tool for data collection consisting of 20 items distributed on two axes ,and the results of the research
were analyzed and presented using the spss statistical program, as well as manual analysis using
repetitions, the weighted mean, the standard deviation, and the percentage weight. And the
Cronbach`s alpha equation and the Robert Mason equation ,and the results of the research showed
that the contributions of small projects are represented in (the empowerment of rural women
socially ,and the empowerment of rural women economically), if the weighted circles reached
(2.59, 2.54), respectively, and a general average of 2.56 degrees ,and it was recommended The
researcher stressed the need to take into account women 's capabilities, support them, and enable
them to establish small projects that satisfy their needs, thus improving the standard of living, and
work to encourage individual initiatives and work .Al-Hur to provide job opportunities for rural
women in Nineveh Governorate / Al-Hamdaniya district, who have ideas and special capabilities
that qualify them to become owners of small projects.

In conclusion, young rural women have a major role in agricultural production and
domestic work, and this reflects their positive role in agricultural extension work with rural men and
women, especially young rural women, and through field visits to researchers in this field, and
asking some questions by researchers to rural women and farmers on some farms, In which young
women work, about the role of young women’s participation in agricultural work and the home, and
the answer was that they work the most in the field of agriculture and household belongings,thus the
rural youth is considered the strong support for her father, brother and mother in the field and the
house, and the percentage of their work relative to all the workers of her family members in the
field and the house is large, as the percentage of her work in the field was about (45%) and the
percentage of her work in the house is about (55%). The percentage is large in relation to the work
of the remaining members of their families.

A total 400 broiler chicks (Ross-308)one day old were randomly for 8 nutritional treatements: percents
of protein (standar and decrease the standar protein level by2%) with for levels of threonine (with out adding
Thr, adding Thr to Complete the requirement, complete the Thr requirement 110% and complete the Thr
requirement 120%. Each treatement included 5 replicates (pens) With bird per each replicate The period of
the exiperment was 42 days. The results of the statistical analyses was refered to the variation amonge the
treatements for the carcass traits , some physical and biochemi cal parameter were significant
(P≤0.05)

A total 400 broiler chicks (Ross-308) one day old were randomly for 8 nutritional treatements: percents of
protein (standar and decrease the standar protein level by2%) with for levels of threonine (without adding
Thr, adding Thr to Complete the requirement, complete the Thr requirement 110% and complete the Thr
requirement 120%. Each treatement included 5 replicates (pens) With bird per each replicate The period of
the exiperment was 42 days. The statistical analyses refered to significant enhance the birds of T5 and T6 for
the budy weight and gain and feed conversion ratio compared to the birds of another treatements. The
Significant best average for the protein and energy conversion ratio was for the birds of the sixth treatement
birds, while the average of Thr Conversion ratio was significantly (P≤0.05) depressed for T8 birds by
comparing with another treatment. The best cost of feed to produce 1 kg live body weight were for the T8
birds.

The study carried out in the college sheep field located in Sayada from Jan 28, 2022
till April 28, 2022 on 16 Awassi lambs distributed into four groups (four lambs per
group), with approximately same body weights (20.22 ± 0.56 kg) and age (4 – 4.5
month) respectively. All lambs fed concentrated ration on 2 % base of the live
weight with wheat straw as full and free diet during experiment period (90 days),
the first group (control) fed normal diet free of dry bread yeast and black seed, the
other three groups fed the same concentrate ration with the following supplement: 2
kg bread yeast / ton of feed for 2nd group, 1 kg black seed / ton of feed for 3rd
group and 2 kg of bread yeast and kg of black bean / tons of feed for 4th group. At
the end of experimental period blood sample obtained from lambs and two lambs
from each treatment were slaughtered with average live weights weights 27.41,
25.25, 25.27 and 25.13 kg, The results showed that there was non significant effect
of adding bread yeast and black seed in final weight, total and daily weight gain
and feed conversion efficiency. Control group outperformed all experimental
groups in the feed intake. The results showed that there was a non-significant
difference in the PCV, hemoglobin, glucose, cholesterol and total protein levels of
blood, while the third treatment was significantly (p≤0.0.5) superior in the
percentage of glutathione (GSH) concentration on all treatments. It can be
concluded that the addition of bread yeast and black seed did not have any
significant effect on the performance of lambs and carcass traits. The study aimed
to determine the effect of dry bread yeast and black seed additions on the productive performance of Awassi lambs (growth traits, feed intake, feed
conversion efficiency and blood parameters).

The study was conducted in the poultry field of the animal production department, college
of agriculture, Kirkuk university from the 30th of Sep 2021 to the 1st of Nov 2021. The
objective of the study was to evaluate the addition of L. Carnitine with Herbal methionine
and sunflower seeds to the broiler’s diet and its effect on their productivity. At age a day,
350 broilers (Ross308) with an average weight of 42 gm. They were raised on a sawdust
floor in a closed chamber with the use of 35 pen (dimension 190 x 90 cm), each chamber
was equipped with two air pullers. Chicks were randomly assigned to 8 treatments with 4
replicates for each treatment (10 chicks per replicate). The result of statistical analysis
showed that at 42 day of age the body weight of T 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 differed significantly
(P≤0.05) compared to T1 and T2. The average daily gain of treatment 6 was higher
significantly (P≤0.05) compared to treatments 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Also, treatments 3, 4, 5, 7,
and 8 were higher than the control and treatment 2. The feed consumption rate was
significantly lower in all treatments compared to the control, while T8 was higher than the
other experiment treatment. Also, it has been noticed that T4 was significantly lower in feed
consumption rate compared to treatments 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7. The rate of feed conversion
was significantly improved in treatments 4 and 8 compared to the other treatment. The
abdominal fat was significantly lower in all treatments compared to treatments 1 and 2,
whereas the relative weight ratio of heart, liver, and gizzard did not differ between the
treatments. The carcass composition was significantly higher in treatments 6 and 8 compared
to the other treatments. There was no significant effect on the relative weight ratio of breast,
leg, wing, neck, back, and drumstick between the treatments.

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Animal Production Department, College of
Agriculture, Kirkuk University from 30/9/2021 to 1/11/2021. The objective of the study was to evaluate
the addition of L. carnitine with methionine and sunflower seeds to the broiler’s diet and its effect on their
productivity. 350 new hatched, unsexed broiler chicks Ross-308, with an average weight 42 g, they were
brought from (Kirkuk hatchery) in Kirkuk province. Chicks were randomly distributed into to 8 treatments
with 4 replicates for each treatment (10 chicks per replicate). The result of statistical analysis showed that
the concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride.in blood serum had significantly decreased (P≤0.05) in
the all treatments of feed additive compared with the control. T4 indicated a decrease in blood cholesterol
compared to the other treatments. In addition, T7 and T8 showed a decrease in triglyceride compared to
the other experiment treatments, while there were no differences between all treatments in blood glucose.
The results showed that the fifth treatment was higher in (HDL) High-Density Lipoprotein, (LDL) LowDensity Lipoprotein, and (VLDL) very Low-Density Lipoprotein compared to other treatments.

The study was conducted in College of Agriculture and forestr y / Fields Department of Animal
Production during the period 1/9/2021 to 1/12/2021 , ejaculated were collected on 6 Awassi rams with
weight 45.63±1.32 kg and aged 1.5 – 2 year , dilution ratio was 1/16. Semen was collected from rams once
a tow week through the period of theexperimental using electro-ejaculator for semen .The experiment was
conducted to study the effect of magnetization of diluted semen (non-magnetic, magnetic of one hour,
magnetic two hours and continuous of magnetic strongly 1800 gauss) and preservation periods (24 , 48 , 72
and 96 hours) on semen characteristics ( mass motility , individual motility, pH of semen, percentages of
dead, live and abnormal sperm). The results indicated that the process of magnetizing the diluted semen led
to a significant effect (a ≤ 0.05) in increased the percentage of individual motility sperm , live sperm and
reducing the percentage of dead sperm. The period of cryopreservation (5 ˚ C) had a significant effect (a ≤
0.05) in decreasing the characteristics of the studied diluted semen and in increasing the percentage of dead
and deformed sperm. We conclude from the above that the magnetization of semen for an hour or two with a
intensity of 1800 gaus has a positive effect on the characteristics of the diluted semen, and that the advance
of the storage period (5˚C) has a negative effect on the characteristics of the diluted semen

This article dealt with identifying the importance of heat stress in poultry flocks and the
damages resulting from the production of eggs and meat and the spread of pathogens, in
addition to that ways to mitigate the harmful effects of heat stress, including physiological,
nutritional, engineering and genetics, in order to ensure preservation of the product and
reduce damages.
اآلثار الضارة لإلجهاد الحراري على صناعة الدواجن

This study was conducted to determine the effect of using an aqueous extract of local fenugreek
seeds and olive leaves on some of the productive performance of Iraqi Awassi sheep. Twenty
Awassi sheep aged 11-12 months with an average weight of 48.50 kg were used in this study.
The ewes of the experiment were divided into five transactions. The duration of the study (70
days). The animals were randomly distributed into five equal groups with four repetitions in each
group as follows: the first control treatment dosed the ewes with distilled water only, T2 the
second treatment was dosed with fenugreek seed aqueous extract at a concentration of (25 mg/
ml/ kg), T3 the third treatment was dosed with fenugreek seed aqueous extract at a concentration
of (50 mg/ ml/ kg), T4 the fourth treatment was dosed with olive leaf aqueous extract at a
concentration of 25 mg/ ml/kg. T5, the fifth treatment, was dosed with an aqueous extract of
olive leaves at a concentration of (50 mg/ml /kg). The statistical analysis showed that the results
of productive qualities showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in the treatment of fenugreek
50 mg/ mL/ kg compared to the control group throughout the experiment. As for the treatment of
aqueous extract of olive leaves (50 mg/ml /kg), represented by group T5, a significant decrease
in their rates was recorded in the fourth week and the total period of the experiment. As for the
the T2 and T3 coefficients recorded a significant decrease (p≤0.05) ،food conversion coefficient
in the third and fourth weeks compared to the control group.
, transaction T3 recorded a significant increase (P≤0.05) ، As for the average significant increase
, and a significant decrease was observed for olive ،in the second week and the total period
transactions T4 and T5 for the same period mentioned above. Also, all the coefficients of the
experiment recorded a significant decrease (P≤0.05) combined, and for the experiment, a significant decrease is observed for the olive coefficients T5 compared to the coefficients T2, T3
and T4.

The study was conducted at the University of Kirkuk / College of Agriculture in the fields of
the Department of Animal Production to study the effect of dosing with Hydroalcoholic Extract of
Turkish carob fruits and vitamin E on the semen characteristics of white male rabbits. Twenty
rabbits, aged 5-6 months, were randomly divided into four treatments, five rabbits for each.
Treatment, the first treatment rabbits (control group) were left without any dose, the second
treatment was dosed with Hydroalcoholic Extract of Turkish carob fruits at a dose of 200
mg/kg/day, the third treatment was given a water alcoholic extract of Turkish carob fruits at a dose
of 400 mg/kg/day the fourth treatment Dosing with vitamin E at a dose of 400 mg / kg / day.. The
results showed that the water-alcoholic extract of Turkish carob and vitamin E improved semen
characteristics for all study treatments compared to the control group . The second, third and fourth
treatments had a significant increase over the control group in improving ejaculate volume, sperm
concentration, and group and individual movement of sperm, which was offset by a significant
decrease in the percentages of dead and distorted sperms in all months of the study. We conclude
from this study the dosing with aqueous alcohol extract of Turkish carob fruits and vitamin E has
the ability to improve the semen characteristics of white male rabbits.

The study was conducted at the University of Kirkuk / College of Agriculture in the fields of the
Department of Animal Production to study the effect of water-alcoholic extract of Indian ginseng
roots and vitamin E on the semen characteristics of white male rabbits.As 20 rabbits aged 5-6
months were randomly divided into four treatments, five rabbits for each treatment, the first
treatment rabbits (control group) were left without any dosing, the second treatment was dosed
with aqueous alcoholic extract of Indian ginseng root at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day, the third
treatment Dosing with aqueous alcoholic extract of Indian ginseng root at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day,
fourth treatment with Vitamin E at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day . The second, third and fourth
treatments had a significant increase over the control group in improving ejaculate volume, sperm
concentration, and group and individual movement of sperm, which was offset by a significant
decrease in the percentages of dead and distorted sperms in all months of the study. We conclude
from this study that dosing with aqueous alcohol extract of Indian ginseng and vitamin E has the
ability to improve the semen characteristics of white male rabbits.

This study was conducted in the Graduate Studies Laboratory of the College of Agriculture, Kirkuk
University / Department of Animal Production on 10/12/2021 until 15/11/2021. In order to study
the effect of using medicinal plant oils on some microbial characteristics of thigh and breast meat
for frozen local almonds for different periods at a temperature of -18°C, the meat was minced
separately from the thigh from the breast and the meat was mixed and naturalized, then divided
into five treatments, the first treatment (T1) The control treatment as it was not treated with any
additions, while cinnamon oil (concentration 0.25 ml ̸kg meat) was added to the second treatment
(T2), and cinnamon oil (concentration 0.5 ml ̸kg meat) was added to the third treatment (T3), and
ginger oil was added (concentration 0.25 ml/kg meat) to the fourth treatment (T4), adding ginger
oil (concentration 0.5 ml̸kg meat) To the fifth treatment (T5), with three replications for each
treatment from the thigh and chest for each period, and it was stored by freezing at a temperature
of (-18) ° C for periods of 1, 15 and 30 days until conducting microbial tests. The study reached
the following results
The treatments to which cinnamon oil and ginger oil were added showed a significant (P<0.05)
decrease in the logarithm of the total number of bacteria and cryptophilic bacteria in comparison
with the control treatment of thigh meat of the local minced and frozen-stored almonds. As for
the interaction between the treatments and the effect of the freezing storage period and the effect
of the treatment, significant differences (P<0.05) were noted in all the studied treatments
compared with the control treatment .
As for the effect of freezing storage periods, the results were : The length of the storage period had an increase in the logarithm of the total count of bacteria and
cryophilic bacteria as a result of the long storage period.

The effects that are implemented by OPLE on the in vitro production of methane, total gas and gas
production rate were determined. During this phase, the determination of the methane production and
gas (in vitro) was conducted. The diets (experimental) where Ctrl, T1 and T2 (0, 300 and 600 mg
OPLE \ kg DM diet). In this study, a noticeable lessening in the production of methane and gas (in
vitro) in OPLE groups for treatment was observed and analogized to a group whose feed was not
complemented with OPLE, known as the control group. Total gas production was significantly
(P<0.05) reduced by the experimental OPLE treatments which were for Ctrl, T1 and T2, 41.58, 38.67
and 38.27 (mL/250mg DM), respectively. And the gas production rate for Ctrl, T1 and T2 was 1.73,
1.61 and 1.59 (mL/hour of incubation), respectively, which are showing a significant (P<0.05)
reduction in OPLE treatment groups. Furthermore, OPLE supplement suppressed methane production
after 24 hours of incubation and the effect was significant (P<0.05).

This study included the anatomical characteristics of the leaves of two
species Launeae mucronata L. and Picris babylonica L. belong to Asteraceae
family . The study included the dimensions of epidermal cells, stomata and
surface covering, as well as qualitative characteristics such as the shapes and
thickness of epidermal cells, which also had a great taxonomic value in distinguishing between the two types, as it was noted that the average number
of stomata of the upper and lower epidermis between the two studied species.
A non – glandular trichomes with hook-shaped ends were observed on the
upper and lower epidermis of Picris babylonicaL and multicellular non –
glandular trichomes with rounded ends longer than the first one, while the upper and
lower epidermis in Launeae mucronata is devoid of trichomes.. It is worth noting
that the frequency of stomata and trichomes was estimated in each microscope
field under the power of magnification 40x (the number of stomata and
trichomes in each microscope field ) and Stomatal index was found for tow
studied species.

This study was conducted in one of the private orchards It is located at latitude 35.53°
and longitude 44.38° in Alton Kobri sub-district of Dibs district, about (20) km away
from Kirkuk governorate, during the growing season (2020-2021). to study the effect
of six levels of summer pruning, the first level (T1) without pruning, the second level
(T2) removing the tops of the main branches after the decade and the third level (T3)
removing the tops of the main branches after the decade and the level Fourth (T4)
removing leaves and leaving (8) leaves for each fruit cluster, fifth level (T5) removing
leaves and leaving (10) leaves for each fruit cluster, sixth level (T6) removing leaves
and leaving (12) leaves for each fruit cluster. And the addition of three levels of humic
acid (0, 20 and 40) g. vine -1
and its symbol (H1, H2, H3) in sequence, in the growth
and yield characteristics of grape vines of the olive variety, and it was added a week
after the contract (25/5/2021). The experiment was carried out according to a
randomized complete block design with three sectors. The results obtained can be
summarized as follows:
First: summer pruning
1- The T6 level (leaving 12 leaves for each cluster) outperformed the summer pruning
in the percentage of sugars, phenols and anthocyanins over the rest of the levels
(14.12%, 0.73%, 0.73%) respectively.
2- The T1 level (comparison) was superior to the acidity percentage of the grains
(0.41%) over the rest of the levels.Second: Humic acid
1- The level 40 g. Vine-1
of humic acid was superior in the percentage of sugars,
phenols, and anthocyanin pigments in the kernels (13.07%, 0.57%, 0.66%)
respectively.
2- Not adding humic acid level 1 (the comparison) led to an increase in acidity in the
grains (0.36%).
Third: the interactions between the workers in the study.
1- The interaction of the study factors reached a significant level in the effect of all the
studied traits except for the weight of 100 grains. The interaction treatment (T6H3) was
distinguished that it increased the values and for all the traits except for the acidity in
the comparison treatment (T1H1).

To determined chemical and physical properties for pomegranate fruits (cv. ‘Salakhani’)
over postharvest treatment with three Salicylic acid (SA) concentrations (0, 2 and 4 mM) and
four storage periods (25, 50, 75 and 100 days) at 2-3°C with 85-95% relative humidity, fresh
pomegranate juice of every treatment was evaluate for TSS, TTA, TSS/TTA, Total sugar,
Anthocyanin, Vit. C, pH and Juice percentage. Fruit physical disorder such as weight loss,
chilling injury, chilling injury index, decay, scald, aril and peel moisture content were also
investigated after each treatment.
The results showed that the TSS, TSS/TTA ratio, Total sugar, Anthocyanin and Vit. C
increased significantly (p<0.05) throughout the treatment 2mM SA, however, the pH value for
complete fruit increased as a result of TTA (1.02 %) decreasing, despite the change within the
chemical properties of the juice, the percentage of juice didn’t differ significantly after
treatment fruits with (2 and 4mM) SA compared to the control, for decreasing weight loss,
chilling injury, chilling injury index, decay and scald 4 mM SA was more affective comparing
to control.
The results showed that most of chemical and physical disorder properties increased during
storage with increasing storage duration exception of peel moisture content.
The interaction between treatments with different concentrations of SA then storage fruits for
various periods led to the improvement of these characteristics, especially the concentration 2
mM and storage periods 25 and 50 days. Contrariwise, there have been decreases in (TTA)
throughout the storage duration 100 day at 4 mM SA.
Furthermore, aril and peel moisture content significantly change at majority of the storage
period 100day and 4 mM SA.

The research included study of the effect of foliar spray of three concentrations (0, 30 and 60
mg.l-1
) of chelated Iron (Fe – EDDHA) containing (6% iron) applied one time on April 25 and
three concentrations (0, 2 and 4 ml.L-1
) of liquid organic nitrogen applied three time on April
22, May 7 and May 22, 2019 on the root and some vegetative growth and some vegetative
characteristics of Almond (Prunus amygdalus) seedlings grown in black poly ethylene bags
filled with loamy soil. A complete randomized block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates
each consisted of 5 seedlings was used to carry out this research. Thus, the number of seedlings
in this study was 135 seedlings. Data collected at the end of September 2019 indicated that the
spraying of chelated iron and organic liquid nitrogen fertilizer gave a significant increase in the
number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, leaf area, root
length, Root fresh and root weight when compared with the control.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different types and concentration of plant
growth regulators (Cytokinins: Kinetin and Benzyl adenine (BA) at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mg.l1
) on shoot proliferation of Pyracantha coccinea and auxin (indole-3- butyric acid) (IBA at 0, 0.5
and 1 mg.l-1
) and different carbon sources (Sucrose and Glucose) with ½ and full MS salt strength
in root formation. The results obtained from this study indicate that the greatest number shoots and
leaves per explant were acquired when BA was 2.5 mg/l-1
, which gave 8 shoots and 54.33 leaves
respectively. In the rooting stage, the greatest number of roots per explant was obtained when half
MS salt strength was used with Sucrose and 1mg.l-l IBA, which gave 11.33 roots/explant. Up to
83% of shoots were rooted. plantlets of P. coccinea with roots were successfully acclimatized with
a survival rate of 80% in sand, 95% in peatmoss and 85% in sand + peatmoss. This procedure can
be adopted for P. coccinea in vitro propagation.

This study in a private orchard at Zardak village in the Altun Kupri district, Kirkuk Governorate,
Iraq on 27 of the "Khalobaziani" local fig trees was conducted in 2021. The trees were sprayed
with Moringa leaves extract (MLE) at (0, 2, and 4 ml.L
-1
) and Garlic cloves extract (GCE) at (0,
10 and 20 ml.L
-1
) until complete wetness. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was
utilized within the factorial experiments with two factors with three replicates. Results showed that
trees sprayed with all concentrations of both extracts caused an increase in the diameter of the fruit
more than in the control fruits. Significant differences in all properties studied were observed in
the fruits sprayed with 2 and 4 ml.L-1
of MLE and 10 and 20 ml.L-1
of GCE they significantly
distinguished over the control treatment in the fruit moisture content, TSS, TSS/TA ratio, glucose,
fructose, vitamin C and pH. while the control treatment recorded the lowest fruit moisture content,
TSS, TSS/TA ratio, glucose and fructose content, vitamin C, and pH. Moreover, a significant
decrease in fruits TA content was found due to spraying with MLE or GCE compared to the control
treatment.

Eighteen (18) surface soil samples were collected from six sites in Mateen mountain, from
three different locations (ARIZ, BAMARNI, BIBADI) in Duhok governorate, North of Iraq. The
research aimed to study the potassium form status and its relationship with the soil's Physicochemical properties. The result indicated that the soils were alkaline, and electrical conductivity
ranged between (0.4-0.6) ds.m-1
is a normal range. Moreover, the highest value of organic matter
and cation exchange capacity CEC was found in forest soil (4.68%,32.66 cmol+
.kg), respectively,
than in Grassland (1.92%, 19.38 cmol+
.kg). Most soils ranged between clay to clay loam in soil
texture; according to land use, there is a highly significant difference between all forms of
potassium K (soluble K, available K, exchangeable K, total K) in forest soil than in Grassland
except non-exchangeable K form. While the distribution of potassium forms depending on
location, the water-soluble K was higher in Bibadi and Bamarni (0.108 and 0.085) cmol+
.kg
respectively as compared to Arize. However, there was no significant difference between
available K and exchangeable K, non-exchangeable potassium in forest soil more than in
Grassland, and total Potassium was higher in Ariza and Bibadi locations compared to the Bamarni
area. The predictability of potassium forms depended on soil properties; organic matter, cation
exchange capacity CEC, and clay content.

This study aimed to produce drinking yogurt using a lactic acid bacteria starter (Streptococcus
thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) with different concentrations of aqueous aromatic
medicinal plant extracts garlic: )0.2%, 0.5% and 0.8%) and mint: )1%, 2.5% and 4%) . The treatments
were stored up to 21 days at 4 ± 1 ° C . The physicochemical properties were studied, which included
the measurement of (pH, total acidity, and viscosity) and microbiological examinations represented
by counting the (starter bacteria, coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, as well as yeasts and molds) and
sensory characteristics were measured after manufacturing on the first day , 7, 14 and 21 days of
storage. The results showed that there were no significant differences in pH values immediately after
manufacturing for all treatments. As for the percentage of total acidity (TTA), it was close to
immediately after manufacturing for all the different drinking yogurt treatments, while during storage,
a clear increase in their values was observed for all transactions. As for the viscosity values,
significant differences were found in their values immediately after manufacturing and during cold
storage and for all treatments. The results showed that the addition of aqueous extracts to the drinking
yogurt did not affect the numbers of starter bacteria and their activity throughout the storage period
compared to the control sample. Also, the results showed that the superiority of concentrations (2.5%)
for mint and (0.2%) for garlic in the sensory evaluation of the characteristics of taste, flavor, texture
and general acceptance.

A field experiment was carried out in the winter season 2021-2022 in Nineveh
Governorate in two locations, the first in Al-Hamdaniya district, and the second in the
Mosul district (Region AL haawe) to know the effect of adding Nano amino acids on
the growth and yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was applied
by using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) by the factorial experiment
system with two factors, the first factor was three cultivars of bread wheat (Adana 99,
Tal Afar and Jihan) and the second factor was two times of Nano amino acids
application (the first date in the vegetative growth stage, the second date in the flowering
stage), with three replications. Some characteristics of vegetative growth, (plant height
cm and area of the flag leaf ( however, the grain yield and its components (No of spikes.
m-2
, spike length.cm, No of grains in the spike, 1000 grains weight.g, grain yield g.m-2
and the biological yield g.m-2
). The results showed that the two cultivars Adana 99 and
Tal Afar were superior over Jihan cultivar in most of the traits studied (plant height cm,
No of spikes. m-2
, No of grains in the spike, 1000 grains weight. g and grain yield g.m2
) in the two study locations. As for The application time of amino acids spraying, the
first date of spraying at the vegetative growth stage was significantly superior in most
of the studied traits, which including grain yield with an average of (423.1 and 452.46
g.m-2
) for the two experiment locations , respectively. The second spraying date at the
flowering stage was significantly superior in the traits spike length and 1000 grains
weight with an average of (8.22 cm and 37.15g), respectively, in Al-Hamdaniya site.
And the 1000 grains weight with an average of (37.48g) for the Mosul location

This study was conducted during two seasons 2020-2021and 2021-2022 at two main different locations of
Sulaimani, and Halabja governorate; each with some sub-locations, to estimate green forage yield, dry forage
yield, dry matter percentage and animal unit. The result confirmed the highest plant height of grasses were
recorded in Sulamani location; however, Halabja location provided highest plant height for legumes for the
two seasons. In regarding to the effect of seasons on plant height, the second season was taller than the first
season for grasses and legumes. Maximum green yield, dry yield and dry matter percentage exhibited in
Sulaimani location for two seasons. Regarding seasonal effect, the second season exceeded the first season in
green and dry yields and dry matter percentage; Maximum total forage yield and animal unit in 3 months
provided maximum value by Sulamani location for both seasons. Results of chemical analysis for the grass
plants showed that there were differences between two locations. The Sulamani location gave the maximum
percentage of protein, phosphorus and calcium content. In which Halabja location was recorded maximum
value for carbohydrate, Potassium, and ash content for the first season. While for legumes, plants recorded
highest value for protein, phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium and ash content except carbohydrate content gave
high value at Halabja location. In the relevant of the effect of seasons on chemical components for grass plants,
the second season 2021-2022 predominated the first season in the chemical contents of protein, carbohydrate,
phosphorus, potassium, calcium and ash. Whereas for legume plants the second season also gave maximum
value for all contents, excepted protein content recorded high value in the first season.

This experiment had been conducted at directorate of agriculture research in
sulaymaniyah province for two winter growing seasons 2019/2020/ and 2020/ 2021. The
experiment was on three bread wheat varieties ( Sulaymani2, Wafia and Rizgary)with three
rates of seeding (30, 40, 50)kg/ donum. This experiment was carried out by using Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) in Factorail experiment with three replications. The aim of
this study was to indicate the best wheat seeding rate under sulaymaniyah environment. The
result of combined analysis of variances show that the interaction between varieties and years
was highly significances of all traits despite the seed yield and biological attributes. Effect of
years doesn’t shown any significance of seed yield and number of seed per spikes, but the
interaction between seed rate and varieties (seed rate x varieties) and (seed rate x varieties x
years) doesn’t show any significance of variations despite of specific weight of seeds show
significance in three interactions. Rizgary variety was show high significance comparing, by
other two varieties. In the interaction between varieties, seed rate and years, Rizgary show
highest plant and higher biological yields by 88.73 cm, 13.437 ton/ hectare-1
, 44.5gm weight of
1000 kernel and 82.16 kg. hectoliter. On the other hand ( Sulaymani2 variety show higher seed
yield by 3.873ton/ hectare comparing by other two varieties. Also, Wafia variety show high
seed number per spikes by 59.66 seed and protein ratio by 17.87% comparing by ( Sulaymani2
and Rizgary varieties. Regarding the seed rate in this study 50 kg /donum seed rate was shown
high significance in all components yield, seed ingredients, hectoliter, yield and test weight
comparing by other two seed rates. The three interaction and two interactions of seed rates and
variety traits indicate the stability of variety in two years . The study result indicates that (
Sulaymani2 and Rizgary varieties were shown significances of 50 kg/ donum than 40 kg and
30 kg per donum

In order to reach the best date for planting the barley crop after spraying the herbicide
Trflan with different concentrations, this study was conducted during the agricultural
season 2020-2021 at the Agricultural Technical College / Mosul. The experiment was
applied on the factorial system of experiments, in RCBD, with three replications. The first factor: the planting date after spraying the herbicide and at three levels (cultivation
immediately after spraying, cultivation one week after spraying the herbicide,
cultivation two weeks after spraying the herbicide) . The second factor: the
concentration of the herbicide at four levels (0, 2200, 2600, 3000) cm3
. ha-1
. , (which
is the control treatment, less than the recommended concentration, the recommended
concentration and higher than the recommended concentration) .The results obtained
are summarized as follows:
- The cultivation after a week of spraying the herbicide Treflan achieved the best results
in all the studied traits.
- The use of a low concentration of Treflan (2200 cm3
.ha-1
) achieved the best results
compared to high concentrations.
- The interaction between the sowing date was achieved after a week of spraying the
herbicide, Treflan, with a concentration of 2200 cm3
. ha-1
has the best results and for
all studied traits

Afield experiment was conducted in the autumn agricultural season (2020) in Kirkuk
governorate, Hawija district, Ghazieh village, in a sandy alluvial texture soil. The study included two
factors one was intercropping system ( sesame alone ) and( mung alone ) (1 sesame row +1 mung
row ) and (2 sesame row +2 mung row ) and (3 mung row + 3 sesame row) and (2 sesame row + 4
mung row) The second factor was fertilizers combination of (0 N+ 0 P), (N 80 + P 30 ), ( N80 + P60
) and (N160 + P 30) (N 160 + P60 kg h-1
) The experiment was carried out as randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed significant differences between the
treatments in all studied traits of sesame, Wheres as observed superiority of the intercropping system
in all the studied traits unless plant height in which was superior in single planting at fertilizer
combinedof (30 P + 80 N) kg. h-1
on all system of intercropping which was (149.33) cm , Also there were significant differences between the interaction of the mung which shwoed superiority of
intercropping treatment in all studied unless weight of (300) grains , While there werent differences
for intercropping systems

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of random and controlled traffic of farming
machinery during the agricultural operations on some mechanical and soil properties. The indicators
that related to agricultural tractor (mechanization indicators) were draught capacity, fuel consumption,
depth stability ratio; and Soil Bulk Density (SBD) was also measured before and after the experiment.
The experiment was conducted during the spring agricultural season of 2022 in one of the farms that
located about 30 km Northwest Mosul city - Nineveh Governorate - Iraq. Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) was used for data analyses with four replications (n=4). The experimental site was
divided into two main blocks based on the investigated factors (1) tire pressure (8 psi) and (15 psi); and
(2) number of traffic (no pass, one pass, two passes, three passes). These factors were studied at two
different soil textures (clay soil, silty loam soil). Duncan's multiple range test was utilized to compare
between the means at a 5% probability level. The results showed that Controlled Traffic Farming
(CTF) system represented by zero-traffic has achieved the best values (P< 0.05) for all studied
indicators. Soil bulk Density was significantly better with no-pass system compared to the one-pass,
two-passes and three-passes, at approximately 16%, 19% and 20%, respectively. Energy requirements
when using CTF system (no-pass) were also reduced by 29%, 33%, 41% compared to the one-pass,
two-pass and three-pass system, respectively.

Soil compaction is one of the main problems that many agricultural lands facing
globally. Soil compaction is affected by several factors, the main of which are soil
moisture and the applied pressure on the soil as a result of the of agricultural machinery
traffic. Therefore, this study was aimed to find out the effect of soil moisture content and
tractor traffic on studied indicators (drawbar power, fuel consumption, slippage
percentage, specific energy, soil resistance to cutting and shaping, dry bulk density,
porosity), The experiment was carried out in the autumn agricultural season (2021-2022),
in one of the fields of Wana sub-district (the village of Qara Kharab) of the Mosul district,
which is about (20) km away from it. The field was designed according to Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD), the factor experiment managed based on split-split block
design with four replications. The main plots were allocated to soil moisture with two
levels (17-20)%, and sub-plots were allocated to farming systems at two levels also
(Random Traffic Farming (RTF), Controlled Traffic Farming (CTF)), Duncan's multiplerange test was used to compare the means at the (0.05) probability level. The results
showed that moisture content of 17% compared with 20%, significantly reduced soil
resistance to cutting and shaping and fuel consumption by (40%, 49%) respectively. CTF
compared with RTF, significantly decreased the power requirement indicators by (15%,
27%, 30%, 31%,32%) for slippage, specific energy, fuel consumption, drawbar power, and
soil resistance to cutting and shaping, respectively.

The experiment was conducted in the year 2021 – 2022 in one of the fields of the College of
Agriculture and Forestry, in the district of Mosul / governorate of Nineveh - Iraq.
The topography of the field was characterized by its flatness, and the soil was of a (clay)
texture. The research was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of
Three factors to add fuel improved type (diesel smoke stop ) from the German company
(LIQUI MOLY) subsoiler plow wing vibration and Three speed for the engine ( 1000 & 1500 & 2000) r/min, to know the effect of this on the farm tractor driver’s seat vibration and
noise characteristics.
Actually experiment was conducted using a ( Randomized Complete Block Design ) and
plates system
( Split – Split plot design ) On this basis, the experiment was divided into 12treatments with
(3) replications for each treatment and 36 experimental units, and the length of the treatment
was (90 meters) and with a constant plowing depth (40 - 45cm). using Duncan's multiple
range test at the 0.05 probability level to test Significant differences between the averages of
different treatments .The results indicated that there were significant positive data for all
traits, using enhancer fuel compared to without the enhancer.
The results showed a significant increase in the vibrations of the driver's seat
Agricultural tractor and noise with vibration of the wings of a plow subsoiler. However, the
driver's seat vibration values remained for vibration subsoiler plow wings within the
directive of the European Parliament and the European Council and the measurements
approved by ( ISO 2631-5 in 2004) Besides, increasing engine speeds led to increases
noise, and vibrations under the seat of agricultural tractor driver, as well as the results indicate
the superiority of the fuel added to it enhancer and vibration wings at all tractor speeds of
engine to record the lowest vibration ratios for the agricultural tractor driver's seat. Through
the study, it can be concluded that the addition of enhancer to diesel fuel led to improvement
tractor performance of agricultural tractor.

Preserving the crops seeds is very important procedure to the farmers and breeders. Because it’s
reducing the contamination of these seeds with the aflatoxin during the post and pre harvest the crops.
The Current study was carried out in October 2019, in the crop production department, Agricultural
research center in Sulaymaniyah province. Fifteen Kg of local wheat (Slemani) was provided from
the crop science department. Five levels of garlic powder was used (0, 2, 5, 10, 15)% to find suitable
concentration during the storage seed. The samples were taken for in three times (1 day, 6 months,
and 18 months) to test the seed contamination with toxins and calculate the seed germination. Our
result show there is significant effect (p<0.05) of adding garlic powder with 15 concentrations on the
T2 toxin. In conclusion its possible to use the garlic powder with 15% for reducing the effect of toxin
in storage wheat seeds.

The research aims to analyze the impact of transaction costs resulting from the
purchase of haulers in a deferred payment method on the profitability of wheat and barley
farmers in the province of Baghdad. To achieve this goal, a stratified sample was selected that
included 150 farmers of wheat and barley farmers in the governorate, and the data was collected
through a questionnaire form prepared for this purpose. The research followed the descriptive
and quantitative method in analyzing the data and extracting the required results The results of
the logistic regression analysis showed that some elements of transaction cost such as
uncertainty and privacy have an important role in choosing the futures market for agricultural pullers. The results of the multiple regression of the estimated farm profit model for drawers’
services also showed that the purchase decision in terms of transaction costs had a significant
effect on the farm profit of the studied sample. The research recommended the need to reduce
privacy, as it directly affects transaction costs, and the implementation of the agreed terms of
the contract should be adhered to according to their agreed timings, as the increase in the feature
of uncertainty directly affects transaction costs.