Journal of university of Anbar for Pure science

With considerable potential advantages, including decreased reliance on fossil fuels, waste management, economic prospects, and environmental benefits, the idea of using bio-waste as an alternative to fossil fuels in Iraq is an attractive one. Additionally, the government must contend with issues related to feedstock availability, policy and regulation, societal acceptability, and technological infrastructure. The potential of bio-waste is a promising target; yet, overcoming the challenges requires a multi-pronged approach. Collaboration between the government, private sector, research institutions, and local communities is the key to developing a sustainable and economically viable bio-waste-to-fuel industry in Iraq.

Staphylococcus epidermidis was a Gram-positive bacteria, belong to the Micrococcus family, non-motile and non-spore forming. The single cells show under the microscope in circular (cocci) shapes with a diameter ranging from 0.5-1.5 μm. Generally. To evaluate the effect of some phytochemical substances as antibiofilm agents. Isolation and identification of S. epidermidis from different clinical sources using conventional bacteriological tests and automated system, Antimicrobial susceptibility test using disk diffusion according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), Detection of biofilm formation using phynotypic method and testing the ability of some phytochemical substances on biofilm production using modified crystal violet and MTT stains, and The combination of phytochemical compounds with antibiotic using Checkerboard technique against S. epidermidis could improve the susceptibility of this bacteria toward these antibiotics to treat infections resulted from multidrug-resistant bacteria, A total of 164 clinical specimens were collected from AL-Ramadi city during the period from August 2021 to December 2021 and were taken from surgical wounds, blood ,stones of kidney, eyes, and skin. Specimens Patients' ages ranged from 15 to 60 years old, with both male and female patients participating. Specimens were cultured on blood and manitol salt agar for isolation and identification of bacteria .By using biochemical tests revealed that the bacteria was positive for the gram stain, and Catalase test, but negative for the Coagulase, Fermentation of manitol, and Hemolysin tests and by using Vitek compact system GP-2. In this study there are 24 (14.63%) positive samples and 140 (85.37%) negative cultures for S. epidermidis isolates. Biofilm measured by microtiter plate assay (MtP), 24 isolates (100%) are capable of producing biofilm, 12(50%) of the isolates formed strong biofilm, 10(41.66%) formed moderate biofilm, while 2(8.34%) formed weak biofilm. The inhibitory effects of Gallic acid, Cinnamic acid, Salicin, Linoleic acid, and Erythromycin, and were tested against biofilms of S. epidermidis. The phytochemical compounds and antibiotics solution significantly inhibited the initial cell attachment of the S. epidermidis but were less inhibitory at 8 h incubation in preformed biofilms formed on polystyrene surface, the inhibition of S. epidermidis preformed biofilm was increased with increasing incubation time except for efficacy of Erythromycin. However, there was a synergistic effect between Erythromycin with Salicin, Gallic acid by using Checkerboard technique.