Journal of university of Anbar for Pure science

With considerable potential advantages, including decreased reliance on fossil fuels, waste management, economic prospects, and environmental benefits, the idea of using bio-waste as an alternative to fossil fuels in Iraq is an attractive one. Additionally, the government must contend with issues related to feedstock availability, policy and regulation, societal acceptability, and technological infrastructure. The potential of bio-waste is a promising target; yet, overcoming the challenges requires a multi-pronged approach. Collaboration between the government, private sector, research institutions, and local communities is the key to developing a sustainable and economically viable bio-waste-to-fuel industry in Iraq.

Staphylococcus epidermidis was a Gram-positive bacteria, belong to the Micrococcus family, non-motile and non-spore forming. The single cells show under the microscope in circular (cocci) shapes with a diameter ranging from 0.5-1.5 μm. Generally. To evaluate the effect of some phytochemical substances as antibiofilm agents. Isolation and identification of S. epidermidis from different clinical sources using conventional bacteriological tests and automated system, Antimicrobial susceptibility test using disk diffusion according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), Detection of biofilm formation using phynotypic method and testing the ability of some phytochemical substances on biofilm production using modified crystal violet and MTT stains, and The combination of phytochemical compounds with antibiotic using Checkerboard technique against S. epidermidis could improve the susceptibility of this bacteria toward these antibiotics to treat infections resulted from multidrug-resistant bacteria, A total of 164 clinical specimens were collected from AL-Ramadi city during the period from August 2021 to December 2021 and were taken from surgical wounds, blood ,stones of kidney, eyes, and skin. Specimens Patients' ages ranged from 15 to 60 years old, with both male and female patients participating. Specimens were cultured on blood and manitol salt agar for isolation and identification of bacteria .By using biochemical tests revealed that the bacteria was positive for the gram stain, and Catalase test, but negative for the Coagulase, Fermentation of manitol, and Hemolysin tests and by using Vitek compact system GP-2. In this study there are 24 (14.63%) positive samples and 140 (85.37%) negative cultures for S. epidermidis isolates. Biofilm measured by microtiter plate assay (MtP), 24 isolates (100%) are capable of producing biofilm, 12(50%) of the isolates formed strong biofilm, 10(41.66%) formed moderate biofilm, while 2(8.34%) formed weak biofilm. The inhibitory effects of Gallic acid, Cinnamic acid, Salicin, Linoleic acid, and Erythromycin, and were tested against biofilms of S. epidermidis. The phytochemical compounds and antibiotics solution significantly inhibited the initial cell attachment of the S. epidermidis but were less inhibitory at 8 h incubation in preformed biofilms formed on polystyrene surface, the inhibition of S. epidermidis preformed biofilm was increased with increasing incubation time except for efficacy of Erythromycin. However, there was a synergistic effect between Erythromycin with Salicin, Gallic acid by using Checkerboard technique.

The objective of this study was to determine and describe the identity and phylogenetic position of two isolates of Legionella pneumophila, one clinical (assigned M1) was isolated from a patient with pneumonia symptoms, and one environmental (assigned H1) was isolated from the surface of potable water pipe close-ended, both isolates were obtained from Falluja city, Iraq. One genetic locus of the 16S rRNA gene sequences was included in the present study to evaluate the variation in genetic patterns for each of these ribosomal sequences. Direct sequencing was performed on the amplified segments in order to determine the pattern of genetic variability present in the bacterial samples that were obtained. Subsequently, a detailed and accurate tree was constructed in order to investigate the validity of the observed variations' phylogenetic placements and the discrimination that was made between them. Our results revealed the presence of two nucleic acid variants (141A>G and 247T>C) that were not found in this reference sequence. The inference was made from the analysis of the tree that the investigated M1 sample occupied a distinct phylogenetic position and they suited in the vicinity of several strains that were deposited from European sources. It was also inferred that the M1 sample was derived from the other incorporated strains – including H1 samples – within the same tree. Accordingly, the nucleic acid variants that were observed in the M1 sample were discovered to exert a remarkable effect on changing the phylogenetic positioning of the investigated M1 sample within the incorporated clades of L. pneumophila. The positioning of H1 samples in the vicinity of many non-clinical strains indicated a high ability for the utilized ribosomal RNA to identify the actual isolation source from which they were collected. The current study found the concerned capacity of 16S rRNA sequences to be able to identify the currently investigated sequences of L. pneumophila in the investigated samples. The utilization of this genetic locus can be extended to detect the phylogenetic distributions of the other types of bacterial sources. These potentially valuable amplicons are also able to be investigated to discover additional details through the identified isolates in other bacterial instances obtained from the researched sources.

The cyanobacteria, included Ocsillatoria can produce different types of toxin called cyanotoxins. which is a wide range of structurally diverse and biologically active in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. This study aimed to detect the some cyanotoxin genes in local Oscillatoria species to know their able to produce toxins. The current study included the isolation and purification of seven local freshwater isolates of the genus Oscillatoria from Ramadi city, Anbar Governorate, western Iraq. that were detected microscopically, these species are: O. acuta , O. princeps Vaucher ,O. annae , O. margaritifera ,O. proteus Skuja, O. sp. ,O. sancta. the unialgal then axenic culture prepared using BG11 medium to get algal biomass. After the DNA extraction, by specific primers for some cyanotoxin genes with conventional PCR, was used to detect a group of selected genes, namely mcy. E, ana.X, Ana.C, Ana. D and HEP. The results showed the presence of these genes in local isolates, Which indicates the ability of the studied isolates to produce these types of toxins. The presented results indicate the potential threat to many organisms in the ecosystem, including animals and humans, as the results showed the presence of hepatoxin genes in five types of studied samples, and the presence of neurotoxins in four types of studied samples.

All individuals are susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, the spread of the infection varies depending on age, gender, and some genetic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes in individuals with urinary tract infections in Anbar City. Seventy samples infected with UTI and (32) samples of control were collected during the period from July 2020 to February 2021. The patients were selected from three hospitals in Anbar Governorate (Al-Ramadi General Hospital, Hit Hospital, and Fallujah Hospital). For all participants, 10 ml of venous blood was collected. Complete blood picture tests, as well as liver enzymes and kidney function tests, serum RBS, total protein, albumin and globulin were estimated. The Results show that there were no significant differences between individuals with UTI and control in the levels of (GOT, ALT, GPT) and white blood cell counts. However, there were significant differences between the control group and UTI patients in the values of PCV (packed cell volume), Hb (hemoglobin), and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Also, the results show a significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels in the UTI patients compared to the control. UTIs are a common health concern affecting both men and women. Recognizing the symptoms, seeking prompt medical attention, and adhering to treatment are vital steps in managing UTIs effectively and preventing complications. Understanding the differences between UTIs in men and women helps tailor appropriate management and preventive strategies for each population.

Hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D (HDV), and E (HEV) are the leading causes of worldwide liver disease. Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) is a significant public health concern, especially in children from developing countries with inadequate sanitation and water. Chronic HBV infection causes a large number of liver disease fatalities globally. Pediatric HCV and HDV prevalence statistics are scarce.
In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 127 children from the AL-Anbar government to assess the prevalence of different types of viral hepatitis. Blood samples were collected from children aged 6 months to 15 years, and comprehensive diagnostic tests were performed, including biochemical analysis and rapid tests for IgM and IgG detection. ELISA was used to provide accurate and reliable results for diagnosis.The study revealed a high prevalence of hepatitis A, B, and C among the enrolled children, with hepatitis A being the most common. Abdominal pain, jaundice, and fever were the predominant symptoms observed. Notably, 50% of children with HBV infection also tested positive for HDV-Ag. However, no cases of HEV infection were detected. Comparative analysis of liver function markers showed significantly higher levels of AST-GOT, ALT-GPT, GGT, ALP, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin in HCV patients compared to those with HAV and HBV infections.
It is crucial to prevent viral hepatitis in children. This can be achieved through vaccinations and proper sanitation practices, which can help lessen the impact on public health. Detecting and managing the disease early can also help minimize complications and improve the overall outcome.

The coccidian infection cryptosporidiosis affects humans, domestic animals, and untamed vertebrates. The primary objective of this research was to assess the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among diverse groups of individuals residing in Al-Anbar Province. These individuals sought medical care across a range of healthcare facilities, this encompasses facilities such as Al-Ramadi Maternity and Children's Hospital, Fallujah Teaching Hospital, IDP camps, well-frequented health centers in Al-Anbar Province, and privately-operated laboratories. The data collection period encompassed the timeframe from March 2022 to February 2023. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate potential correlations between Cryptosporidium spp. infection and various factors, including age, gender, place of residence, and seasonal variations, as well as evalute the immunological parameters as IgM ,IgG ,IL-4 and IL-18. A total of 420 stool samples and blood serum samples were collected from individuals, including both children and adults, as well as males and females, across Al-Anbar province and private laboratories. Among the individuals tested, 60 were found to be infected with Cryptosporidium spp., resulting in an infection rate of 14.3%. The research included 28 (46.7%) participants who were male and 32 (53.3%) who were female. No statistically significant variances were noted between Cryptosporidium spp. infection and gender. However, when considering age groups, certain groups were found to be more susceptible to infection. Notably, the highest infection rate was observed in the age group of 1 to 14 years, with 21 individuals (15.3%) affected. Regarding residency, 37 patients (15.7%) hailed from rural areas, while 23 (12.5%) came from urban areas. In terms of occupation, children exhibited a higher rate of Cryptosporidium spp. infection compared to individuals in other occupational categories.The study also documented the seasonality of Cryptosporidium spp. infections, with the highest infection rate of 31.80% occurring in April 2022, July 2022, and August 2022, corresponding to the summer season. This seasonal variation was found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, the study employed ELISA testing, which revealed that 22 serum samples (22.9%) tested positive. Specifically, IgM ELISA results showed a 10.40% positivity rate, while IgG results indicated a 12.50% positivity rate for Cryptosporidium spp. These results were obtained using the ELISA method.

A close relationship was found between exposure to benzene and leukemia. MicroRNAs was used as biomarkers to provide values for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. This study aimed to measure the gene expression levels of MiR-124, MiR-22, and MiR-155 genes and compare their levels between patients, car repair workers, and healthy controls. All samples were collected from Al-Anbar Specialized Center for Oncology, Al-Sinai District. All leukemia patients were of the type of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase. Real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the gene expression of the mentioned genes. Gene expression results of MiR-124, MiR-22, and MiR-155 showed statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) with an increase in the level of the MiR-124 gene by (7.6) in the patient group, increased in the level of MiR-22 gene in the category of mechanics (3.03), and increased in the levels of the MiR-155 gene (3.63) in the group of patients. Blood image analysis showed that there were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) with a high level of white blood cells and lymphocytes among workers in car repairing workers. On the other hand, Gran showed a significant increase in the patient group. While RBC and HGB showed a significant decrease in the patient group. Platelets results showed a significant increase in the category of workers in car repair shops. The increase in the level of MiR-124, MiR-22, and MiR-155 genes in patients and car repairing workers coincided with an increase in CBC test values, and this explains the negative effect as a result of exposure to benzene. The results obtained from the study also showed that the gene expression levels of genes MiR-124, MiR-22, and MiR-155 are closely related to the biochemical characteristics of CML patients and car repair workers.

During the twentieth century, technology pioneered biotechnology for genetic modification and opened up new horizons for transferring unique traits to plants of plant species or other living organisms. Biotechnology and genetic engineering research has led to the development of new plant and animal products that are beneficial to humanity. Agricultural products that tolerate herbicides and are resistant to biological stresses, such as resistance to insects, viruses, and fungi and abiotic stresses such as drought tolerance, salinity, high temperature and frost. These crops also included vegetables with a long shelf life and others of improved taste quality. Gene-editing technology products have sparked controversy and concerns about the potential risks of using these unconventional techniques in genetics or genetic modification for the environment and public health. Opponents argue that a lack of evidence about potential risks does not mean that there are none. There is no final agreement on the assessment and risk management of genetically modified organisms. Several agreements have been issued that stress the importance of biosafety in protecting biodiversity, the most important of which is the Convention issued by the United Nations in 2000, which is called the Cartagena-Columbia Protocol on Biosafety, and Iraq joined the Convention in 2009. Although many international bodies cooperate in coordinating and organizing the foundations of food safety, the assessment of risks to human health and the environment associated with the use of GMOs depends on the study of the recipient or host organism, appropriate information about the donor organism, the carrier, the traits provided for expression, the centre of origin, the intended use, the approved release in the environment or the launch of products on the market, the potential reception environment.

Gram-positive and Gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria (called MDA) pose a continuing and ever-increasing threat to human health around the world, especially in poor countries. The aim of the study is to find alternatives to traditional antibiotics or extract effective compounds that work synergistically with or as an alternative to antibiotics. Many studies have proven the ability of plant extracts, especially the volatile oils in aromatic or medicinal plants such as Ginger and Thyme, to inhibit or kill negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, which is resistant to antibiotics. It was found that these extracts consist of chemical compounds. Carbohydrate acids destroy and dissolve bacterial membranes and destroy the target cell. Bacterial colonies were diagnosed based on their morphological characteristics, such as the size, colour, edges and height of the colonies, their ability to ferment the sugar lactose, and their ability to produce mucus and hemolysin. Diagnosis of isolates using biochemical tests with three main tests. Molecular diagnosis was carried out by performing PCR tests and using VITEK2 technology. The active compounds were extracted from ginger and thyme using various polar organic solvents, and it was found that virulence genes, such as enzymes, toxins, adhesive proteins, and cell surface proteins produced by S. aureus and other types of pathogenic bacteria, are responsible for the infections formed in people infected with this disease.

The world is currently experiencing a severe acute respiratory system challenge in 2021, which is a global pandemic caused by COVID-19 and is killing thousands of people worldwide. With having no particular vaccine and/or medical treatment and increased mortality over time consequently threatening community health and economics, urgent and accessible alternative strategies to mitigate this disease are required. Based on earlier studies on other coronavirus family members like MERS and SARs CoV, this review summarizes the potential use of particular micronutrients and herbs to lower risks, decrease the mortality rate, and/or treat current COVID-19. The authors conducted an online search using the terms MERS, SARS, and respiratory tract infection viruses in order to achieve that goal. The results of the systematic study showed that several nutrients including vitamin; D, A, E, C, B complex, zinc, selenium, Iron, and herbs such as garlic, black seed and licorice can be used as urgent supporting agents that can improve immune system and help mitigate against COVID-19. In conclusion, to control the COVID-19 outbreak, it has been suggested that all feasible measures, including preventative and prophylactic measures as well as community nutrition status, should be taken into account.

β-amino butyric acid (BABA) is one of the rare free compounds found in nature. It is recognized for its ability to enhance plant immunity against a wide range of diseases, including viruses, bacteria, fungus, and worms. This research aimed the effects of BABA on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Sprague-Dawley male rats' feces and on IL-4, IL-10, and IL-27. The study included 25 Sprague-Dawley male rats, divided into five groups, each group contain 5 rats, The first group for control, while the second, third ,fourth, and fifth groups for rats dosed orally with different concentration of BABA as (0.250 ,0.315,0.358,0.360) mg/kg respectively, all rats dosed twice in week and for four weeks. The result show one isolate from the control group was found at each stages (T1, T2, T3, T6, T7) and none at (T5 and T8). In the second group, one isolate was in each stage T2, T3, T7, and none in T1, T5, and T8. In the third group, one isolate was at each stage (T2, T3, T4, and T7) and none in other stages. Groups four and five showed no Staphylococcus aureus growth. The study show significant increase of IL-27 in fifth group (98.60 ±1.57) in comparison with control (70.60 ±0.75). Furthermore significant increase IL-10 in fourth and fifth groups (1082.83 ±23.33, 1104.36 ±43.44) respectively in comparison with control (504.06 ±7.12). While IL-4 decrease in the fourth and fifth groups (8.04 ±0.78 , 14.07 ±0.16) respectively in comparison with control (34.89 ±1.51).The study concluded the most effective dose of BABA in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus growth is 0.358,0.360 mg/kg dosage. In addition 0.358,0.360 mg/kg increase IL-27 and IL-10, while decrease IL-4.

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness, because of that it named hormone of darkness. Melatonin has generated an important deal of interest as a therapeutic modality for many diseases especially sleep disorders. Melatonin and leptin show a role in energy metabolism and circadian variation. A relationship between these hormones has been discussed. Melatonin has been appearing to be able to positively affecting the leptin in the circulation. Also, Growth hormone (GH) and melatonin belong to the group of growth factors. This research assumes to measure the effect that happened on leptin and growth hormone under the melatonin treatment by using male and female albino, laboratory-bred mice, 72 mice were divided to 3 groups, group A as control group, group B with 3mg and group C that treated with 12mg melatonin. The killing process was done in 2 stages (6 and 10 weeks). Blood samples were taken and analyzed in addition. The results were proved significantly higher levels of plasma leptin and GH in mice that treated with melatonin compared to control mice. Our discovery from this study that melatonin elevates the leptin and GH levels in blood, decrease the body weight

One hundred samples of patients with conjunctivitis who visited the Fallujah Teaching Hospital's eye consultation were included in the study. For both genders, the age range covered was 9 months to 77 years. The study found that 87% of the samples were positive for bacterial growth, while 13% were negative for it. 56.32% of them were for males and 43.67% for females. A variety of bacteria were isolated, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staph-epidermidis, and E. coli. The study demonstrates that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each black tea aqueous extract and vancomycin was 12.5, which gives 100% inhibition. The inhibition effects of synergistic black tea extract and vancomycin were at concentrations of 6.2 giving 100% inhibition. Also, black tea extract has a beneficial effect on the gene expression of the 16S rRNA gene of E. coli bacteria in cooperation with untreated samples, which is down-regulation. Furthermore, the black tea extract affected all types of Staph-epidermidis bacteria by increasing their gene expression (upregulation) in cooperation with the untreated sample

The essential oil extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis L. is gaining attention for its therapeutic uses. The rosemary essential oil (REO) was extracted from the plant leaves using steam distillation, and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed using a GC-MS apparatus. 30 compounds were identified in the essential oil, dominated by 1,8-cineole (21.24%), camphor (10.81%), and α-pinene (7.41%). The antibacterial activity was screened using the agar disc diffusion method against four bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of rosemary essential oil was determined. The rosemary essential oil showed good antimicrobial activity against all microbial strains. MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 25 mg/L. Based on MIC results; Pseudomonas aeruginosa was inhibited more than Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oils were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using a ABTS radical inhibition test. Rosemary essential oil showed high antioxidant activity, with 86.92% radical inhibition. The biological activities demonstrated by R. officinalis essential oils suggest potential applications in various fields, including medicine, food, and cosmetics, making our findings useful for future studies and applications..

The effect of an herbal extract composed of plants (Nigella sativa, Origanum vulgare, Cinnamomum burmannii, Sesamum indicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Citrus sinensis, Cocos nucifera, Avena sativa, Salvia hispanica) was studied on 41 women (Treatment group) suffering from obesity with an average age of (20-40) years in the Ramadi city, the dose was a mixture of the previously mentioned plants at 20 grams per day, compared to 20 women (control group) were not given the extract. All women followed a diet consisting of (carbohydrates 50%, protein 30%, fats 20%) the experiment continued for 60 days, during which weight was calculated after 30 days and 60 days of treatment. The results showed no significant difference during 30 days, while there was a clear significant difference during a period of 60 days. The total weight loss for women in the treatment group was (11.16 kg) compared to the control group (5.37 kg), which means that the rate of weight loss for women in the treatment group was more than double compared to the control group, and this is a good indication for using this herbal mixture in weight loss

The increasing resistance of microorganisms to commonly used antibiotics has become a significant public health problem. To address this issue, new approaches are urgently needed to combating these types of pathogenic microbes. Nanoscience has led to the development of novel antibacterial materials including metal nanoparticles like silver, zinc, copper, gold, nickel, magnesium, iron, titanium, palladium selenium and aluminum. These materials have shown significant bactericidal properties against wide range of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains. Metal nanoparticles physically disrupt and inactivate various cellular contents of microorganisms without effected by resistance mechanisms. Nanomaterials small size, prolonged antibacterial effectiveness, and low toxicity contribute to reduce environmental hazards. However, scientists need to address several challenges, including health and bioethical concerns, risks of toxicity, and physiological and medical considerations associated with the use of nanomaterials as antibacterial drugs. Due to the lack of bacterial resistance mechanisms against nanoparticles, we could see these molecules replacing antibiotics in the treatment of pathogenic bacteria.

The study describes synthesis of compounds with a tris heterocyclic rings of (Pyridyl, 1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole, and 1,3-Oxazepine) derived from isoniazid (INH) (V2-V23). The structures of synthesized compounds were characterized using several spectroscopic approaches, including IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, and the results are consistent with the assigned structures. Compounds (V1-V23) were examined for antibacterial activity in vitro, and the findings showed that some compounds are more active than conventional medicines. Molecular docking was used to investigate the inhibitory impact of synthesized compounds (V18-V23) (structure - reactivity relationship) on the activity of the E-Coli biotin carboxylase (PDB: ID:3jzf) and some compounds (V1-V17) on the activity of S-aureus biotin protein ligase (PDB: ID:4dq2). The tested and molecular docking results indicated that the introducing 1,3,4-oxadiazol, hydrazine group, and 1,3- Oxazepine in the structure of parent bioactive drug compound (Isoniazid) enhancing the antimicrobial activity.
Finally, in vitro, antioxidant of the synthesized compounds (V1, V5, V7, V9, V13, V14, and V16-V23) were evaluated, and molecular docking of compounds (V18-V23) with human heme oxygenase-1 (PDB code: 3CZY) were studied and compared with standard natural antioxidant [ascorbic acid and 1(adamantan1yl)2(1Himidazol1yl)ethanone (Std)] respectively and the results indicated that these compounds exhibit excellent to moderate activity.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD), also referred to as atopic eczema, is a type of inflammatory skin disease that affects the skin's moisture-retention ability and skin barrier. It has been demonstrated in animal models that IL-4 is both required for the genesis of AD and capable of eliciting every histological sign of the disease. IgE levels rise, inflammation within the skin intensifies, pathogenic bacteria skin infections are encouraged, and pruritus is mediated when IL-4 is overexpressed. Prior studies have indicated that IL-13 plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of AD, especially when it comes to a number of disease-causing factors such as the degeneration of the skin barrier, thickening of the epidermis, itching, inflammation, and infection. In cell membranes, vitamin E functions as an antioxidant. Nonetheless, research has demonstrated its connection to the skin, and deficiencies are visible in the majority of skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis.
Methods: We included 75 AD patients, 25 of whom were infants, 25 of whom were children, and 25 of whom were adults. ((51)) healthy controls were divided into 17 infants, 17 children, and 17 adults who were unaffected by the illness and had no prior history of AD. Serum levels of vitamin E, interleukin-13, and interleukin-4 are measured.
Results: Compared to controls, serum levels of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 were considerably higher in AD patients, while serum levels of vitamin E were significantly lower in AD patients.

Forensic medicine, an essential discipline in criminal investigations, meticulously examines evidence to exonerate individuals under suspicion. Fiber analysis, widely recognized within forensic science, plays a crucial role in this process. Despite its intricate nature, fiber analysis lacks the reliability of DNA analysis as a primary tool for perpetrator identification. This paper explores the practical application of fiber analysis in real-life scenarios, outlining a systematic approach. It begins with the identification of available fiber types, followed by a description of diverse identification methods and optimal timing for implementation. The report includes Microspectroscopy identification, rigorous comparison controls, and various sample analyses. While microscopic and instrumental analyses reveal the intrinsic composition of fibers, coloration scrutiny adds specificity, especially for fibers like cotton or wool. Challenges in forensic fiber analysis include minute sample sizes, a preference for non-destructive techniques, and complexities associated with modern dye formulations. Despite these challenges, forensic fiber analysis remains a valuable component in criminal investigations, contributing to the comprehensive understanding of evidence derived from crime scenes.

In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for their physical and antibacterial properties using the explosive wire method. Silver wire with a diameter of 0.3 mm was detonated in an ion-depleted liquid, resulting in the formation of distinctive physical, chemical, and biological properties in the silver nanoparticles. The explosive wire method was employed to prepare silver nanoparticles, which were applied in the field of bacterial inhibition. The optical properties were investigated, revealing strong absorption peaks in the visible and UV regions. These peaks exhibited significant absorption at 240 nm, with the absorption peak positions depending on the size and shape of the particles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the silver nanoparticles showed the presence of polar groups such as -COO- and OH-. The absorption spectrum was broad and intense at 3448 cm-1. The effect of the nanoparticles against bacteria was studied. The results demonstrated a pronounced inhibitory effect on bacteria due to the nanoparticles' ability to easily adhere to the bacterial cell membrane and access the bacterial cell's nuclear content. Consequently, a very high inhibition rate was confirmed.

In this paper, composite materials were prepared using epoxy as a base material supported by nano - silicon carbide and nano - graphite particles with different weight fractions (2%, 4%, 6%) for each separately by manual molding method. Some mechanical properties (Impact strength, wear resistance) of the samples were studied under natural conditions and after exposure to gamma rays at different doses (6,8,10 kGy). In normal conditions, it was found that the values of impact resistance increased for all samples of the composites reinforced with (SiC) and decreased for the composites reinforced with (Gr) and it increased for all samples when exposed to gamma rays. It was found that the wear values decrease with increasing reinforcement percentages for all samples and values decrease for all superimposed samples when exposed to gamma rays and continue to decrease with increasing irradiation period and be less than it is in circumstances. The materials prepared in this study can be used in sliding and rotating places because their wear coefficient is very low. They can also be used to attenuate low doses of gamma rays. They can also be used as containers for transporting goods because their impact strength is high.

Usually in nucleon-nucleon reactions, optical potential is used to study the nuclear structures resulting from these reactions. As this potential during the reaction is subject to dispersion by the nuclei surface as well as the total size of the nucleus, it is very important to calculate the dispersive behaviour. We present an analytical and numerical expressions used to evaluate the dispersive contribution to the real potential of the imaginary part and surface contribution and applied to 15C + 9Be at energy 60 MeV. For both imaginary volume and surface potentials, solutions to the nuclear optical model dispersion relation have been obtained. For the volume imaginary term, a typical Brown-Rho shape has been considered with the parameters (n=2,m=2,4), and for the surface contribution, a Brown-Rho shape multiplied by the decreasing exponential. For exponent with any even value appearing in these forms, the analytical solutions are valid. The energy representation of the real and imaginary parts of the OMP is carried out by these approaches

Density functional theory combined with Nonequivalent Greens Function was carried out to study the M@C60 single-molecule junctions between two gold electrodes, where M=Co and Ni. Our results show a smooth transmission coefficient T(E) curve for bare C60 in the HOMO-LUMO gap. However, doping C60 with transition metals (Co and Ni) reveals two and three prominent peaks in the HOMO-LUMO gap corresponding to Ni and Co respectively. Further, the metals increased the Seebeck (S) and thermal efficiency. Hence, the doping by transition metal is crucial to enhance Seebeck coefficient and figure of merit ZT.

This paper provides an overview of anomaly detection in high-dimensional datasets, addressing challenges such as the curse of dimensionality. It highlights preprocessing techniques like handling missing data and normalization, and emphasizes the role of machine learning algorithms in anomaly detection. The paper discusses evaluation metrics and popular programming languages like Python for data analysis. It explores various anomaly detection methods including statistical-based, depth-based, deviation-based, distance-based, and density-based approaches, with a focus on deep learning techniques. Overall, the paper emphasizes the need for tailored approaches to extract meaningful insights from high-dimensional data and achieves an informational content rate ranging from 85% to approximately 96%.

The rescaling method is presented to allow us to establish nonnegative local solutions to the evolution of the Cauchy problem (CP) of the nonlinear degenerate parabolic p-Laplacian process with conservation laws that are posed in one-dimensional space. This equation has specific restrictions in the range of parameters, the non-negative advection coefficient, and a self-similarity representing the main feature. In this study, there are several regions to discuss the qualitative analysis for the local weak solutions and the asymptotic interfaces in irregular domains. The solutions of the CP for degenerate parabolic p-Laplacian type diffusion-advection equations are asymptotically equal to the solutions of p-Laplacian type diffusion or advection equations under some restrictions. Moreover, the blow-up technique, comparison method, and characteristic method are used to estimate the asymptotic local solutions to the CP and the interface functions. The results of this paper can be used to solve problems in the oil and gas industries, such as estimating and controlling the size of oil and gas resources as they evolve through time

The integral transforms in their various forms, the traditional and the complex forms, have proven their importance in many scientific fields, and mathematicians exploit them in these fields to the fullest. In addition to employing integral transforms in scientific fields, mathematicians study the different ways to improve these integral transforms in order to include as many applications as possible in each integral transform.
The complex EFG (Emad - Faruk - Ghaith) integral transformation is one of the novel transforms that has not been used in many fields; hence, the light has yet to be shown upon its full potential. Therefore, in this paper, we will show the success and ability of complex EFG (Emad - Faruk - Ghaith) transformation in the process of encryption and decryption algorithms. The potential of the complex EFG in the cryptographic field is proved through practical application, and the results from that application appeared to be very promising in that it adds a new field of application into integral transformation.

Complex partial differential equation (CPDEs( appeared around the year 1900. D. Pompeiu was a famous mathematician who left a large impact in this field through introducing the Pompeiu integral operator, which forms a basis in the subject CDEs. The complexity of some real-world problems has been conquered via the methods of solution for CDEs . Two-dimensional differential transform was proposed by Chen and Ho as a powerful tool for solving PDEs and used to solve linear and nonlinear complex partial differential equations. This paper presents two-dimensional differential transform for the complex partial derivatives of higher orders for a complex functions of two complex independent variables, and then use these complex partial derivatives to find an exact solution to a complex partial differential equation of the fourth order using two-dimensional differential transform method.

This paper surveyed the components of Riemannian curvature tensor over the associated space of G-structure for certain classes of almost contact metric manifolds. These classes under consideration are only twelve and known as cosymplectic manifolds, Sasakian manifolds, Kenmotsu manifolds, C_9-manifolds, C_12-manifolds, normal manifolds of Killing type (CNK-manifold), nearly Kenmotsu manifolds, locally conformal almost cosymplectic manifolds (LCAC-manifolds), quasi-Sasakian manifolds, almost C(λ)-manifolds, nearly cosymplectic manifolds, and Kenmotsu type manifolds.

Complex partial differential equation (CPDEs( appeared around the year 1900. D. Pompeiu was a famous mathematician who left a large impact in this field through introducing the Pompeiu integral operator, which forms a basis in the subject CDEs. The complexity of some real-world problems has been conquered via the methods of solution for CDEs . Two-dimensional differential transform was proposed by Chen and Ho as a powerful tool for solving PDEs and used to solve linear and nonlinear complex partial differential equations. This paper presents two-dimensional differential transform for the complex partial derivatives of higher orders for a complex functions of two complex independent variables, and then use these complex partial derivatives to find an exact solution to a complex partial differential equation of the fourth order using two-dimensional differential transform method.

Measuring an earthquake's magnitude is a routine task at all seismological observatories. The current study aims to derive the earthquake duration magnitude scale for Anbar seismic station (ANB1), which is one of the stations of the Mesopotamian Seismological Network (MPSN) in Iraq. Ninety-five earthquakes were selected based on the clarity of the seismic signal coda to derive duration magnitude from linear regression between local magnitude ML extracted from International Seismological Center (ISC) bulletins and signal coda length (tc). The obtained relation is:
M_D = 1.085 + 1.263 〖Log 〗_tc+ 0.03
The results of the regression analysis showed a high correlation coefficient (0.86) with a significance level less than 0.05 and this reflects the strength of the relationship and the reliability of its use in calculating the earthquake magnitude. The derived relationship was used to estimate MD for 41 events recorded by the ANB1 station. To build a scaling relationship between MD and ML, MD values were compared with ML values for the same events where regression analysis results showed significant strong correlation relationship at p ˂ 0.05:
M_D = 0.9 + 0.78 M_L
This relationship is used quickly and reliably in MD calculation by ML for earthquakes recorded by ANB1 and vice versa